Articles | Volume 10, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010
© Author(s) 2010. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review
M. G. Lawrence
Max Planck Institut for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
University of Mainz, Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Mainz, Germany
J. Lelieveld
Max Planck Institut for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Effects of transport on a biomass burning plume from Indochina during EMeRGe-Asia identified by WRF-Chem
The shifting of secondary inorganic aerosol formation mechanisms during haze aggravation: the decisive role of aerosol liquid water
Collective geographical ecoregions and precursor sources driving Arctic new particle formation
Measurement report: Chemical components and 13C and 15N isotope ratios of fine aerosols over Tianjin, North China: year-round observations
Impact of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loading on the molecular composition of wintertime PM2.5 in urban Tianjin: an insight from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Impacts of biomass burning and photochemical processing on the light absorption of brown carbon in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Fates of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere identified from compound-specific dual-carbon isotope analysis of oxalic acid
Measurement report: Aerosol vertical profiles over the western North Atlantic Ocean during the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES)
Characteristics of fine particle matter at the top of Shanghai Tower
Measurement report: Abundance and fractional solubilities of aerosol metals in urban Hong Kong – insights into factors that control aerosol metal dissolution in an urban site in South China
Measurement report: Intensive biomass burning emissions and rapid nitrate formation drive severe haze formation in the Sichuan Basin, China – insights from aerosol mass spectrometry
African smoke particles act as cloud condensation nuclei in the wintertime tropical North Atlantic boundary layer over Barbados
Measurement report: Changes in light absorption and molecular composition of water-soluble humic-like substances during a winter haze bloom-decay process in Guangzhou, China
Varying chiral ratio of pinic acid enantiomers above the Amazon rainforest
Impact of aging on the sources, volatility, and viscosity of organic aerosols in Chinese outflows
Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of isoprene and monoterpenes and their secondary organic aerosol in Delhi, India
Different physicochemical behaviors of nitrate and ammonium during transport: a case study on Mt. Hua, China
A method for using stationary networks to observe long-term trends of on-road emission factors of primary aerosol from heavy-duty vehicles
Atmospheric particle abundance and sea salt aerosol observations in the springtime Arctic: a focus on blowing snow and leads
Chromophores and chemical composition of brown carbon characterized at an urban kerbside by excitation–emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry
Measurement report: Contrasting elevation-dependent light absorption by black and brown carbon: lessons from in situ measurements from the highly polluted Sichuan Basin to the pristine Tibetan Plateau
Long-term declines in atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition reduce critical loads exceedances at multiple Canadian rural sites, 2000–2018
Unambiguous identification of N-containing oxygenated organic molecules using CI-Orbitrap in an eastern Chinese megacity
Composition and mixing state of Arctic aerosol and cloud residual particles from long-term single-particle observations at Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard
A meteorological overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) campaign over the southeastern Atlantic during 2016–2018: Part 2 – Daily and synoptic characteristics
Measurement report: Characterization of sugars and amino acids in atmospheric fine particulates and their relationship to local primary sources
Characteristics of particulate-bound n-alkanes indicating sources of PM2.5 in Beijing, China
Organic enrichment in droplet residual particles relative to out of cloud over the northwestern Atlantic: analysis of airborne ACTIVATE data
Long-term trends and drivers of aerosol pH in eastern China
Potential underestimation of ambient brown carbon absorption based on the methanol extraction method and its impacts on source analysis
Contributions of primary sources to submicron organic aerosols in Delhi, India
Examination of brown carbon absorption from wildfires in the western US during the WE-CAN study
Source apportionment and evolution of N-containing aerosols at a rural cloud forest in Taiwan by isotope analysis
Measurement report: Characterisation and sources of the secondary organic carbon in a Chinese megacity over 5 years from 2016 to 2020
Exploring the inorganic composition of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer using medium-duration balloon flights
Technical note: Use of PM2.5 to CO ratio as an indicator of wildfire smoke in urban areas
Ice-nucleating particles near two major dust source regions
Assessment of the wind energy resource on the coast of China based on machine learning algorithms
The effect of COVID-19 restrictions on atmospheric new particle formation in Beijing
The effect of clouds and precipitation on the aerosol concentrations and composition in a boreal forest environment
The impact of atmospheric motions on source-specific black carbon and the induced direct radiative effects over a river-valley region
Measurement report: The 10-year trend of PM2.5 major components and source tracers from 2008 to 2017 in an urban site of Hong Kong, China
Contribution of wood burning to exposures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs in Eastern Sweden
Characteristics and degradation of organic aerosols from cooking sources based on hourly observation of organic molecular markers in urban environment
Chemical evolution of secondary organic aerosol tracers during high-PM2.5 episodes at a suburban site in Hong Kong over 4 months of continuous measurement
Non-volatile marine and non-refractory continental sources of particle-phase amine during the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES)
Sources and processes of water-soluble and water-insoluble organic aerosol in cold season in Beijing, China
Measurement report: Size-resolved chemical characterisation of aerosols in low-income urban settlements in South Africa
Measurement report: Large contribution of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processes to the wintertime secondary organic aerosol formation in Xi'an, Northwest China
PM10 variation, composition, and source analysis in Tuscany (Italy) following the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions
Chuan-Yao Lin, Wan-Chin Chen, Yi-Yun Chien, Charles C. K. Chou, Chian-Yi Liu, Helmut Ziereis, Hans Schlager, Eric Förster, Florian Obersteiner, Ovid O. Krüger, Bruna A. Holanda, Mira L. Pöhlker, Katharina Kaiser, Johannes Schneider, Birger Bohn, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Benjamin Weyland, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, and John P. Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2627–2647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2627-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the EMeRGe campaign in Asia, atmospheric pollutants were measured on board the HALO aircraft. The WRF-Chem model was employed to evaluate the biomass burning (BB) plume transported from Indochina and its impact on the downstream areas. The combination of BB aerosol enhancement with cloud water resulted in a reduction in incoming shortwave radiation at the surface in southern China and the East China Sea, which potentially has significant regional climate implications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fei Xie, Yue Su, Yongli Tian, Yanju Shi, Xingjun Zhou, Peng Wang, Ruihong Yu, Wei Wang, Jiang He, Jinyuan Xin, and Changwei Lü
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2365–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work finds the shifting of secondary inorganic aerosol formation mechanisms during haze aggravation and explains the decisive role of aerosol liquid water on a broader scale (~ 500 μg m3) in an ammonia-rich atmosphere based on the in situ high-resolution online monitoring datasets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Roy M. Harrison, Congbo Song, Peter Tunved, Johan Ström, Radovan Krejci, Eyal Freud, Andreas Massling, Henrik Skov, Eija Asmi, Angelo Lupi, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2183–2198, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasize how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Arctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources. We provide a harmonised analysis of new particle formation across the Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhichao Dong, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Zhanjie Xu, Yu Wang, Peisen Li, Pingqing Fu, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2119–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2119-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2119-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study has provided comprehensive baseline data of carbonaceous and inorganic aerosols as well as their isotope ratios in the Tianjin region, North China, found that Tianjin aerosols were derived from coal combustion, biomass burning and photochemical reactions of VOCs, and also implied that the Tianjin aerosols were more aged during long-range atmospheric transport in summer via carbonaceous and isotope data analysis.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shujun Zhong, Shuang Chen, Junjun Deng, Yanbing Fan, Qiang Zhang, Qiaorong Xie, Yulin Qi, Wei Hu, Libin Wu, Xiaodong Li, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, Jialei Zhu, Xin Wang, Di Liu, Xiaole Pan, Yele Sun, Zifa Wang, Yisheng Xu, Haijie Tong, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Kimitaka Kawamura, and Pingqing Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2061–2077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the role of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loading on the molecular composition of wintertime urban aerosols by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Results demonstrate that the SOA loading is an important factor associated with the oxidation degree, nitrate group content, and chemodiversity of nitrooxy–organosulfates. Our study also found that the hydrolysis of nitrooxy–organosulfates is a possible pathway for the formation of organosulfates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jie Tian, Qiyuan Wang, Yongyong Ma, Jin Wang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1879–1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). BrC made a substantial contribution to the submicron aerosol absorption, which is related to the cross-border transport of biomass burning emission and secondary aerosol from Southeast Asia. The radiative effect of BrC was half that of black carbon, which can remarkably affect the radiative balance of the TP.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Buqing Xu, Jiao Tang, Tiangang Tang, Shizhen Zhao, Guangcai Zhong, Sanyuan Zhu, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1565–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed compound-specific dual-carbon isotope signatures (Δ14C and δ13C) of dominant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracer molecules (i.e., oxalic acid) to investigate the fates of SOAs in the atmosphere at five emission hotspots in China. The results indicated that SOA carbon sources and chemical processes producing SOAs vary spatially and seasonally, and these variations need to be included in Chinese climate projection models and air quality management practices.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesca Gallo, Kevin J. Sanchez, Bruce E. Anderson, Ryan Bennett, Matthew D. Brown, Ewan C. Crosbie, Chris Hostetler, Carolyn Jordan, Melissa Yang Martin, Claire E. Robinson, Lynn M. Russell, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Edward L. Winstead, Armin Wisthaler, Luke D. Ziemba, and Richard H. Moore
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1465–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We integrate in situ ship- and aircraft-based measurements of aerosol, trace gases, and meteorological parameters collected during the NASA North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) field campaigns in the western North Atlantic Ocean region. A comprehensive characterization of the vertical profiles of aerosol properties under different seasonal regimes is provided for improving the understanding of aerosol key processes and aerosol–cloud interactions in marine regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Changqin Yin, Jianming Xu, Wei Gao, Liang Pan, Yixuan Gu, Qingyan Fu, and Fan Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1329–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1329-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1329-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The particle matter (PM2.5) at the top of the 632 m high Shanghai Tower was found to be higher than the surface from June to October due to unexpected larger PM2.5 levels during early to middle afternoon at Shanghai Tower. We suppose the significant chemical production of secondary species existed in the mid-upper planetary boundary layer. We found a high nitrate concentration at the tower site for both daytime and nighttime in winter, implying efficient gas-phase and heterogeneous formation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Junwei Yang, Lan Ma, Xiao He, Wing Chi Au, Yanhao Miao, Wen-Xiong Wang, and Theodora Nah
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1403–1419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1403-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble metals play key roles in human health and atmospheric processes. We report the seasonal abundance and fractional solubilities of different metals in aerosols collected in urban Hong Kong as well as the key factors that modulated solubilities of the various metals in fine aerosols. Our results highlight the dual roles (i.e., acidifying the aerosol particle and providing a liquid reaction medium) that sulfate plays in the acid dissolution of metals in fine aerosols in Hong Kong.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhier Bao, Xinyi Zhang, Qing Li, Jiawei Zhou, Guangming Shi, Li Zhou, Fumo Yang, Shaodong Xie, Dan Zhang, Chongzhi Zhai, Zhenliang Li, Chao Peng, and Yang Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1147–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1147-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1147-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We characterised non-refractory fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during winter in the Sichuan Basin (SCB), Southwest China. The factors driving severe aerosol pollution were revealed, highlighting the importance of rapid nitrate formation and intensive biomass burning. Nitrate was primarily formed through gas-phase oxidation during daytime and aqueous-phase oxidation during nighttime. Controlling nitrate and biomass burning will benefit the mitigation of haze formation in the SCB.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Haley M. Royer, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ovid Krüger, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, Nurun Nahar Lata, Zezhen Cheng, Swarup China, Andrew P. Ault, Patricia K. Quinn, Paquita Zuidema, Christopher Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Meinrat Andreae, and Cassandra J. Gaston
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 981–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-981-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-981-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents atmospheric particle chemical composition and measurements of aerosol water uptake properties collected at Ragged Point, Barbados, during the winter of 2020. The result of this study indicates the importance of small African smoke particles for cloud droplet formation in the tropical North Atlantic and highlights the large spatial and temporal pervasiveness of smoke over the Atlantic Ocean.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chunlin Zou, Tao Cao, Meiju Li, Jianzhong Song, Bin Jiang, Wanglu Jia, Jun Li, Xiang Ding, Zhiqiang Yu, Gan Zhang, and Ping'an Peng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 963–979, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-963-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, PM2.5 samples were obtained during a winter haze event in Guangzhou, China, and light absorption and molecular composition of humic-like substances (HULIS) were investigated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. The findings obtained present some differences from the results reported in other regions of China and significantly enhanced our understanding of HULIS evolution during haze bloom-decay processes in the subtropic region of southern China.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Denis Leppla, Nora Zannoni, Leslie Kremper, Jonathan Williams, Christopher Pöhlker, Marta Sá, Maria Christina Solci, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 809–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-809-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-809-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chiral chemodiversity plays a critical role in biochemical processes such as insect and plant communication. Here we report on the measurement of chiral-specified secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon rainforest. The results show that the chiral ratio is mainly determined by large-scale emission processes. Characteristic emissions of chiral aerosol precursors from different forest ecosystems can thus provide large-scale information on different biogenic sources via chiral particle analysis.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tingting Feng, Yingkun Wang, Weiwei Hu, Ming Zhu, Wei Song, Wei Chen, Yanyan Sang, Zheng Fang, Wei Deng, Hua Fang, Xu Yu, Cheng Wu, Bin Yuan, Shan Huang, Min Shao, Xiaofeng Huang, Lingyan He, Young Ro Lee, Lewis Gregory Huey, Francesco Canonaco, Andre S. H. Prevot, and Xinming Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 611–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-611-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-611-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the impact of aging processes on organic aerosols (OA), we conducted a comprehensive field study at a continental remote site using an on-line mass spectrometer. The results show that OA in the Chinese outflows were strongly influenced by upwind anthropogenic emissions. The aging processes can significantly decrease the OA volatility and result in a varied viscosity of OA under different circumstances, signifying the complex physiochemical properties of OA in aged plumes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel J. Bryant, Beth S. Nelson, Stefan J. Swift, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, Will S. Drysdale, Adam R. Vaughan, Mike J. Newland, James R. Hopkins, James M. Cash, Ben Langford, Eiko Nemitz, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Tuhin Mandal, Bhola R. Gurjar, Shivani, Ranu Gadi, James D. Lee, Andrew R. Rickard, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 61–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-61-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-61-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the sources of isoprene and monoterpene compounds and their particulate-phase oxidation products in Delhi, India. This was done to improve our understanding of the sources, concentrations, and fate of volatile emissions in megacities. By studying the chemical composition of offline filter samples, we report that a significant share of the oxidised organic aerosol in Delhi is from isoprene and monoterpenes. This has implications for human health and policy development.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Can Wu, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Shaojun Lv, Jin Li, Xiaodi Liu, Si Zhang, Shijie Liu, Fan Zhang, Jingjing Meng, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15621–15635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15621-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15621-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decade, the relative abundance of NH4NO3 in aerosol has been enhanced in most urban areas of China, which profoundly affects the PM2.5 pollution episodes. Our work finds that fine-particle nitrate and ammonium exhibited distinct, different physicochemical behaviors in the aerosol aging process.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Helen L. Fitzmaurice and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15403–15411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15403-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15403-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a novel method for finding heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) emission factors (g PM kg fuel) using regulatory sensor networks and publicly available traffic data. We find that particulate matter emission factors have decreased by a factor of ~ 9 in the past decade in the San Francisco Bay area. Because of the wide availability of similar data sets across the USA and globally, this method could be applied to other settings to understand long-term trends and regional differences in HDV emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qianjie Chen, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Sham Thanekar, Nicole A. Loeb, Rachel M. Kirpes, Lucia M. Upchurch, Anna J. Barget, Nurun Nahar Lata, Angela R. W. Raso, Stephen M. McNamara, Swarup China, Patricia K. Quinn, Andrew P. Ault, Aaron Kennedy, Paul B. Shepson, Jose D. Fuentes, and Kerri A. Pratt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15263–15285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During a spring field campaign in the coastal Arctic, ultrafine particles were enhanced during high wind speeds, and coarse-mode particles were reduced during blowing snow. Calculated periods blowing snow were overpredicted compared to observations. Sea spray aerosols produced by sea ice leads affected the composition of aerosols and snowpack. An improved understanding of aerosol emissions from leads and blowing snow is critical for predicting the future climate of the rapidly warming Arctic.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Feng Jiang, Junwei Song, Jonas Bauer, Linyu Gao, Magdalena Vallon, Reiner Gebhardt, Thomas Leisner, Stefan Norra, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14971–14986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14971-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14971-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied brown carbon aerosol during typical summer and winter periods in downtown Karlsruhe in southwestern Germany. The chromophore and chemical composition of brown carbon was determined by excitation–emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The chromophore types and sources were substantially different in winter and summer. Humic-like chromophores of different degrees of oxidation dominated and were associated with molecules of different molecular weight and nitrogen content.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Suping Zhao, Shaofeng Qi, Ye Yu, Shichang Kang, Longxiang Dong, Jinbei Chen, and Daiying Yin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14693–14708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14693-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14693-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Light absorption by aerosols is poorly understood at the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We conducted the first in situ PM1 chemical measurements from the polluted Sichuan Basin to the eastern TP. A contrasting changes in mass absorption efficiency of black and brown carbon with altitude is found due to source differences. This study contributes to the understanding of the difference in light absorption by carbon with altitude, from the polluted basins to the pristine TP.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Irene Cheng, Leiming Zhang, Zhuanshi He, Hazel Cathcart, Daniel Houle, Amanda Cole, Jian Feng, Jason O'Brien, Anne Marie Macdonald, Julian Aherne, and Jeffrey Brook
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14631–14656, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition decreased significantly at 14 Canadian sites during 2000–2018. The greatest decline was observed in southeastern Canada owing to regional SO2 and NOx reductions. Wet deposition was more important than dry deposition, comprising 71–95 % of total N and 45–89 % of total S deposition. While critical loads (CLs) were exceeded at a few sites in the early 2000s, acidic deposition declined below CLs after 2012, which signifies recovery from legacy acidification.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yiqun Lu, Yingge Ma, Dan Dan Huang, Shengrong Lou, Sheng’ao Jing, Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Hui Chen, Naiqiang Yan, Jianmin Chen, Christian George, Matthieu Riva, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-774, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
The N-containing oxygenated organic molecules have been expected as the important precursors of aerosol particles. This study used an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with an online sample inlet to accurately measure their molecular composition, concentration level and variation patterns. We demonstrated their formation process and the influencing factors in a Chinese megacity involving various VOC precursors and atmospheric oxidants, and highlight the influence of PM episode.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kouji Adachi, Yutaka Tobo, Makoto Koike, Gabriel Freitas, Paul Zieger, and Radovan Krejci
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14421–14439, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient aerosol and cloud residual particles in the fine mode were collected at Zeppelin Observatory in Svalbard and were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Fractions of mineral dust and sea salt particles increased in cloud residual samples collected at ambient temperatures below 0 °C. This study highlights the variety of aerosol and cloud residual particle compositions and mixing states that influence or are influenced by aerosol–cloud interactions in Arctic low-level clouds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ju-Mee Ryoo, Leonhard Pfister, Rei Ueyama, Paquita Zuidema, Robert Wood, Ian Chang, and Jens Redemann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14209–14241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The variability in the meteorological fields during each deployment is highly modulated at a daily to synoptic timescale. This paper, along with part 1, the climatological overview paper, provides a meteorological context for interpreting the airborne measurements gathered during the three ORACLES deployments. This study supports related studies focusing on the detailed investigation of the processes controlling stratocumulus decks, aerosol lifting, transport, and their interactions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ren-Guo Zhu, Hua-Yun Xiao, Liqin Cheng, Huixiao Zhu, Hongwei Xiao, and Yunyun Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14019–14036, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in the atmosphere. To identify their sources in different regions, the concentrations and compositions of sugar amino acids in fine particles were analysed. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles of combined amino acids in local emission sources can identify various source characteristics of primary sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jiyuan Yang, Guoyang Lei, Chang Liu, Yutong Wu, Kai Hu, Jinfeng Zhu, Junsong Bao, Weili Lin, and Jun Jin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1053, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1053, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The characteristics of n-alkanes and the contributions of various sources of PM2.5 in the atmosphere in Beijing were studied. There were marked seasonal and diurnal differences in the n-alkane concentrations (p<0.01). Particulate-bound n-alkanes were supplied by anthropogenic and biogenic sources, fossil fuel combustion was the dominant contributor. Vehicle exhausts strongly affect PM2.5 pollution. Controlling vehicle exhaust emissions is key to control n-alkane and PM2.5 pollution in Beijing.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hossein Dadashazar, Andrea F. Corral, Ewan Crosbie, Sanja Dmitrovic, Simon Kirschler, Kayla McCauley, Richard Moore, Claire Robinson, Joseph S. Schlosser, Michael Shook, K. Lee Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward Winstead, Luke Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13897–13913, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13897-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13897-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Multi-season airborne data over the northwestern Atlantic show that organic mass fraction and the relative amount of oxygenated organics within that fraction are enhanced in droplet residual particles as compared to particles below and above cloud. In-cloud aqueous processing is shown to be a potential driver of this compositional shift in cloud. This implies that aerosol–cloud interactions in the region reduce aerosol hygroscopicity due to the jump in the organic : sulfate ratio in cloud.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Min Zhou, Guangjie Zheng, Hongli Wang, Liping Qiao, Shuhui Zhu, DanDan Huang, Jingyu An, Shengrong Lou, Shikang Tao, Qian Wang, Rusha Yan, Yingge Ma, Changhong Chen, Yafang Cheng, Hang Su, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13833–13844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13833-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13833-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The trend of aerosol pH and its drivers is crucial in understanding the multiphase formation pathways of aerosols. We reported the first trend analysis of aerosol pH from 2011 to 2019 in eastern China. Although significant variations of aerosol compositions were observed from 2011 to 2019, the aerosol pH estimated by model only slightly declined by 0.24. Our work shows that the opposite effects of SO42− and non-volatile cation changes play key roles in determining the moderate pH trend.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhenqi Xu, Wei Feng, Yicheng Wang, Haoran Ye, Yuhang Wang, Hong Liao, and Mingjie Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13739–13752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work uses a solvent (DMF) that can efficiently dissolve low-volatility OC to examine BrC absorption and sources, which will benefit future investigations on the physicochemical properties of large organic molecules. The study results also shed light on potential sources for methanol-insoluble OC. These results highlight the importance of testing different solvents to investigate the structures and light absorption of low-volatility BrC.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sahil Bhandari, Zainab Arub, Gazala Habib, Joshua S. Apte, and Lea Hildebrandt Ruiz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13631–13657, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Here we determine the sources of primary organic aerosol in Delhi, India, in two different seasons. In winter, the main sources are traffic and biomass burning; in the summer, the main sources are traffic and cooking. We obtain this result by conducting source apportionment resolved by time of day, using data from an aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Results from this work can be used to better design policies that target sources of organic aerosol.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amy P. Sullivan, Rudra P. Pokhrel, Yingjie Shen, Shane M. Murphy, Darin W. Toohey, Teresa Campos, Jakob Lindaas, Emily V. Fischer, and Jeffrey L. Collett Jr.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13389–13406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the WE-CAN (Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption and Nitrogen) study, brown carbon (BrC) absorption was measured on the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft using a particle-into-liquid sampler and photoacoustic aerosol absorption spectrometer. Approximately 45 % of the BrC absorption in wildfires was observed to be due to water-soluble species. The ratio of BrC absorption to WSOC or ΔCO showed no clear dependence on fire dynamics or the time since emission over 9 h.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ting-Yu Chen, Chia-Li Chen, Yi-Chi Chen, Charles C.-K. Chou, Haojia Ren, and Hui-Ming Hung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13001–13012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic influence on aerosol composition in a downstream river-valley forest was investigated using FTIR and isotope analysis. A higher N-containing species concentration during daytime fog events indicates that a stronger inversion leads to higher pollutant concentrations, and the fog enhances the aqueous-phase chemical processes. Moreover, the observed size-dependent oxygen isotope suggests the contribution of organic peroxyl radicals to local nitrate formation for small particles.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Wei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Haijie Tong, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Shan Gao, Zhongbiao Wu, Long Cui, Yu Huang, Guangli Xiu, Junji Cao, Qingyan Fu, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12789–12802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the long-term measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elementary carbon (EC) in PM2.5 with hourly time resolution conducted at a regional site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020. The results from this study provide critical information about the long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosol, in particular secondary OC, in one of the largest megacities in the world and are helpful for developing pollution control measures from a long-term planning perspective.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hazel Vernier, Neeraj Rastogi, Hongyu Liu, Amit Kumar Pandit, Kris Bedka, Anil Patel, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Buduru Suneel Kumar, Bo Zhang, Harish Gadhavi, Frank Wienhold, Gwenael Berthet, and Jean-Paul Vernier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12675–12694, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12675-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of the stratospheric aerosols collected aboard high-altitude balloons above the summer Asian monsoon reveals the presence of nitrate/nitrite. Using numerical simulations and satellite observations, we found that pollution as well as lightning could explain some of our observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel A. Jaffe, Brendan Schnieder, and Daniel Inouye
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12695–12704, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12695-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12695-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we use commonly measured pollutants (PM2.5 and carbon monoxide) to develop a Monte Carlo simulation of the mixing of urban pollution with smoke. The simulations compare well with observations from a heavily impacted smoke site and show that we can use standard regulatory measurements to quantify the amount of smoke in urban areas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charlotte M. Beall, Thomas C. J. Hill, Paul J. DeMott, Tobias Köneman, Michael Pikridas, Frank Drewnick, Hartwig Harder, Christopher Pöhlker, Jos Lelieveld, Bettina Weber, Minas Iakovides, Roman Prokeš, Jean Sciare, Meinrat O. Andreae, M. Dale Stokes, and Kimberly A. Prather
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12607–12627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12607-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are rare aerosols that can trigger ice formation in clouds and affect climate-relevant cloud properties such as phase, reflectivity and lifetime. Dust is the dominant INP source, yet few measurements have been reported near major dust sources. We report INP observations within hundreds of kilometers of the biggest dust source regions globally: the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula. Results show that at temperatures > −15 °C, INPs are dominated by organics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Boming Liu, Xin Ma, Jianping Guo, Hui Li, Shikuan Jin, Yingying Ma, and Wei Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-634, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy is one of the most essential clean and renewable energy in today’s world. The traditional measurement of wind usually uses meteorological masts equipped with anemometers, wind vane and other devices. However, the anemometer is usually installed at 10 m, while the shoreline wind turbine is usually installed at 100–120 m. Here, the radar wind profiler and surface synoptic observations are used to retrieve the wind speed at 120 m and investigate the wind energy resource.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chao Yan, Yicheng Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Lubna Dada, Ximeng Qi, Simo Hakala, Anu-Maija Sundström, Yishuo Guo, Antti Lipponen, Tom V. Kokkonen, Jenni Kontkanen, Runlong Cai, Jing Cai, Tommy Chan, Liangduo Chen, Biwu Chu, Chenjuan Deng, Wei Du, Xiaolong Fan, Xu-Cheng He, Juha Kangasluoma, Joni Kujansuu, Mona Kurppa, Chang Li, Yiran Li, Zhuohui Lin, Yiliang Liu, Yuliang Liu, Yiqun Lu, Wei Nie, Jouni Pulliainen, Xiaohui Qiao, Yonghong Wang, Yifan Wen, Ye Wu, Gan Yang, Lei Yao, Rujing Yin, Gen Zhang, Shaojun Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Ying Zhou, Antti Arola, Johanna Tamminen, Pauli Paasonen, Yele Sun, Lin Wang, Neil M. Donahue, Yongchun Liu, Federico Bianchi, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Douglas R. Worsnop, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Tuukka Petäjä, Aijun Ding, Jingkun Jiang, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12207–12220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12207-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a dominant source of atmospheric ultrafine particles. In urban environments, traffic emissions are a major source of primary pollutants, but their contribution to NPF remains under debate. During the COVID-19 lockdown, traffic emissions were significantly reduced, providing a unique chance to examine their relevance to NPF. Based on our comprehensive measurements, we demonstrate that traffic emissions alone are not able to explain the NPF in Beijing.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sini Isokääntä, Paul Kim, Santtu Mikkonen, Thomas Kühn, Harri Kokkola, Taina Yli-Juuti, Liine Heikkinen, Krista Luoma, Tuukka Petäjä, Zak Kipling, Daniel Partridge, and Annele Virtanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11823–11843, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research employs air mass history analysis and observations to study how clouds and precipitation affect atmospheric aerosols during transport to a boreal forest site. The mass concentrations of studied chemical species showed exponential decrease as a function of accumulated rain along the air mass route. Our analysis revealed in-cloud sulfate formation, while no major changes in organic mass were seen. Most of the in-cloud-formed sulfate could be assigned to particle sizes above 200 nm.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Huikun Liu, Qiyuan Wang, Suixin Liu, Bianhong Zhou, Yao Qu, Jie Tian, Ting Zhang, Yongming Han, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11739–11757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric motions play an important role in the mass concentration and the direct radiative effect (DRE) of black carbon (BC). The finding from this study elaborated the impacts of different scales of atmospheric motion on source-specific BC and its DREs, which revealed the nonlinear change between BC mass concentration and its DREs and emphasizes the importance of regionally transported BC for potential climatic effects.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wing Sze Chow, Kezheng Liao, X. H. Hilda Huang, Ka Fung Leung, Alexis K. H. Lau, and Jian Zhen Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11557–11577, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11557-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11557-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring data of PM2.5 chemical composition provide essential information for evaluation and planning of control measures. Here we present a 10-year (2008–2017) time series of PM2.5, its major components, and select source markers in an urban site in Hong Kong. The dataset verified the success of local vehicular emission control measures as well as reduction of sulfate and regional sources such as industrial and coal combustion and crop residue burning emissions over the decade.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hwanmi Lim, Sanna Silvergren, Silvia Spinicci, Farshid Mashayekhy Rad, Ulrika Nilsson, Roger Westerholm, and Christer Johansson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11359–11379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollutants from wood burning become more important as other regulated emissions are being reduced, e.g. combustion of diesel. We analysed particles in residential areas and found that local wood burning was the most important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Specific tracers were used to separate wood combustion from other contributions. Calculations of population exposure showed that the mix of PAHs may cause 13 cancer cases per 0.1 million inhabitants.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rui Li, Kun Zhang, Qing Li, Liumei Yang, Shunyao Wang, Zhiqiang Liu, Xiaojuan Zhang, Hui Chen, Yanan Yi, Jialiang Feng, Qiongqiong Wang, Ling Huang, Wu Wang, Yangjun Wang, Jian Zhen Yu, and Li Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-586, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-586, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Molecular markers in organic aerosol provide specific source information of PM2.5, and the contribution of cooking emissions to OA is significant, especially in urban environments. This study investigates the variation of the concentrations and oxidative degradation of fatty acids and corresponding oxidation products in ambient air, which can be a guide for the refinement of aerosol source apportionment, and provide scientific support for the development of emission source control policies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qiongqiong Wang, Shan Wang, Yuk Ying Cheng, Hanzhe Chen, Zijing Zhang, Jinjian Li, Dasa Gu, Zhe Wang, and Jian Zhen Yu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11239–11253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11239-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11239-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is often enhanced during fine-particulate-matter (PM2.5) episodes. We examined bi-hourly measurements of SOA molecular tracers in suburban Hong Kong during 11 city-wide PM2.5 episodes. The tracers showed regional characteristics for both anthropogenic and biogenic SOA as well as biomass-burning-derived SOA. Multiple tracers of the same precursor revealed the dominance of low-NOx formation pathways for isoprene SOA and less-aged monoterpene SOA during winter.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Veronica Z. Berta, Lynn M. Russell, Derek J. Price, Chia-Li Chen, Alex K. Y. Lee, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Thomas G. Bell, and Michael J. Behrenfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-601, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Amines are compounds emitted from a variety of marine and continental sources, which were measured by aerosol mass spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy during the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) cruises. Secondary continental and primary marine sources of amines were identified by comparisons to tracers. The results show that the two methods are complementary for investigating amines in the marine environment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhiqiang Zhang, Yele Sun, Chun Chen, Bo You, Aodong Du, Weiqi Xu, Yan Li, Zhijie Li, Lu Lei, Wei Zhou, Jiaxing Sun, Yanmei Qiu, Lianfang Wei, Pingqing Fu, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10409–10423, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10409-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10409-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive characterization of water-soluble organic aerosol and the first mass spectral characterization of water-insoluble organic aerosol in the cold season in Beijing by integrating online and offline aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. WSOA comprised dominantly secondary OA and showed large changes during the transition season from autumn to winter. WIOA was characterized by prominent hydrocarbon ions series, low oxidation states, and significant day–night differences.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Constance K. Segakweng, Pieter G. van Zyl, Cathy Liousse, Johan P. Beukes, Jan-Stefan Swartz, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias-Alves, Brigitte Language, Roelof P. Burger, and Stuart J. Piketh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10291–10317, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A detailed size-resolved assessment of the chemical characteristics of outdoor and indoor aerosols collected in low-income urban settlements in South Africa indicated the significance of household combustion for cooking and space heating – an important source of pollutants in the developing world – to atmospheric chemical composition. The regional impact of industrial sources in the highly industrialised and densely populated north-eastern interior of South Africa was also evident.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jing Duan, Ru-Jin Huang, Yifang Gu, Chunshui Lin, Haobin Zhong, Wei Xu, Quan Liu, Yan You, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Darius Ceburnis, Thorsten Hoffmann, and Colin O'Dowd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10139–10153, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10139-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10139-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass-burning-influenced oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA-BB), formed from the photochemical oxidation and aging of biomass burning OA (BBOA), was resolved in urban Xi’an. The aqueous-phase processed oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) concentration was more dependent on secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) content and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). The increased aq-OOA contribution during SIA-enhanced periods likely reflects OA evolution due to the addition of alcohol or peroxide groups
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabio Giardi, Silvia Nava, Giulia Calzolai, Giulia Pazzi, Massimo Chiari, Andrea Faggi, Bianca Patrizia Andreini, Chiara Collaveri, Elena Franchi, Guido Nincheri, Alessandra Amore, Silvia Becagli, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, and Franco Lucarelli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9987–10005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9987-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9987-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The restriction measures adopted to contain the COVID-19 virus offered a unique opportunity to study urban particulate emissions in the near absence of traffic, which is one of the main emission sources in the urban environment. However, the drastic decrease in this source of particulate matter during the months of national lockdown did not lead to an equal decrease in the total particulate load. This is due to the inverse behavior shown by different sources, especially secondary sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Ackerman, A. S., Toon, O. B., Stevens, D. E., Heymsfield, A. J., Ramanathan, V., and Welton, E. J.: Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288, 1042–1047, 2000.
Akimoto, H.: Global air quality and pollution, Science, 302, 1716–1719, 2003.
Akimoto, H., Ohara, T., Kurokawa, J., and Horii, N.: Verification of energy consumption in China during 1996–2003 by using satellite observational data, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7663–7667, 2006.
Alexander, D. T. L., Crozier, P. A., and Anderson, J. R.: Brown Carbon Spheres in East Asian Outflow and Their Optical Properties, Science, 321, 833–836, 2008.
Alfaro, S. C., Gaudichet, A., Rajot, J. L., Gomes, L., Maill{é}, M., and Cachier, H.: Variability of aerosol-resolved composition at an {I}ndian coastal site during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment (INDOEX) intensive field phase, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4235, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002645, 2003.
Ali, K., Momin, G. A., Tiwari, S., Safai, P. D., Chate, D. M., and Rao, P. S. P.: Fog and precipitation chemistry at Delhi, {N}orth {I}ndia, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4215–4222, 2004.
Ali, K., Beig, G., Chate, D. M., Momin, G. A., Sahu, S. K., and Safai, P. D.: Sink mechanism for significantly low level of ozone over the Arabian Sea during monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011256, 2009.
Aloysius, M., Mohan, M., Babu, S. S., Nair, V. S., Parameswaran, K., and Moorthy, K. K.: Influence of circulation parameters on the AOD variations over the B}ay of {B}engal during {ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 353–360, 2008.
Anderson, R. C.: Do dragonflies migrate across the western {I}ndian {O}cean?, J. Trop. Ecol., 25, 347–358, 2009.
Andrews, A. E., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Hintsha, E. J., Weinstock, E. M., and Bui, T. P.: Empirical age spectra for the lower tropical stratosphere from in sitiu observations of {CO2}: implications for stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26581–26596, 1999.
Andronache, C., Donner, L. J., Seman, C. J., and Hemler, R. S.: A study of the impact of the I}ntertropical {C}onvergence {Z}one on aerosols during {INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900248, 2002.
Appu, K. S., Nair, S. M., Kunhikrishnan, P. K., Moorthy, K. K., Sarode, P. R., Rao, L. V., Bajpai, S. R., Prakash, L. H., Viswanathan, G., Mitra, A. P., Sadoumy, R., Basdevant, C., Ethe, C., Ovarlez, H., Chapuis, R., Dartigudongue, B., and Vianeys, P.: Spatial distribution of meteorological parameters around 900 hPa level over the A}rabian {S}ea and {I}ndian {O}cean regions during the {IFP-99 of the INDOEX programme as revealed from the constant altitude balloon experiments conducted from Goa, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 89–96, 2001.
Ashfaq, M., Shi, Y., Tung, W., Trapp, R. J., Gao, X., Pal, J. S., and Diffenbaugh, N. S.: Suppression of south {A}sian summer monsoon precipitation in the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036500, 2009.
Asatar, G. I. and Nair., P. R.: Spatial distribution of near-surface CO over Bay of Bengal during winter: role of transport, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 72, 1241–1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.025, 2010.
Auvray, M. and Bey, I.: Long-range transport to {E}urope: Seasonal variations and implications for the {E}uropean ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005503, 2005.
Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S. K., and Moorthy, K. K.: Aerosol radiative forcing due to enhanced black carbon at an urban site in {I}ndia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1880, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015826, 2002.
Babu, S. S., Moorthy, K. K., and Satheesh, S. K.: Aerosol black carbon over {A}rabian {S}ea during intermonsoon and summer monsoon seasons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018716, 2004.
Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S. K., Moorhty, K. K., Dutt, C. B. S., Nair, V. S., Alappattu, D. P., and Kunhikrishnan, P. K.: Aircraft measurements of aerosol black carbon from a coastal location in the north-east part of peninsular India during ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 263–271, 2008.
Babu, S. S., Sreekanth, V., Nair, V. S., Satheesh, S. K.,and Moorthy, K. K.: Vertical profile of aerosol single scattering albedo over west coast of India during W_ICARB, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 72, 876–882, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.013, 2010.
Badarinath, K. V. S., Kumar Kharol, S., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Sharma, A. R., Ramaswamy, V., and Kambezidis, H. D.: Long-range transport of dust aerosols over the Arabian Sea and Indian region – A case study using satellite data and ground-based measurements, Glob. Plan. Change, 72, 164–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.02.003, 2010.
Badarinath, K. V. S. and Kumar Kharol, S.: Studies on aerosol properties during ICARB-2006 campaign period at H}yderabad, {I}ndia using {ground-based measurements and satellite data, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 413–420, 2008.
Baker, A. K., Schuck, T. J., Slemr, F., van Velthoven, P., Zahn, A., and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons in Asian summer monsoon outflow observed by the CARIBIC aircraft, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 18101–18138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-18101-2010, 2010.
Ball, W. P., Dickerson, R. R., Doddridge, B. G., Stehr, J. W., Miller, T. L., Savoie, D. L., and Carsey, T. P.: Bulk and size-segregated aerosol composition observed during {INDOEX} 1999: overview of meteorology and continental impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002467, 2003.
Bannister, R. N., O'Neill, A., Gregory, A. R., and Nissen, K. M.: The role of the south-east {A}sian monsoon and other seasonal features in creating the "tape-recorder" signal in the {U}nified {M}odel, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1531–1554, 2004.
Barret, B., Ricaud, P., Mari, C., Attié, J.-L., Bousserez, N., Josse, B., Le Flochmoën, E., Livesey, N. J., Massart, S., Peuch, V.-H., Piacentini, A., Sauvage, B., Thouret, V., and Cammas, J.-P.: Transport pathways of CO in the African upper troposphere during the monsoon season: a study based upon the assimilation of spaceborne observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3231–3246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3231-2008, 2008.
Beegum, S. N., Moorthy, K. K., Nair, V. S., Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S. K., Vinoj, V., Ramakrishna Reddy, R., Rama Gopal, K., Badarinath, K. V. S., Niranjan, K., Kumar Pandey, S., Behera, M., Jeyaram, A., Bhuyan, P. K., Gogoi, M. M., Singh, S., Pant, P., Dumka, U. C., Kant, Y., Kuniyal, J. C., and Singh, D.: Characteristics of spectral aerosol optical dephts over India during ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 303–313, 2008.
Beirle, S., Platt, U., von Glasow, R., Wenig, M., and Wagner, T.: Estimate of nitrogen oxide emissions from shipping by satellite remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020312, 2004.
Berntsen, T. K., Karlsdòttir, S., and Jaffe, D. A.: Influence of Asian emissions on the composition of air reaching the North Western United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2171–2174, 1999.
Bhawar, R. L. and Devara, P. C. S.: Study of successive contrasting monsoons (2001–2002) in terms of aerosol variability over a tropical station Pune, India, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 29–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-29-2010, 2010.
Bonasoni, P., Laj, P., Marinoni, A., Sprenger, M., Angelini, F., Arduini, J., Bonafè, U., Calzolari, F., Colombo, T., Decesari, S., Di Biagio, C., di Sarra, A. G., Evangelisti, F., Duchi, R., Facchini, MC., Fuzzi, S., Gobbi, G. P., Maione, M., Panday, A., Roccato, F., Sellegri, K., Venzac, H., Verza, GP., Villani, P., Vuillermoz, E., and Cristofanelli, P.: Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7515–7531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010, 2010.
Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J.-H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
Boos, W. R. and Kuang, Z.: Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating, Nature, 463, 218–222, 2010.
Bremaud, P. J., Taupin, F., Thompson, A. M., and Chaumerliac, N.: Ozone nighttime recovery in the marine boundary layer: Measurement andn simulation of the ozone diurnal cycle at {R}eunion {I}sland, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3463–3473, 1998.
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Crutzen, P., Boumard, F., Dauer, T., Dix, B., Ebinghaus, R., Filippi, D., Fischer, H., Franke, H., Frie{ß}, U., Heintzenberg, J., Helleis, F., Hermann, M., Kock, H. H., Koeppel, C., Lelieveld, J., Leuenberger, M., Martinsson, B. G., Miemczyk, S., Moret, H. P., Nguyen, H. N., Nyfeler, P., Oram, D., O'Sullivan, D., Penkett, S., Platt, U., Pupek, M., Ramonet, M., Randa, B., Reichelt, M., Rhee, T. S., Rohwer, J., Rosenfeld, K., Scharffe, D., Schlager, H., Schumann, U., Slemr, F., Sprung, D., Stock, P., Thaler, R., Valentino, F., van Velthoven, P., Waibel, A., Wandel, A., Waschitschek, K., Wiedensohler, A., Xueref-Remy, I., Zahn, A., Zech, U., and Ziereis, H.: Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container: The new CARIBIC system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4953–4976, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4953-2007, 2007.
Burkert, J., Andr{é}s-Hern{á}ndez, M. D., Reichert, L., Meyer-Arnek, J., Doddridge, B., Dickerson, R. R., M{ü}hle, J., Zahn, A., Carsey, T., and Burrows, J. P.: Trace gas radical diurnal behavior in the marine boundary layer during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8000, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002790, 2003.
Butler, T. M., Lawrence, M. G., Gurjar, B. R., van Aardenne, J., Schultz, M., and Lelieveld, J.: The representation of emissions from megacities in global emission inventories, Atmos. Environ., 42, 703–719, 2008.
Chakrabarty, D. K., Peshin, S. K., Pandya, K. V., and Shah, N. C.: Long-term trend of ozone column over the {I}ndian region, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19245–19251, 1998.
Chan, C. Y., Wong, K. H., Li, Y. S., Chan, L. Y., and Zheng, X. D.: The effects of Southeast Asia fire activities on tropospheric ozone, trace gases, and aerosols at a remote site over the Tibetan Plateau of Southwest China, Tellus, 58B, 310–318, 2006.
Chand, D. and Lal, S.: High ozone at rural sites in India, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 4, 3359–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-3359-2004, 2004.
Chand, D., Modh, K. S., Naja, M., Venkataramani, S., and Lal, S.: Latitudinal trends in O3, CO, CH4 and SF6 over the I}ndian {O}cean during the {INDOEX IFP-1999 ship cruise, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 100–104, 2001.
Chand, D., Lal, S., and Naja, M.: Variations of ozone in the marine boundary layer over the A}rabian {S}ea and the {I}ndian {O}cean during the 1998 and 1999 {INDOEX campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4190, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001589, 2003.
Chand, D., Wood, R., Anderson, T. L., Satheesh, S. K., and Charlson, R. J.: Satellite-derived direct radiative effect of aerosols dependent on cloud cover, Nat. Geosci., 2, 181–184, 2009.
Chandra, S., Satheesh, S. K., and Srinivasan, J.: Can the state of mixing of black carbon aerosols explain the mystery of "excess" atmospheric absorption?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020662, 2004.
Chatfield, R. B., Guan, H., Thompson, A. M., and Witte, J. C.: Convective lofting links {I}ndian {O}cean air pollution to paradoxical {S}outh {A}tlantic ozone maxima, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018866, 2004.
Chatfield, R. B., Guan, H., Thompson, A. M., and Smit, H. G. J.: Mechanisms for the intraseasonal variability of tropospheric ozone over the {I}ndian {O}cean during the winter monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007347, 2007.
Chazette, P.: The monsoon aerosol extinction properties at Goa during INDOEX as measured with lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4187, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002074, 2003.
Chen, P.: Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16661–16673, 1995.
Chowdhury, Z., Hughes, L. S., Salmon, L. G., and Cass, G. R.: Atmospheric particle size and composition measurements to support light extinction calculations over the {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28597–28605, 2001.
Chung, C. and Ramanathan, V.: Weakening of N. Indian SST gradients and the monsoon rainfall in {I}ndia and the {S}ahel, J. Climate, 19, 2036–2045, 2006.
Chung, C. E. and Ramanathan, V.: S}outh {A}sian haze forcing: Remote impacts with implications to {ENSO and AO, J. Climate, 16, 1791–1806, 2003.
Chung, C. E. and Ramanathan, V.: Relationship between trends in land precipitation and tropical SST gradient, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030491, 2007.
Chung, C. E., Ramanathan, V., and Kiehl, J. T.: Effects of the S}outh {A}sian Absorbing Haze on the Northeast Monsoon {Surface-Air Heat Exchange, J. Climate, 15, 2462–2476, 2002.
Chung, C. E., Ramanathan, V., Carmichael, G., Kulkarni, S., Tang, Y., Adhikary, B., Leung, L. R., and Qian, Y.: Anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing in Asia derived from regional models with atmospheric and aerosol data assimilation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6007–6024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6007-2010, 2010.
Church, T. M. and Jickells, T. D.: Atmospheric chemistry in the coastal ocean: A synopsis of processing, scavenging and inputs, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 33, 71–76, 2004.
Chylek, P., Dubey, M. K., Lohmann, U., Ramanathan, V., Kaufman, Y. J., Lesins, G., Hudson, J., Altmann, G., and Olsen, S.: Aerosol indirect effect over the {I}ndian {O}cean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025397, 2006.
Clarke, A. D., Howell, S., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E., Jefferson, A., Massling, A., Mayol-Bracero, O., Maring, H., Savoie, D., and Cass, G.: INDOEX aerosol: a comparison and summary of chemical, microphysical, and optical properties observed from land, ship, and aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8033, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000572, 2002.
Cofala, J., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., and H{ö}glund-Isaksson, L.: Scenarios of global anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and methane until 2030, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8486–8499, 2007.
Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Eaton, B. E., Khattatov, B. V., Lamarque, J., and Zender, C. S.: Simulating aerosols using a chemical transport model with assimilation of satellite aerosol retrievals: M}ethodology for {INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7313–7336, 2001.
Collins, W. D., Rasch, P. J., Eaton, B. E., Fillmore, D. W., Kiehl, J. T., Beck, C. T., and Zender, C. S.: Simulation of aerosol distributions and radiative forcing for {INDOEX}: Regional climate impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000032, 2002.
Corrigan, C. E., Roberts, G. C., Ramana, M. V., Kim, D., and Ramanathan, V.: Capturing vertical profiles of aerosols and black carbon over the Indian Ocean using autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 737–747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-737-2008, 2008.
Crimmins, B. S., Dickerson, R. R., Doddridge, B. G., and Baker, J. E.: Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean atmospheres during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment and {Aerosols99}: Continental sources to the marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004192, 2004.
Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Carbone, C., Giulianelli, L., Rinaldi, M., Finessi, E., Fuzzi, S., Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Duchi, R., Bonasoni, P., Vuillermoz, E., Cozic, J., Jaffrezo, J. L., and Laj, P.: Chemical composition of PM10 and PM1 at the high-altitude Himalayan station Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) (5079 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4583–4596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4583-2010, 2010.
de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Scheeren, H. A., van der Veen, C., Bolder, M., Scheele, M. P., Williams, J., Wong, S., Lange, L., Fischer, H., and Lelieveld, J.: Overview of the trace gas measurements on board the Citation aircraft during the intensive field phase of INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28453–28467, 2001.
de Laat, A. T. J.: On the origin of tropospheric O3 over the Indian Ocean during the winter monsoon: African biomass burning vs. stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 325–341, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2-325-2002, 2002.
de Laat, A. T. J. and Lelieveld, J.: Diurnal ozone cycle in the tropical and subtropical marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11547–11559, 2000.
de Laat, A. T. J. and Lelieveld, J.: Interannual variability of the Indian winter monsoon circulation and consequences for pollution levels, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4739, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001483, 2002.
de Laat, A. T. J., de Gouw, J. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Model analysis of trace gas measurements and pollution impact during INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28469–28480, 2001a.
de Laat, A. T. J., Lelieveld, J., Roelofs, G. J., Dickerson, R. R., and Lobert, J. M.: Source analysis of carbon monoxide pollution during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28481–28495, 2001b.
de Reus, M., Str{ö}m, J., Kulmala, M., Pirjola, L., Lelieveld, J., Schiller, C., and Z{ö}ger, M.: Airborne aerosol measurements in the tropopause region and the dependence of new particle formation on pre-existing particle number concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31255–31263, 1998.
de Reus, M., Str{ö}m, J., Curtius, J., Pirjola, L., Vignati, E., Arnold, F., Hansson, H. C., Kulmala, M., Lelieveld, J., and Raes, F.: Aerosol production and growth in the upper free troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24751–24762, 2000.
de Reus, M., Krejci, R., Williams, J., Fischer, H., Scheele, R., and Str{ö}m, J.: Vertical and horizontal distributions of the aerosol number concentration and size distribution over the northern {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28629–28641, 2001.
de Reus, M., Formenti, P., Str{ö}m, J., Krejci, R., M{ü}ller, D., Andreae, M. O., and Lelieveld, J.: Airborne observations of dry particle absorption and scattering properties over the northern {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002304, 2002.
Debaje, S. B. and Kakade, A. D.: Surface ozone variability over western Maharashtra, India, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 686–700, 2009.
D{é}salmand, F., Szantai, A., Picon, L., and Desbois, M.: Systematic observation of westward propagating cloud bands over the A}rabian {S}ea during {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment {INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002934, 2003.
Dethof, A., O'Neil, A., and Slingo, J.: Quantification of the isentropic mass transport across the dynamical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 12279–12293, 2000.
Devasthale, A. and Fueglistaler, S.: A climatological perspective of deep convection penetrating the TTL during the Indian summer monsoon from the AVHRR and MODIS instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4573–4582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4573-2010, 2010.
Dey, S. and Tripathi, S. N.: Estimation of aerosol optical properties and radiative effects in the Ganga basin, northern India, during the wintertime, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007267, 2007.
Dickerson, R. R., Rhoads, K. P., Carsey, T. P., Oltmans, S. J., Burrows, J. P., and Crutzen, P. J.: Ozone in the remote marine boundary layer: A possible role for halogens, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21385–21395, 1999.
Dickerson, R. R., Andreae, M. O., Campos, T., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Neusuess, C., and Streets, D. G.: Analysis of black carbon and carbon monoxide observed over the {I}ndian {O}cean: Implications for emissions and photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000446, 2002.
Dumka, U. C., Satheesh, S. K., Pant, P., Hegde, P., and Moorthy, K. K.: Surface changes in solar irradiance due to aerosols over central {H}imalayas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027814, 2006.
Dumka, U. C., Moorthy, K. K., Pant, P., Hegde, P., Sagar, R., and Pandey, K.: Physical and optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols during ICARB at M}anora {P}eak, {N}ainital: A sparsely inhabited, {high-altitude location in the Himalayas, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 399–405, 2008.
Dunkerton, T. J.: Evidence of meridional motion in the summer lower stratosphere adjacent to monsoon regions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16675–16688, 1995.
EC: First Daughter Directive, Council Directive 1999/30/EC relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and lead in ambient, Oj l 163, EC, 1999.
Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Lobert, J. M., and Ramanathan, V.: Column-integrated aerosol optical properties over the Maldives during the northeast monsoon for 1998–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28555–28566, 2001.
Eldering, A., Ogren, J. A., Chowdhury, Z., Hughes, L. S., and Cass, G. R.: Aerosol optical properties during INDOEX based on measured aerosol particle size and composition, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001572, 2002.
Engstr{ö}m, A., Ekman, A. M. L., Krejci, R., Str{ö}m, J., de Reus, M., and Wang, C.: Observational and modelling evidence of tropical deep convective clouds as a source of mid-tropospheric accumulation mode aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035817, 2008.
Eth{é}, C., Basdevant, C., Sadourny, R., Appu, K. S., Harenduprakash, L., Sarode, P. R., and Viswanathan, G.: Air mass motion, temperature, and humidity over the A}rabian {S}ea and western {I}ndian {O}cean during the {INDOEX intensive phase, as obtained from a set of superpressure drifting balloons, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001120, 2002.
Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., et al.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010816, 2009.
Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Traub, M., Williams, J., Lelieveld, J., de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Schlager, H., Minikin, A., Scheele, R., and Siegmund, P.: Deep convective injection of boundary layer air into the lowermost stratosphere at midlatitudes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 739–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-739-2003, 2003.
Fischer, H., Lawrence, M., Gurk, Ch., Hoor, P., Lelieveld, J., Hegglin, M. I., Brunner, D., and Schiller, C.: Model simulations and aircraft measurements of vertical, seasonal and latitudinal O3 and CO distributions over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 339–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-339-2006, 2006.
Fishman, J., Wozniak, A. E., and Creilson, J. K.: Global distribution of tropospheric ozone from satellite measurements using the empirically corrected tropospheric ozone residual technique: Identification of the regional aspects of air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 893–907, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-893-2003, 2003.
Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J.: Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008003, 2007.
Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Hess, P. G., Mahowald, N. M., Painter, T. H., Ramanathan, V., and Rasch, P. J.: Springtime warming and reduced snow cover from carbonaceous particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2481–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2481-2009, 2009.
Forêt, G., Flamant, C., Cautenet, S., Pelon, J., Minvielle, F., Taghavi, M., and Chazette, P.: The structure of the haze plume over the Indian Ocean during INDOEX: tracer simulations and LIDAR observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 907–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-907-2006, 2006.
Franke, K., Ansmann, A., M{ü}ller, D., Althausen, D., Venkataraman, C., Reddy, M. S., Wagner, F., and Scheele, R.: Optical properties of the Indo-Asian haze layer over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4059, https://doi.org/10.109/2002JD002473, 2003.
Fu, R., Hu, Y., Wright, J. S., Jiang, J. S., Dickinson, R. E., Chen, M., Filipiak, M., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., and Wu, D. L.: Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the {T}ibetan {P}lateau, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5664–5669, 2006.
Fueglistaler, S., Wernli, H., and Peter, T.: Tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004069, 2004.
Gabriel, R., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., and Andreae, M. O.: Chemical characterization of submicron aerosol particles collected over the {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000034, 2002a.
Gabriel, R., von Glasow, R., Sander, R., Andreae, M. O., and Crutzen, P. J.: Bromide content of sea-salt aerosol particles collected over the {I}ndian {O}cean during {INDOEX} 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001133, 2002b.
Gadgil, S.: The {I}ndian monsoon and its variability, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 31, 429–467, 2003.
Ganguly, D., Jayaraman, A., Rajesh, T. A., and Gadhavi, H.: Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and nonfoggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007029, 2006.
Ganguly, D., Ginoux, P., Ramaswamy, V., Winker, D. M., Holben, B. N., and Tripathi, S. N.: Retrieving the composition and concentration of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic basin using CALIOP and AERONET data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L13806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038315, 2009.
Gautam, R., Hsu, N. C., Lau, K., Tsay, S.-C., and Kafatos, M.: Enhanced pre-monsoon warming over the Himalayan-Gangetic region from 1979 to 2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037641, 2009.
George, S. K. and Nair, P. R.: Aerosol mass loading over the marine environment of A}rabian {S}ea during {ICARB}: {Sea-salt and non-sea-salt components, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 333–344, 2008.
Gettelman, A., Kinnison, D. E., Dunkerton, T. J., and Brasseur, G. P.: Impact of monsoon circulations on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004878, 2004.
Zhang, Y., Dubey, M. K., Olsen, S. C., Zheng, J., and Zhang, R.: Comparisons of WRF/Chem simulations in Mexico City with ground-based RAMA measurements during the 2006-MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3777–3798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3777-2009, 2009.
Goswami, B. N., Venugopal, V., Sengupta, D., Madhusoodanan, M. S., and Xavier, P. K.: Increasing Trend of Extreme Rain Events Over India in a Warming Environment, Science, 314, 1442–1445, 2006.
Granat, L., Norman, M., Leck, C., Kulshrestha, U. C., and Rodhe, H.: Wet scavenging of sulfur compound and other constituents during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment (INDOEX), J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000499, 2002.
Granat, L., Engström, J. E., Praveen, S., and Rodhe, H.: Light absorbing material (soot) in rainwater and in aerosol particles in the Maldives, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013768, 2010.
Gros, V., Williams, J., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., van Aardenne, J. A., Atlas, E., Chuck, A., Edwards, D. P., Stroud, V., and Krol, M.: Tracing the origin and ages of interlaced atmospheric pollution events over the tropical Atlantic Ocean with in-situ measurements, satellites, trajectories, emission inventories and global models, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004846, 2004.
Guazotti, S. A., Coffee, K. R., and Prather, K. A.: Continuous measurements of size-resolved particle chemistry during INDOEX-Intensive Field Phase 99, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28607–28627, 2001.
Guazzotti, S. A., Suess, D. T., Coffee, K. R., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Wisthaler, A., Hansel, A., Ball, W. P., Dickerson, R. R., and Neus{ü}{ß}, C.: Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols outflow from I}ndia and {A}rabia: {Biomass/biofuel burning and fossil fuel combustion, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4485, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003277, 2003.
Gustafsson, Ö., Krusa, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R. J., Granat, L., Engstr{ö}m, E., Praveen, P. S., Rao, P. S. P., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H.: Brown Clouds over {S}outh {A}sia: Biomass or {F}ossil {F}uel {C}ombustion?, Science, 323, 495–498, 2009.
Hamilton, J. F., Allen, G., Watson, N. M., et al.: Observations of an atmospheric chemical equator and its implications for the tropical warm pool region, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009940, 2008.
Hartley, D. E. and Black, R. X.: Mechanistic analysis of interhemispheric transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2945–2948, 1995.
Haywood, J. M. and Shine, K. P.: Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1907–1930, 1997.
Haywood, J. M., Ramaswamy, V., and Donner, L. J.: A limited-area-model case study of the effects of sub-grid scale variations in relative humidity and cloud upon the direct radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 143–146, 1997.
Heil, A. and Goldammer, J. G.: Smoke-haze pollution: a review of the 1997 episode in {S}outheast {A}sia, Reg. Environ. Change, 2, 24–37, 2001.
Heintzenberg, J.: Fine particles in the global troposphere, Tellus, 41, 149–160, 1989.
Heymsfield, A. J. and McFarquhar, G. M.: Microphysics of INDOEX clean and polluted trade cumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28653–28673, 2001.
Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., and Murti, P. P.: Effect of rising {A}sian emissions on surface ozone in the {U}nited {S}tates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2175–2178, 1999.
Jacobson, M. Z.: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695–697, 2001.
Jaffe, D., Anderson, T., Covert, D., Kotchenruther, R., Trost, B., Danielson, J., Simpson, W., Berntsen, T., Karlsdottir, S., Blake, D., Harris, J., Carmichael, G., and Uno, I.: Transport of Asian air pollution to North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 711–714, 1999.
Jayaraman, A.: Results on direct radiative forcing of aerosols obtained over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 924–930, 1999.
Jayaraman, A., Lubin, D., Ramachandran, S., Ramanathan, V., Woodbridge, E., Collins, W. D., and Zalpuri, K. S.: Direct observations of aerosol radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January–February} 1996 {pre-INDOEX cruise, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13827–13836, 1998.
Jayaraman, A., Satheesh, S. K., Mitra, A. P., and Ramanathan, V.: Latitude gradient in aerosol properties across the I}nter {T}ropical {C}onvergence {Z}one: Results from the joint {Indo-US study onboard Sagar Kanya, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 128–137, 2001.
Jayaraman, A., Gadhavi, H., Ganguly, D., Misra, A., Ramachandran, S., and Rajesh, T.: Spatial variations in aerosol characteristics and regional radiative forcing over {India}: Measurements and modeling of 2004 road campaign experiment, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6504–6515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.034, 2006.
Jöckel, P., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Brühl, C., Buchholz, J., Ganzeveld, L., Hoor, P., Kerkweg, A., Lawrence, M. G., Sander, R., Steil, B., Stiller, G., Tanarhte, M., Taraborrelli, D., van Aardenne, J., and Lelieveld, J.: The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1: consistent simulation of ozone from the surface to the mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5067–5104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5067-2006, 2006
Johansen, A. M., Siefert, R. L., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the southwest monsoon and intermonsoon seasons over the {A}rabian {S}ea: Anions and cations, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26325–26347, 1999.
Jones, T. A., Christopher, S. A., and Quaas, J.: A six year satellite-based assessment of the regional variations in aerosol indirect effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4091–4114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4091-2009, 2009.
Kalapureddy, M. C. R., Kaskaoutis, D. G., Raj, P. E., Devara, P. C. S., Kambezidis, H. D., Kosmopoulos, P. G., and Nastos, P. T.: Identification of aerosol type over the Arabian Sea in the premonsoon season during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011826, 2009.
Kamra, A. K., Murugavel, P., and Pawar, S. D.: Measured size distributions of aerosols over the I}ndian {O}cean during {INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8000, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002200, 2003.
Kar, J., Bremer, H., Drummand, J. R., Rochon, Y. J., Jones, D. B. A., Nichitiu, F., Zou, J., Liu, J., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Deeter, M. N., Francis, G., Ziskin, D., and Warner, J.: Evidence of vertical transport of carbon monoxide by {M}easurements of {P}ollution in the {T}roposphere (MOPITT), Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021128, 2004.
Kasibhatla, P., Arellano, A., Logan, J. A., Palmer, P. I., and Novelli, P.: Top-down estimate of a large source of atmospheric carbon monoxide associated with fuel combustion in {A}sia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1900, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015561, 2002.
Kaskaoutis, D. G., Kalapureddy, M. C. R., Krishna Moorthy, K., Devara, P. C. S., Nastos, P. T., Kosmopoulos, P. G., and Kambezidis, H. D.: Heterogeneity in pre-monsoon aerosol types over the Arabian Sea deduced from ship-borne measurements of spectral AODs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4893–4908, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4893-2010, 2010.
Kaufman, Y. J., Koren, I., Remer, L. A., and Rudich, Y.: The effect of smoke, dust, and pollution aerosol on shallow cloud development over the Atlantic Ocean, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 11207–11212, 2005.
Kedia, S. and Ramachandran, S.: Latitudinal and longitudinal variation in aerosol characteristics from S}un photometer and {MODIS over the B}ay of {B}engal and {A}rabian {S}ea during {ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 375–387, 2008.
Kedia, S., Ramachandran, S., Kumar, A., and Sarin, M. M.: Spatiotemporal gradients in aerosol radiative forcing and heating rate over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea derived on the basis of optical, physical, and chemical properties, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D07205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013136, 2010.
Koch, D., Bond, T. C., Streets, D., Unger, N., and van der Werf, G. R.: Global impacts of aerosols from particular source regions and sectors, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007024, 2007.
Kopacz, M., Mauzerall, D. L., Wang, J., Leibensperger, E. M., Henze, D. K., and Singh, K.: Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 21615–21651, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-21615-2010, 2010.
Koren, I., Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Rudich, Y., and Martins, J. V. : On the twilight zone between clouds and aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029253, 2007.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Jha, B., Rasch, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: A high resolution global reanalysis highlighting the winter monsoon, Part I, Reanalysis fields, Met. Atmos. Phys., 64, 123–150, 1997a.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Jha, B., Rasch, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: A high resolution global reanalysis highlighting the winter monsoon, Part II, transients and passive tracer transports, Met. Atmos. Phys., 64, 151–171, 1997b.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Chakraborty, A., Martin, A., Lau, W. K., Kim, K.-M., Sud, Y., and Walker, G.: Impact of {A}rabian {S}ea pollution on the {B}ay of {B}engal winter monsoon rains, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010679, 2009.
Krishnan, R. and Ramanathan, V.: Evidence of surface cooling from absorbing aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1340, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014687, 2002.
Kuhlmann, J. and Quaas, J.: How can aerosols affect the Asian summer monsoon? Assessment during three consecutive pre-monsoon seasons from CALIPSO satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4673–4688, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4673-2010, 2010.
Kulkarni, A. V., Bahuguna, I. M., Rathore, B. P., Singh, S. K., Randhawa, S. S., Sood, R. K., and Dhar, S.: Glacial retreat in {H}imalaya using {I}ndian {R}emote {S}ensing satellite data, Curr. Sci. India, 92, 69–74, 2007.
Kulmala, M., Reissell, A., Sipil{ä}, M., Bonn, B., Ruuskanen, T. M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kerminen, V., and Str{ö}m, J.: Deep convective clouds as aerosol production engines: Role of insoluble organics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006963, 2006.
Kulshrestha, U. C., Granat, L., Engardt, M., and Rodhe, H.: Review of precipitation monitoring studies in India – a search for regional patterns, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7403–7419, 2005.
Kumar, A., Sudheer, A. K., and Sarin, M. M.: Chemical characteristics of aerosols in MABL of {B}ay of {B}engal and {A}rabian {S}ea during spring {inter-monsoon}: A comparative study, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 325–332, 2008.
Kunhikrishnan, T. and Lawrence, M. G.: Sensitivity of NO2 over the Indian Ocean to emissions from the surrounding continents and nonlinearities in atmospheric chemistry responses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL020210, 2004.
Kunhikrishnan, T., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Richter, A., Ladst{ä}tter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Analysis of tropospheric NOx over A}sia using the {Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry {(MATCH-MPIC)} and GOME-satellite observations, Atmos. Environ., 38, 581–596, 2004a.
Kunhikrishnan, T., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Richter, A., Ladst{ä}tter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Semi-annual NO2 Plumes during the Monsoon Transition periods over Central Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019269, 2004b.
Ladstätter-Wei{ß}enmayer, A., Altmeyer, H., Bruns, M., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V., Wittrock, F., and Burrows, J. P.: Measurements of O3, NO2 and BrO during the INDOEX campaign using ground based DOAS and GOME satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 283–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-283-2007, 2007.
Lal, S. and Lawrence, M. G.: Elevated mixing ratios of surface ozone over the {A}rabian {S}ea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1487–1490, 2001.
Lal, S., Naja, M., and Jayaraman, A.: Ozone in the marine boundary layer over the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18907–18917, 1998.
Lal, S., Naja, M., and Subbaraya, B. H.: Seasonal variations in surface ozone and its precursors over an urban site in {I}ndia, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2713–2724, 2000.
Lal, S., Chand, D., Sahu, L. K., Venkataramani, S., Brasseur, G., and Schultz, M. G.: High levels of ozone and related gases over the {B}ay of {B}engal during winter and early spring of 2001, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1633–1644, 2006.
Lal, S., Sahu, L. K., and Venkataramani, S.: Impact of transport from the surrounding continental regions on the distributions of ozone and related trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during February 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 112, L14302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008023, 2007.
Lal, S., Sahu, L. K., Gupta, S., Srivastava, S., Modh, K. S., Venkataramani, S., and Rajesh, T. A.: Emission characteristic of ozone related trace gases at a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic plain using inter-correlations, J. Atmos. Chem., 60, 189–204, 2008a.
Lal, S., Sahu, L. K., Venkataramani, S., Rajesh, T. A., and Modh, K. S.: Distributions of O3, CO and NMHCs over the rural sites in central {I}ndia, J. Atmos. Chem., 61, 73–84, 2008b.
Lau, K. M., Kim, M. K., and Kim, K. M.: Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: the role of the {T}ibetan {P}lateau, Clim. Dynam., 26, 855–864, 2006.
Lawrence, M. G., J{ö}ckel, P., and von Kuhlmann, R.: What does the global mean OH concentration tell us?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 1, 37–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-1-37-2001, 2001.
Lawrence, M. G.: Export of air pollution from southern Asia and its large-scale effects, Springer, 131–172, 2004.
Lawrence, M. G. and Rasch, P. J.: Tracer transport in deep convective updrafts: plume ensemble versus bulk formulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2880–2894, 2005.
Lawrence, M. G. and Salzmann, M.: On interpreting studies of tracer transport by deep cumulus convection and its effects on atmospheric chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6037–6050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6037-2008, 2008.
Lawrence, M. G., Rasch, P. J., von Kuhlmann, R., Williams, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Schultz, M., Stier, P., Huntrieser, H., Heland, J., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Elbern, H., Jakobs, H., and Dickerson, R. R.: Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 267–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-267-2003, 2003a.
Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Salzmann, M., and Rasch, P. J.: The balance of effects of deep convective mixing on tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1940, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017644, 2003b.
Lawrence, M. G., Hov, O., Beekmann, M., Brandt, J., Elbern, H., Eskes, H., Feichter, H., and Takigawa, M.: The chemical weather, Environ. Chem., 2, 6-8, 2005.
Lelieveld, J. and Dentener, F.: What controls tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3531–3551, 2000.
Lelieveld, J., Ramanathan, V., and Crutzen, P. J.: The global effects of {A}sian haze, IEEE Spectrum, 36, 50–54, 1999.
Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Ramanathan, V., Andreae, M. O., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Campos, T., Cass, G. R., Dickerson, R. R., Fischer, H., de Gouw, J. A., Hansel, A., Jefferson, A., Kley, D., de Laat, A. T. J., Lal, S., Lawrence, M. G., Lobert, J. M., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Mitra, A. P., Novakov, T., Oltmans, S. J., Prather, K. A., Reiner, T., Rodhe, H., Scheeren, H. A., Sikka, D., and Williams, J.: The {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment: {W}idespread {A}ir {P}ollution from {S}outh and {S}outheast {A}sia, Science, 291, 1031–1036, 2001.
Lelieveld, J., Berresheim, H., Borrmann, S., Crutzen, P. J., Dentener, F. J., Fischer, H., de Gouw, J., Feichter, J., Flatau, P., Heland, J., Holzinger, R., Korrmann, R., Lawrence, M., Levin, Z., Markowicz, K., Mihalopoulos, N., Minikin, A., Ramanathan, V., de Reus, M., Roelofs, G.-J., Scheeren, H. A., Sciare, J., Schlager, H., Schultz, M., Siegmund, P., Steil, B., Stephanou, E., Stier, P., Traub, M., Williams, J., and Ziereis, H.: Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean, Science, 298, 794–799, 2002.
Lelieveld, J., Brühl, C., Jöckel, P., Steil, B., Crutzen, P. J., Fischer, H., Giorgetta, M. A., Hoor, P., Lawrence, M. G., Sausen, R., and Tost, H.: Stratospheric dryness: model simulations and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1313–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1313-2007, 2007.
Lelieveld, J., Hoor, P., Jöckel, P., Pozzer, A., Hadjinicolaou, P., Cammas, J.-P., and Beirle, S.: Severe ozone air pollution in the Persian Gulf region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1393–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1393-2009, 2009.
L{é}on, J., Chazette, P., Pelon, J., Dulac, F., and Randriamiarisoa, H.: Aerosol direct radiative impact over the INDOEX area based on passive and active remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000116, 2002.
L{é}on, J.-F., Chazette, P., Dulac, F., Pelon, J., Flamant, C., Bonazzola, M., For{ê}t, G., Alfaro, S. C., Cachier, H., Cautenet, S., Hamounou, E., Gaudichet, A., Gomes, L., Rajot, J.-L., Lavenu, F., Inamdar, S. R., Sarode, P. R., and Kadadevarmath, J. S.: Large-scale advection of continental aerosols during INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28427–28439, 2001.
Li, F. and Ramanathan, V.: Winter to summer monsoon variation of aerosol optical depth over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4284, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000949, 2002.
Li, Q., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Liu, H., Martin, R. V., Fiore, A. M., and Duncan, B. N.: A tropospheric ozone maximum over the {M}iddle {E}ast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3235–3238, 2001.
Li, Q., Jiang, J. H., Wu, D. L., Read, W. G., Livesey, N. J., Waters, J. W., Zhang, Y., Wang, B., Filipiak, M. J., Davis, C. P., Turquety, S., Wu, S., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Convective outflow of S}outh {A}sian pollution: a global {CTM simulation compared with EOS {MLS} observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14826, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022762, 2005.
Liang, Q., Jaegl{é}, L., Hudman, R. C., Turquety, S., Jacob, D. J., Avery, M. A., Browell, E. V., Sachse, G. W., Blake, D. R., Brune, W., Ren, X., Cohen, R. C., Dibb, J. E., Fried, A., Fuelberg, H., Porter, M., Heikes, B. G., Huey, G., Singh, H. B., and Wennberg, P. O.: Summertime influence of {A}sian pollution in the free troposphere over {N}orth {A}merica, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007919, 2007.
Lintner, B. R., Gilliland, A. B., and Fung, I. Y.: Mechanisms of convection-induced modulation of passive tracer interhemispheric transport interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004306, 2004.
Liu, C., Zipser, E., Garrett, T., Jiang, J. H., and Su, H.: How does the water vapor and carbon monoxide "tape recorders" start near the tropical tropopause?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09804, https://doi.org/10.129/2006GL029234, 2007.
Liu, G., Shao, H., Coakley Jr., J. A., Curry, J. A., Haggerty, J. A., and Tschudi, M. A.: Retrieval of cloud droplet size from visible and microwave radiometric measurements during INDOEX}: implication to aerosols' indirect radiative effect, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001395, 2003{a.
Liu, H., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Duncan, B. N., and Sachse, G. W.: Transport pathways for A}sian pollution outflow over the {P}acific: Interannual and seasonal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8786, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003102, 2003{b.
Liu, J. J., Jones, D. B. A., Worden, J. R., Noone, D., Parrington, M., and Kar, J.: Analysis of the summertime buildup of tropospheric ozone abundances over the {M}iddle {E}ast and {N}orth {A}frica as observed by the {T}ropospheric {E}mission {S}pectrometer instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010993, 2009.
Liu, X., Chance, K., Sioris, C. E., Kurosu, T. P., Spurr, R. J. D., Martin, R. V., Fu, T., Logan, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Palmer, P. I., Newchurch, M. J., Megretskaia, I. A., and Chatfield, R. B.: First directly retrieved global distribution of tropospheric column ozone from GOME}: Comparison with the {GEOS-CHEM model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006564, 2006.
Lobert, J. M. and Harris, J. M.: Trace gases and air mass origin at {K}aashidhoo, {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000731, 2002.
Lohmann, U.: A glaciation indirect aerosol effect caused by soot aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1052, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014357, 2002.
Lohmann, U., Stier, P., Hoose, C., Ferrachat, S., Kloster, S., Roeckner, E., and Zhang, J.: Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3425–3446, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3425-2007, 2007.
Lubin, D., Satheesh, S. K., McFarquar, G., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Longwave radiative forcing of {I}ndian {O}cean tropospheric aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001183, 2002.
Ma, J., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Yan, P., Liu, H., Yang, S., Hu, Z., and Lelieveld, J.: Strong air pollution causes widespread haze-clouds over China, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013065, 2010.
Mandal, T.: Interactive comment on "On the origin of tropospheric O3 over the Indian Ocean during the winter monsoon: African biomass burning vs. stratosphere-troposphere exchange" by A. T. J. de Laat, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2, S358–S361, 2002.
Mandal, T. K., Kley, D., Smit, H. G. J., Srivastava, S. K., Peshin, S. K., and Mitra, A. P.: Vertical distribution of ozone over the I}ndian {O}cean (15° N–20° S) during {F}irst {F}ield {P}hase {INDOEX-1998, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 938–943, 1999.
Mandal, T. K., Khan, A., Ahammed, Y. N., Tanwar, R. S., Parmar, R. S., Zalpuri, K. S., Gupta, P. K., Jain, S. L., Singh, R., Mitra, A. P., Garg, S. C., Suryanarayana, A., Murty, V. S. N., Kumar, M. D., and Shepherd, A. J.: Observations of trace gases and aerosols over the {I}ndian {O}cean during the monsoon transition period, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 115, 473–484, 2006.
Manghnani, V., Raman, S., Niyogi, D. S., Parameswara, V., Morrison, J. M., Ramana, S. V., and Raju, J. V. S. S.: Marine boundary-layer variability over the I}ndian {O}cean during {INDOEX (1998), Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 97, 411–430, 2000.
Marcq, S., Laj, P., Roger, J. C., Villani, P., Sellegri, K., Bonasoni, P., Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Verza, G. P., and Bergin, M.: Aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing in the high Himalaya based on measurements at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid site (5079 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5859–5872, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5859-2010, 2010.
Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Laj, P., Duchi, R., Calzolari, F., Decesari, S., Sellegri, K., Vuillermoz, E., Verza, G. P., Villani, P., and Bonasoni, P.: Aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations, a two year record at NCO-P (5079 m, Southern Himalayas), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8551–8562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8551-2010, 2010.
Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Gabriel, R., Andreae, M. O., Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., Ogren, J., Sheridan, P., and Streets, D. G.: Carbonaceous aerosols over the {I}ndian {O}cean during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment {(INDOEX)}: Chemical characterization, optical properties, and probable sources, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000039, 2002.
McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2593-2006, 2006.
Menon, S., Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., and Luo, Y.: Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in {C}hina and {I}ndia, Science, 297, 2250–2253, 2002.
Menon, S., Koch, D., Beig, G., Sahu, S., Fasullo, J., and Orlikowski, D.: Black carbon aerosols and the third polar ice cap, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4559–4571, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4559-2010, 2010.
Metzger, S., Dentener, F., Krol, M., Jeuken, A., and Lelieveld, J.: Gas/aerosol partitioning: 2. Global modeling results, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001103, 2002.
Meywerk, J. and Ramanathan, V.: Influence of anthropogenic aerosols on the total and spectral irradiance at the sea surface during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment (INDOEX) 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000022, 2002.
Mihalopoulos, N.: Long-range transport of pollutants above the eastern {Mediterranean}: Implications for air quality and regional climate, in: Regional Climate Variability and its Impacts in the {M}editerranean {A}rea, edited by: Mellouki, A. and Ravishankara, A. R., Springer-Verlag, 1–13, 2007.
Miller, S. T. K., Keim, B. D., Talbot, R. W., and Mao, H.: Sea breeze: Structure, forecasting, and impacts, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RG000124, 2003.
Minvielle, F., Cautenet, G., Andreae, M. O., Lasserre, F., For{ê}t, G., Cautenet, S., L{é}on, J. F., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Gabriel, R., Chazette, P., and Roca, R.: Modelling the transport of aerosols during INDOEX 1999 and comparison with experimental {data-1}: carbonaceous aerosol distribution, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1811–1822, 2004a.
Minvielle, F., Cautenet, G., Lasserre, F., For{ê}t, G., Cautenet, S., L{é}on, J. F., Andreae, M. O., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Gabriel, R., Chazette, P., and Roca, R.: Modelling the transport of aerosols during INDOEX 1999 and comparison with experimental data, Part 2: Continental aerosols and their optical depth, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1823–1837, 2004b.
Mitra, A. P.: INDOEX (India): Introductory note, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 886–889, 1999.
Mitra, A. P.: Introductory note, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 3–6, 2001.
Mitra, A. P.: Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX): An overview, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 33, 30–39, 2004.
Mohanty, U. C., Niyogi, D. S., Raman, S., and Sarkar, A.: Numerical study of the role of land-air-sea interactions for the northeasterly monsoon circulations over I}ndian {O}cean during {INDOEX, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 60–68, 2001.
Moore, J., Dulac, F., Vishwanathan, V., and Lawrence, M. G.: INDOEX operations plan, Tech. rep., Joint Office for Science Support, UCAR, Boulder, CO, USA, 1999.
Moorthy, K. K. and Satheesh, S. K.: Characteristics of aerosols over a remote island, {M}inicoy in the {A}rabian {S}ea: Optical properties and retrieved size characteristics, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 81–109, 2000.
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., and Murthy, B. V. K.: Investigations of marine aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18827–18842, 1997.
Moorthy, K. K., Pillai, P. S., Saha, A., and Niranjan, K.: Aerosol size characteristics over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 961–967, 1999.
Moorthy, K. K., Suresh Babu, S., and Satheesh, S. K.: Aerosol spectral optical dephts over the {B}ay of {B}engal: Role of transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1249, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016520, 2003.
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., Babu, S. S., and Saha, A.: Large latitudinal gradients and temporal heterogeneity in aerosol black carbon and its mass mixing ratio over southern and northern oceans observed during a trans-continental cruise experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14818, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023267, 2005a.
Moorthy, K. K., Sunilkumar, S. V., Pillai, P. S., Parameswaran, K., Nair, P. R., Ahmed, Y. N., Ramgopal, K., Narasimhulu, K., Reddy, R. R., Vinoj, V., Satheesh, S. K., Niranjan, K., Rao, B. M., Brahmanandam, P. S., Saha, A., Badarinath, K. V. S., Kiranchand, T. R., and Latha, K. M.: Wintertime spatial characteristics of boundary layer aerosols over peninsular India, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005520, 2005b.
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., Babu, S. S., and Dutt, C. B. S.: Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB): An overview, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 243–262, 2008.
Mote, P. W., Rosenlof, K. H., McIntyre, M. E., Carr, E. S., Gille, J. C., Holton, J. R., Kinnersley, J. S., Pumfrey, H. C., Russel III, J. M., and Waters, J. W.: An atmospheric {tape-recorder}: the imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3989–4006, 1996.
M{ü}hle, J., Zahn, A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Gros, V., and Crutzen, P. J.: Air mass classification during the INDOEX R/V} R}onald {B}rown cruise using measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons, {CH4, CO2, CO, and delta-18{O(CO), J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000730, 2002.
M{ü}ller, D., Franke, K., Wagner, F., Althausen, D., Ansmann, A., and Heintzenberg, J.: Vertical profiling of optical and physical particle properties over the tropical I}ndian {O}cean with {six-wavelength lidar 1. Seasonal cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28567–28575, 2001a.
M{ü}ller, D., Franke, K., Wagner, F., Althausen, D., Ansmann, A., Heintzenberg, J., and Verver, G.: Vertical profiling of optical and physical particle properties over the tropical I}ndian {O}cean with {six-wavelength lidar 2. Case studies, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28577–28595, 2001b.
M{ü}ller, D., Franke, K., Ansmann, A., Althausen, D., and Wagner, F.: Indio-Asian pollution during INDOEX}: Microphysical particle properties and {single-scattering albedo inferred from multiwavelength lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4600, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003538, 2003.
Murugavel, P. and Kamra, A. K.: Changes in the concentration and size-distribution of the sub-micron particles associated with the sea- and land-breezes at a coastal station, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 994–997, 1999.
Murugavel, P., Gopalakrishnan, V., Pant, V., and Kamra, A. K.: Airborne measurements of submicron aerosols across the coastline at Bhubaneswar during ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 273–280, 2008.
Myhre, G., Stordal, F., Johnsrud, M., Kaufman, Y. J., Rosenfeld, D., Storelvmo, T., Kristjansson, J. E., Berntsen, T. K., Myhre, A., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: Aerosol-cloud interaction inferred from MODIS satellite data and global aerosol models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3081–3101, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3081-2007, 2007.
Nair, P. R., Chand, D., Lal, S., Modh, K. S., Naja, M., Parameswaran, K., Ravindran, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Temporal variations in surface ozone at Thumba {(8.6° N, 77° E) – a} tropical coastal site in India, Atmos. Environ., 36, 603–610, 2002.
Nair, P. R., Parameswaran, K., Kumar, S. V. S., and Rajan, R.: Continental influence on the spatial distribution of particulate loading over the Indian Ocean during winter season, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 66, 27–38, 2004.
Nair, P. R., George, S. K., Sunilkumar, S., Parameswaran, K., Jacob, S., and Abraham, A.: Chemical composition of aerosols over peninsular India during winter, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6477–6493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.031, 2006.
Nair, V. S., Moorthy, K. K., Alappattu, D. P., Kunhikrishnan, P. K., George, S., Nair, P. R., Babu, S. S., Abish, B., Satheesh, S. K., Tripathi, S. N., Niranjan, K., Madhavan, B. L., Srikant, V., Dutt, C. B. S., Badarinath, K. V. S., and Reddy, R. R.: Wintertime aerosol characteristics over the {Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)}: Impacts of local boundary layer processes and long-range transport, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008099, 2007.
Nair, V. S., Moorthy, K. K., Babu, S. S., Narasimhulu, K., Sankara Reddy, L. S., Ramakrishna Reddy, R., Rama Gopal, K., Sreekanth, V., Madhavan, B. L., and Niranjan, K.: Size segregated aerosol mass concentration measurements over the A}rabian {S}ea during {ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 315–323, 2008.
Nair, V. S., Satheesh, S. K., Moorthy, K. K., Babu, S. S., Nair, P. R., and George, S. K.: Surprising observation of large anthropogenic aerosol fraction over the "near-pristine" Southern {Bay of Bengal}: Climate implications, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013954, 2010.
Naja, M. and Lal, S.: Changes in surface ozone amount and its diurnal and seasonal patterns, from 1954–55 to 1991–93, measured at Ahmedabad (23 N), India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 81–84, 1996.
Naja, M., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Modh, K. S., and Chand, D.: Variabilities in O3, NO and CH4 over the {I}ndian {O}cean during winter, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 931–937, 1999.
Naja, M., Chand, D., Sahu, L., and Lal, S.: Trace gases over marine regions around {I}ndia, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 33, 95–106, 2004.
Niranjan, K., Melleswara Rao, B., Brahmanandam, P. S., Madhavan, B. L., Sreekanth, V., and Krishna Moorthy, K.: Spatial characteristics of aerosol physical properties over the northeastern parts of peninsular India, Ann. Geophys., 23, 3219–3227, 2005.
Niranjan, K., Sreekanth, V., Madhavan, B. L., and Moorthy, K. K.: Wintertime aerosol characteristics at a north I}ndian site {K}haragpur in the {Indo-Gangetic plains located at the outflow region into {B}ay of {B}engal, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007635, 2006.
Niranjan, K., Sreekanth, V., Madhavan, B. L., Devi, T. A., and Spandana, B.: Temporal characteristics of aerosol physical properties at Visakhapatnam on the east coast of I}ndia during {ICARB – Signatures of transport onto {B}ay of {B}engal, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 421–427, 2008.
Norman, M., Das, S. N., Pillai, A. G., Granat, L., and Rodhe, H.: Influence of air mass trajectories on the chemical composition of precipitation in India, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4223–4235, 2001.
Norman, M., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H.: Differences across the ITCZ in the chemical characteristics of the Indian Ocean MBL aerosol during INDOEX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 563–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-563-2003, 2003.
Novakov, T., Andreae, M. O., Gabriel, R., Kirchstetter, T. W., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., and Ramanathan, V.: Origin of carbonaceous aerosols over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean: Biomass burning or fossil fuels?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 4061–4064, 2000.
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007, 2007.
Olivier, J. G. J., Aardenne, J. A. V., Dentener, F., Ganzeveld, L., and Peters, J.: Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends and spatial distribution of key sources, in: Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), edited by van Amstel, A., Millpress, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5966 043 9, 325–330, 2005.
Padma Kumari, B. and Goswami, B. N., Seminal role of clouds on solar dimming over the Indian monsoon region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042133, 2010.
Pant, V., Deshpande, C. G., and Kamra, A. K.: The concentration and number size distribution measurements of the {M}arine {B}oundary {L}ayer aerosols over the {I}ndian {O}cean, Atmos. Res., 92, 381–393, 2009.
Parameswaran, K.: Influence of micrometeorological features on coastal boundary layer aerosol characteristics at the tropical station, Trivandrum, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 110, 247–265, 2001.
Parameswaran, K., Rajan, R., Vijayakumar, G., Rajeev, K., Moorthy, K. K., Nair, P. R., and Satheesh, S. K.: Seasonal and long term variations in aerosol content in the atmospheric mixing region at a tropical station in the {A}rabian {S}ea coast, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 60, 17–25, 1998.
Parameswaran, K., Nair, P. R., Rajan, R., and Raman, M. V.: Aerosol loading in coastal and marine environments in the Indian Ocean region during winter season, Curr. Sci. India, 76, 947–955, 1999.
Parashar, D. C., Gadi, R., Mandal, T. K., and Mitra, A. P.: Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from {I}ndia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7861–7871, 2005.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R. R., and Choi, W.: Seasonal variation of methane, water vapor, and nitrogen oxides near the tropopause: Satellite observations and model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003706, 2004.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Gettelman, A., Massie, S. T., and Jiang, J. H.: Transport above the {A}sian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from {A}ura {M}icrowave {L}imb {S}ounder tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008294, 2007.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., and Boone, C. D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 757–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-757-2008, 2008.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., and Livesey, N. J.: Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the {A}sian summer monsoon diagnosed from {M}odel of {O}zone and {R}elated {T}racers (MOZART), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08303, https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2008JD010621, 2009.
Pelon, J., Chazette, P., L{é}on, J., Tanre, D., Sicard, M., and Satheesh, S. K.: Characterization of aerosol spatial distribution and optical properties over the I}ndian {O}cean from airborne {LIDAR and radiometry during INDOEX'99, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000402, 2002.
Peshin, S. K., Mandal, T. K., Smit, H. G. J., Srivastava, S. K., and Mitra, A. P.: Observations of vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone over I}ndian {O}cean and its comparison with continental profiles during {INDOEX FFP-1998 and IFP-1999, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 197–208, 2001.
Phadnis, M. J., Levy II, H., and Moxim, W. J.: On the evolution of pollution from S}outh and {S}outheast {A}sia during the {winter-spring monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4790, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002190, 2002.
Podgorny, I. A. and Ramanathan, V.: A modeling study of the direct effect of aerosols over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24097–24105, 2001.
Podgorny, I. A., Conant, W., Ramanathan, V., and Satheesh, S. K.: Aerosol modulation of atmospheric and surface solar heating over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean, Tellus, 52, 947–958, 2000.
Podgorny, I. A., Li, F., and Ramanathan, V.: Large Aerosol Radiative Forcing due to the 1997 Indonesian Forest Fire, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015979, 2003.
Pringle, K. J., Tost, H., Metzger, S., Steil, B., Giannadaki, D., Nenes, A., Fountoukis, C., Steir, P., Vignati, E., and Lelieveld, J.: Description and evaluation of GMXe: a new aerosol submodel for global simulations (v1), Geosci. Model Develop., 3, 391–412, 2010.
Qian, Y., Flanner, M. G., Leung, L. R., and Wang, W.: Sensitivity studies on the impacts of Tibetan Plateau snowpack pollution on the Asian hydrological cycle and monsoon climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 22855–22903, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-22855-2010, 2010.
Quaas, J., Stevens, B., Stier, P., and Lohmann, U.: Interpreting the cloud cover –aerosol optical depth relationship found in satellite data using a general circulation model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6129–6135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6129-2010, 2010.
Quinn, P. K., Coffman, D. J., Bates, T. S., Miller, T. L., Johnson, J. E., Welton, E. J., Neus{ü}ss, C., Miller, M., and Sheridan, P. J.: Aerosol optical properties during {INDOEX} 1999: Means, variability, and controlling factors, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000037, 2002.
Raj, P. E., Saha, S. K., Sonbawne, S. M., Deshpande, S. M., Devara, P. C. S., Rao, Y. J., Dani, K. K., and Pandithurai, G.: Lidar observation of aerosol stratification in the lower troposphere over Pune during pre-monsoon season of 2006, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 293–302, 2008.
Rajeev, K. and Ramanathan, V.: Direct observations of clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing from space during the Indian Ocean Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17221–17235, 2001.
Rajeev, K., Ramanathan, V., and Meywerk, J.: Regional aerosol distribution and its long-range transport over the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2029–2043, 2000.
Rajeev, K., Nair, S. K., Parameswaran, K., and Suresh Raju, C.: Satellite observations of the regional aerosol distribution and transport over the {A}rabian {S}ea, {B}ay of {B}engal and {I}ndian {O}cean, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 33, 11–29, 2004.
Ramachandran, S. and Jayaraman, A.: Spectral aerosol optical dephts over B}ay of {B}engal and {C}hennai: {II-sources, anthropogenic influence and model estimates, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1951–1962, 2003.
Ramachandran, S., Rengarajan, R., Jayaraman, A., Sarin, M. M., and Das, S. K.: Aerosol radiative forcing during clear, hazy, and foggy conditions over a continental polluted location in north India, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20214, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007142, 2006.
Raman, S., Niyogi, D. S., Simpson, M., and Pelon, J.: Dynamics of the elevated land plume over the {A}rabian {S}ea and the {N}orthern {I}ndian {O}cean during northeasterly monsoons and during the {I}ndian {O}cean experiment ({INDOEX}), Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1817, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014193, 2002.
Ramana, M. V., Ramanathan, V., Podgorny, I. A., Pradhan, B. B., and Shrestha, B.: The direct observations of large aerosol radiative forcing in the {H}imalayan region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018824, 2004.
Ramana, M. V., Ramanathan, V., Kim, D., Roberts, G. C., and Corrigan, C. E.: Albedo, atmospheric solar absorption and heating rate measurements with stacked UAVs, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1913–1931, 2007.
Ramanathan, V. and Crutzen, P. J.: New Directions: A}tmospheric {B}rown {"Clouds", Atmos. Environ., 37, 4033–4035, 2003.
Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221–227, 2008.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Lelieveld, J., Mitra, A. P., Althausen, D., Anderson, J., Andreae, M. O., Cantrell, W., Cass, G. R., Chung, C. E., Clarke, A. D., Coakley, J. A., Collins, W. D., Conant, W. C., Dulac, F., Heintzenberg, J., Heymsfield, A. J., Holben, B., Howell, S., Hudson, J., Jayaraman, A., Kiehl, J. T., Krishnamurti, T. N., Lubin, D., McFarquhar, G., Novakov, T., Ogren, J. A., Podgorny, I. A., Prather, K., Priestley, K., Prospero, J. M., Quinn, P. K., Rajeev, K., Rasch, P., Rupert, S., Sadourny, R., Satheesh, S. K., Shaw, G. E., Sheridan, P., and Valero, F. P. J.: I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great {Indio-Asian haze, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28371–28398, 2001.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Mitra, A. P., and Sikka, D.: The {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment and the {A}sian {B}rown {C}loud, Curr. Sci. India, 83, 947–955, 2002.
Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J. T., Fu, W. M. W. Q., Sikka, D. R., and Wild, M.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on {S}outh {A}sian climate and hydrological cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 5326–5333, 2005.
Ramanathan, V., Li, F., Ramana, M. V., Praveen, P. S., Kim, D., Corrigan, C. E., Nguyen, H., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Carmichael, G. R., Adhikary, B., and Yoon, S. C.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Hemispherical and regional variations in long-range transport, absorption, and radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008124, 2007a.
Ramanathan, V., Ramana, M. V., Roberts, G., Kim, D., Corrigan, C. E., Chung, C. E., and Winker, D.: Warming trends in {A}sia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption, Nature, 448, 575–578, 2007b.
Randel, W. J. and Park, M.: Deep convective influence on the {A}sian summer monsoon anticyclone and associated tracer variability observed with {A}tmospheric {I}nfrared {S}ounder (AIRS), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006490, 2006.
Randel, W. J., Wu, F., Getteman, A., Russel III, J. M., Zawodny, J. M., and Oltmans, S. J.: Seasonal variation of water vapor in the lower stratosphere observed in the {H}alogen {O}ccultation {E}xperiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14313–14325, 2001.
Randel, W. J., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K. A., Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the stratosphere, Science, 328, 611–613, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274, 2010.
Rao, P. S. P., Momin, G. A., Safai, P. D., Ali, K., Naik, M. S., and Pillai, A. G.: Aerosol and trace gas studies at P}une during {INDOEX} {IFP-99, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 105–109, 2001.
Rasch, P. J., Collins, W. D., and Eaton, B. E.: Understanding the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) aerosol distributions with an aerosol assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7337–7355, 2001.
Read, K. A., Mahajan, A. S., Carpenter, L. J., Evans, M. J., Faria, B. V. E., Heard, D. E., Lee, J. R. H. J. D., Moller, S. J., Lewis, A. C., McQuaid, L. M. J. B., Oetjen, H., Saiz-Lopez, A., Pilling, M. J., and Plane, J. M. C.: Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical {A}tlantic {O}cean, Nature, 453, 7035, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07035, 2008.
Reddy, L. A. K., Kulshrestha, U. C., Satyanarayana, J., Kulshrestha, M. J., and Moorthy, K. K.: Chemical characteristics of PM10 aerosols and airmass trajectories over B}ay of {B}engal and {A}rabian {S}ea during {ICARB, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 345–352, 2008.
Reddy, M. S. and Venkataraman, C.: Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions form India: {I} – Fossil fuel combustion, Atmos. Environ., 36, 677–697, 2002a.
Reddy, M. S. and Venkataraman, C.: Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India, P}art {II – biomass combustion, Atmos. Environ., 36, 699–712, 2002b.
Reddy, M. S., Boucher, O., Venkataraman, C., Verma, S., L{é}on, J., Bellouin, N., and Pham, M.: General circulation model estimates of aerosol transport and radiative forcing during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004557, 2004.
Reiner, T., Sprung, D., Jost, C., Gabriel, R., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Andreae, M. O., Campos, T. L., and Shelter, R. E.: Chemical characterization of pollution layers over the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28497–28510, 2001.
Rhoads, K. P., Kelley, P., Dickerson, R. R., Carsey, T. P., Farmer, M., Savoie, D. L., and Prospero, J. M.: Composition of the troposphere over the Indian Ocean during the monsoonal transition, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18981–18995, 1997.
Roberts, G. C., Ramana, M. V., Corrigan, C., Kim, D., and Ramanathan, V.: Simultaneous observations of aerosol-cloud-albedo interactions with three stacked unmanned aerial vehicles, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 7370–7375, 2008.
Roca, R., Viollier, M., Picon, L., and Desbois, M.: A multisatellite analysis of deep convection and its moist environment over the {I}ndian {O}cean during the winter monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000040, 2002.
Roeckner, E., Bengtsson, L., Feichter, J., Lelieveld, J., and Rodhe, H.: Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Climate, 12, 3004–3032, 1999.
Roelofs, G. J., Scheeren, H. A., Heland, J., Ziereis, H., and Lelieveld, J.: A model study of ozone in the eastern Mediterranean free troposphere during MINOS (August 2001), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1199–1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1199-2003, 2003.
Rotstayn, L. D. and Lohmann, U.: Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect, J. Climate, 15, 2103–2116, 2002.
Roy, S., Beig, G., and Jacob, D.: Seasonal distribution of ozone and its precursors over the tropical I}ndian region using regional {chemistry-transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D21307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009712, 2008.
Roy, S. D., Beig, G., and Ghude, Sachin D.: Exposure-plant response of ambient ozone over the tropical Indian region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5253–5260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5253-2009, 2009.
Sadasivan, S.: Trace elements in size separated aerosols over sea, Atmos. Environ., 12, 1677–1683, 1978.
Sadasivan, S.: Trace constituents in cloud water, rainwater and aerosol samples collected near the west coast of {I}ndia during the southwest monsoon, Atmos. Environ., 14, 33–38, 1980.
Safai, P. D., Rao, P. S. P., Momin, G. A., Ali, K., Chate, D. M., and Praveen, P. S.: Chemical composition of precipitation during 1984–2002 at Pune, India, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1705–1714, 2004.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Distributions of O3, CO and hydrocarbons over the B}ay of {B}engal: a study to assess the role of transport from southern {I}ndia and marine regions during {September–October 2002, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4633–4645, 2006.
Salam, A., Bauer, H., Kassin, K., Mohammed Ullah, S., and Puxbaum, H.: Aerosol chemical characteristics of an island site in the Bay of Bengal (Bhola–Bangladesh), J. Environ. Monitor., 5, 483–490, 2003.
Salisbury, G., Williams, J., Holzinger, R., Gros, V., Mihalopoulos, N., Vrekoussis, M., Sarda-Estève, R., Berresheim, H., von Kuhlmann, R., Lawrence, M., and Lelieveld, J.: Ground-based PTR-MS measurements of reactive organic compounds during the MINOS campaign in Crete, July–-August 2001, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-925-2003, 2003.
Sander, R., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Arimoto, R., Ayers, G. P., Baboukas, E., Cainey, J. M., Crutzen, P. J., Duce, R. A., Hönninger, G., Huebert, B. J., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Turekian, V. C., and Van Dingenen, R.: Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1301–1336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1301-2003, 2003.
Saraf, N., Beig, G., and Schultz, M.: Tropospheric distribution of ozone and its precursors over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4636, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003521, 2003.
Satheesh, S. K.: Radiative forcing by aerosols over {B}ay of {B}engal region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2083, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL01,334, 2002.
Satheesh, S. K. and Lubin, D.: Short wave versus long wave radiative forcing by I}ndian {O}cean aerosols: Role of {sea-surface winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1695, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017499, 2003.
Satheesh, S. K., Moorthy, K. K., and Murthy, B. V. K.: Spatial Gradients in Aerosol Characteristics over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 26183–26192, 1998.
Satheesh, S. K., Ramanathan, V., Holben, B. N., Krishna Moorthy, K., Loeb, N. G., Maring, H., Prospero, J. M., and Savoie, D.: Chemical, microphysical, and radiative effects of {I}ndian {O}cean aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4725, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002463, 2002.
Satheesh, S. K., Moorthy, K. K., Kaufman, Y. J., and Takemura, T.: Aerosol optical depth, physical properties and radiative forcing over the {A}rabian {S}ea, Met. Atmos. Phys., 91, 45–62, 2006a.
Satheesh, S. K., Srinivasan, J., and Moorthy, K. K.: Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in aerosol properties and radiative forcing over {B}ay of {B}engal: Sources and role of aerosol transport, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006374, 2006b.
Satheesh, S. K., Morthy, K. K., Babu, S. S., Vinoj, V., and Dutt, C. B. S.: Climate implications of large warming by elevated aerosol over {I}ndia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034944, 2008.
Satheesh, S. K., Krishna Moorthy, K., Suresh Babu, S., Vinoj, V., Nair, V. S., Naseema Beegum, S., Dutt, C. B. S., Alappattu, D. P., and Kunhikrishnan, P. K.: Vertical structure and horizontal gradients of aerosol extinction coefficients over coastal India inferred from airborne lidar measurements during the I}ntegrated {C}ampaign for {A}erosol, {G}ases and {Radiation Budget (ICARB field campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011033, 2009.
Scheeren, H. A., Lelieveld, J., de Gouw, J. A., van der Veen, C., and Fischer, H.: Methyl chloride and other chlorocarbons in polluted air during INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001121, 2002.
Scheeren, H. A., Lelieveld, J., Roelofs, G. J., Williams, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Holzinger, R., Schlager, H., Klüpfel, T., Bolder, M., van der Veen, C., and Lawrence, M.: The impact of monsoon outflow from India and Southeast Asia in the upper troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1589–1608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1589-2003, 2003.
Schoeberl, M. R., Duncan, B. N., Douglass, A. R., Waters, J., Livesey, N., Read, W., and Filipak, M.: The carbon monoxide tape recorder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026178, 2006.
Schuck, T. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Baker, A. K., Slemr, F., von Velthoven, P. F. J., and Zahn, A.: Greenhouse gas relationships in the Indian summer monsoon plume measured by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3965–3984, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3965-2010, 2010.
Sheridan, P. J., Jefferson, A., and Ogren, J. A.: Spatial variability of submicrometer aerosol radiative properties over the I}ndian {O}cean during {INDOEX, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000166, 2002.
Sikka, D. R.: Evaluation of monitoring and forecasting of summer monsoon over India and a review of monsoon drought of 2002, P. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., 69, 479–504, 2003.
Simpson, M. and Raman, S.: Development and propagation of a pollution gradient in the marine boundary layer during {INDOEX} (1999), J. Earth Syst. Sci., 114, 3–16, 2005.
Simpson, M. D. and Raman, S.: Role of the land plume in the transport of ozone over the ocean during {INDOEX} (1999), Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 111, 133–152, 2004.
Simpson, M. D. and Raman, S.: Observations and numerical simulation of the sea and land breeze circulations along the west coast of {I}ndia, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 35, 139–152, 2006.
Singh, M., Singh, D., and Pant, P.: Aerosol characteristics at P}atiala during {ICARB-2006, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 407–411, 2008.
Singh, S., Singh, B., Gera, B., Srivastava, M. K., Dutta, H., Garg, S., and Singh, R.: A study of aerosol optical depth in the central Indian region (17.3–8.60N) during ISRO-GBP field campaign, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6494–6503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.033, 2006.
Spencer, M. T., Holecek, J. C., Corrigan, C. E., Ramanathan, V., and Prather, K. A.: Size-resolved chemical composition of aerosol particles during a monsoonal transition period over the {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008657, 2008.
Srinivasan, J. and Gadgil, S.: {A}sian {B}rown {C}loud – fact and fantasy, Curr. Sci. India, 83, 586–592, 2002.
Stefanutti, L., MacKenzie, A., Santacesaria, V., Adriani, A., Balestri, S., Borrmann, S., Khattatov, V., Mazzinghi, P., Mitev, V., Rudakov, V., Schiller, C., Toci, G., Volk, C., Yushkov, V., Flentje, H., Kiemle, C., Redaelli, G., Carslaw, K., Noone, K., and Peter, T.: The APE-THESEO {T}ropical {C}ampaign: An Overview, J. Atmos. Chem., 48, 1–33, 2004.
Stehr, J. W., Ball, W. P., Dickerson, R. R., Doddridge, B. G., Piety, C. A., and Johnson, J. E.: Latitudinal gradients in O3 and CO during {INDOEX} 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000446, 2002.
Stevens, B. and Feingold, G.: Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, 461, 607–613, 2009.
Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1125-2005, 2005.
Stohl, A., Forster, C., Huntrieser, H., Mannstein, H., McMillan, W. W., Petzold, A., Schlager, H., and Weinzierl, B.: Aircraft measurements over Europe of an air pollution plume from Southeast Asia –aerosol and chemical characterization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 913–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-913-2007, 2007.
Stone, E. A., Lough, G. C., Schauer, J. J., Praveen, P. S., Corrigan, C. E., and Ramanathan, V.: Understanding the origin of black carbon in the atmospheric brown cloud over the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008118, 2007.
Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q., Woo, J., and Yarber, K. F.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.
Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, L., He, K., Hao, J., Wu, Y., Tang, Y., and Carmichael, G. R.: Revisiting China's CO emissions after the {T}ransport and {C}hemical {E}volution over the {P}acific (TRACE-P) mission: Synthesis of inventories, atmospheric modeling, and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007118, 2006.
Subrahamanyam, D. B., Gupta, K. S., Ravindran, S., and Krishnan, P.: Study of sea breeze and land breeze along the west coast of I}ndian {sub-continent over the latitude range 15° N to 8° N during INDOEX IFP-99 (SK-141) cruise, Curr. Sci. India, 80, 85–88, 2001.
Subrahamanyam, D. B., Kumar, N. V. P. K., Dutt, C. B. S., Anurose, T. J., Kunhikrishnan, P. K., and Mohan, M.: Characterization of airsea interaction processes over the Bay of Bengal during the winter phase of ICARB field experiment, Atmos. Res., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.09.005, in press, 2010.
Sumanth, E., Mallikarjuna, K., Stephen, J., Moole, M., Vinoj, V., Satheesh, S. K., and Moorthy, K. K.: Measurements of aerosol optical depths and black carbon over B}ay of {B}engal during {post-monsoon season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020681, 2004.
Tahnk, W. R. and Coakley, Jr., J. A.: Aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing for INDOEX derived from AVHRR}: Observations, January–March {1996–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000183, 2002.
Thampi, B. V., Rajeev, K., Parameswaran, K., and Mishra, M. K.: Spatial distribution of the {S}outheast {A}sian smoke plume over the {I}ndian {O}cean and its radiative heating in the atmosphere during the major fire event of 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L16808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039316, 2009.
Thompson, A. M., Doddridge, B. G., Witte, J. C., Hudson, R. D., Luke, W. T., Johnson, J. E., Johnson, B. J., Oltmans, S. J., and Weller, R.: A Tropical A}tlantic Paradox: Shipboard and Satellite Views of a Tropospheric Ozone Maximum {Wave-one in {January–February} 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3317–3320, 2000.
Traub, M. and Lelieveld, J.: Cross-tropopause transport over the eastern Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003754, 2003.
Traub, M., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Kormann, R., Heland, H., Ziereis, H., Schlager, H., Holzinger, R., Williams, J., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J., and Lelieveld, J.: Chemical characteristics assigned to trajectory clusters during the MINOS campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 459–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-459-2003, 2003.
Tripathi, S. N., Tare, V., Chinnam, N., Srivastava, A. K., Dey, S., Agarwal, A., Kishore, S., Lal, R. B., Manar, M., Kanwade, V. P., Chauhan, S. S. S., Sharma, M., Reddy, R. R., Gopal, K. R., Narasimhulu, K., Reddy, L. S. S., Gupta, S., and Lal, S.: Measurements of atmospheric parameters during Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Programme Land Campaign II at a typical location in the Ganga basin: 1. Physical and optical properties, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007278, 2006.
Twomey, S.: Pollution and the Planetary Albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251–1256, 1974.
Twomey, S.: The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149–1152, 1977.
Varshney, C. K. and Aggarwal, M.: Ozone pollution in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, Atmos. Environ., 26, 291–294, 1992.
Venkataraman, C., Konda Reddy, C., Josson, S., and Shekar Reddy, M.: Aerosol size and chemical characteritics at Mumbai, India, during the {INDOEX-IFP} (1999), Atmos. Environ., 36, 1979–1991, 2002.
Venkataraman, C., Habib, G., Eiguren-Fernandez, A., Miguel, A. H., and Friedlander, S. K.: Residental Biofuels in {S}outh {A}sia: Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions and Climate Impacts, Science, 307, 1454–1456, 2005.
Verma, S., Boucher, O., Venkataraman, C., Reddy, M. S., M{ü}ller, D., Chazette, P., and Crouzille, B.: Aerosol lofting from sea breeze during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005953, 2006.
Verma, S., Venkataraman, C., Boucher, O., and Ramachandran, S.: Source evaluation of aerosols measured during the {I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment using combined chemical transport and back trajectory modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007698, 2007.
Verma, S., Venkataraman, C., and Boucher, O.: Origin of surface and columnar I}ndian {O}cean {E}xperiment (INDOEX) aerosols using {source- and region-tagged emissions transport in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D24211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009538, 2008.
Verver, G. H. L., Sikka, D. R., Lobert, J. M., Stossmeister, G., and Zachariasse, M.: Overview of the meteorological conditions and atmospheric transport processes during {INDOEX} 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28399–28413, 2001.
Vinoj, V., Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S. K., Moorthy, K., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Radiative forcing by aerosols over the B}ay of {B}engal region derived from shipborne, {island-based, and satellite ({Moderate-Resolution} {I}maging {S}pectroradiometer) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004329, 2004.
Vinoj, V., Anjan, A., Sudhakar, M., Satheesh, S. K., Srinivasan, J., and Krishna Moorthy, K.: Latitudinal variation of aerosol optical depths from northern Arabian Sea to Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029419, 2007.
Vogt, R., Crutzen, P. J., and Sander, R.: A mechanism for halogen release from sea-salt aerosol in the remote marine boundary layer, Nature, 383, 327–330, 1996.
von Glasow, R., Sander, R., Bott, A., and Crutzen, P. J.: Modeling halogen chemistry in the marine boundary layer 2. Interactions with sulfur and the cloud-covered MBL, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4323, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000943, 2002.
Wagner, V., von Glasow, R., Fischer, H., and Crutzen, P. J.: Are {CH2O}measurements in the marine boundary layer suitable for testing the current understanding of CH4 photooxidation?: a model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000722, 2002.
Wang, C., Jeong, G. R., and Mahowald, N.: Particulate absorption of solar radiation: anthropogenic aerosols vs. dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3935–3945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3935-2009, 2009.
Warneke, C. and de Gouw, J. A.: Organic trace gas composition of the marine boundary layer over the northwest {I}ndian {O}cean in April 2000, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5923–5933, 2001.
Webster, P. J., Magana, V. O., Palmer, T. N., Shukla, J., and Tomas, R. A.: Monsoons: processes, predictability, and the prospects for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451–14510, 1998.
Weigel, R., Borrmann, S., Curtius, J., Kunkel, D., Vicani, S., Shur, G. N., Belyaev, G. V., Schiller, C., Volk, C. M., and Stohl, A.: Observations of new particle formation events in the tropical UT/LS: On the role of ion induced nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation, 2010.
Weigelt, A., Hermann, M., van Velthofen, P. F. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Schlaf, G., Zahn, A., and Wiedensohler, A.: Influence of clouds on aerosol particle number concentrations in the upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D01204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009805, 2009.
Welton, E. J., Voss, K. J., Quinn, P. K., Flatau, P., Markowicz, K., Campbell, J., Spinhirne, J. D., Gordon, H. R., and Johnson, J.: Measurements of aerosol vertical profiles and optical properties during INDOEX 1999 using micropulse lidars, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000038, 2002.
Wilcox, E. M. and Ramanathan, V.: The impact of observed precipitation upon the transport of aerosols from {S}outh {A}sia, Tellus, 56, 435–450, 2004.
Williams, J., Fischer, H., Wong, S., Crutzen, P. J., Scheele, M. P., and Lelieveld, J.: Near equatorial CO and O3 profiles over the I}ndian {O}cean during the winter monsoon: High {O3 levels in the middle troposphere and interhemispheric exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001126, 2002.
Wisthaler, A., Hansel, A., Dickerson, R. R., and Crutzen, P. J.: Organic trace gas measurements by PTR-MS during {INDOEX} 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000576, 2002.
Worden, J., Jones, D. B. A., Liu, J., Parrington, M., Bowman, K., Stajner, I., Beer, R., Jiang, J., Thouret, V., Kulawik, S., Li, J. F., Verma, S., and Worden, H.: Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone during the {A}sian summertime monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010560, 2009.
Wuebbles, D. J., Lei, H., and Lin, J.: Intercontinental transport of aerosols and photochemical oxidants from Asia and its consequences, Environ. Pollut., 150, 65–84, 2007.
Xiong, X., Houweling, S., Wei, J., Maddy, E., Sun, F., and Barnet, C.: Methane plume over south Asia during the monsoon season: satellite observation and model simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 783–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-783-2009, 2009.
Xu, B., Cao, J., Hansen, J., Yao, T., Joswia, D. R., Wang, N., Wu, G., Wang, M., Zhao, H., Yang, W., Liu, X., and He, J.: Black soot and the survival of Tibetan glaciers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 22114–22118, 2009.
Yasunari, T. J., Bonasoni, P., Laj, P., Fujita, K., Vuillermoz, E., Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Duchi, R., Tartari, G., and Lau, K.-M.: Estimated impact of black carbon deposition during pre-monsoon season from Nepal Climate Observatory –Pyramid data and snow albedo changes over Himalayan glaciers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6603–6615, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6603-2010, 2010.
Ye, D. and Wu, G.: The role of the heat source of the {T}ibetan {P}lateau in the general circulation, Met. Atmos. Phys., 67, 181–198, 1998.
Young, L., Benson, D. R., Montanaro, W. M., et al.: Enhanced new particle formation observed in the northern midlatitude tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008109, 2007.
Zachariasse, M., van Velthoven, P. F. J., Smit, H. G. J., Lelieveld, J., Mandal, T. K., and Kelder, H.: Influence of stratosphere-troposphere exchange on tropospheric ozone over the tropical {I}ndian {O}cean during the winter monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15403–15416, 2000.
Zachariasse, M., Smit, H. G. J., van Velthoven, P. F. J., and Kelder, H.: Cross-tropopause and interhemispheric transports into the tropical free troposphere over the {I}ndian {O}cean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28441–28452, 2001.
Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Boersma, K. F., Jaffe, D. A., Olson, J. R., Bowman, K. W., Worden, J. R., Thompson, A. M., Avery, M. A., Cohen, R. C., Dibb, J. E., Flock, F. M., Fuelberg, H. E., Huey, L. G., McMillan, W. W., Singh, H. B., and Weinheimer, A. J.: Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6117–6136, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6117-2008, 2008.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint