ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-9-8573-2009 Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing Wang Q. 1 Shao M. 1 Zhang Y. 1 Wei Y. 1 Hu M. 1 Guo S. 1 State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China 12 11 2009 9 21 8573 8585 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8573/2009/acp-9-8573-2009.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8573/2009/acp-9-8573-2009.pdf

Fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>, i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of &le;2.5 μm) were collected from the air in August 2005, August–September 2006, and January–February 2007, in Beijing, China. The chemical compositions of particulate organic matter in the ambient samples were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The dominant compounds identified in summertime were <i>n</i>-alkanoic acids, followed by dicarboxylic acids and sugars, while sugars became the most abundant species in winter, followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, <i>n</i>-alkanes, and <i>n</i>-alkanoic acids. The contributions of seven emission sources (i.e., gasoline/diesel vehicles, coal burning, wood/straw burning, cooking, and vegetative detritus) to particulate organic matter in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were estimated using a chemical mass balance receptor model. The model results present the seasonal trends of source contributions to organic aerosols. Biomass burning (straw and wood) had the highest contribution in winter, followed by coal burning, vehicle exhaust, and cooking. The contribution of cooking was the highest in summer, followed by vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, while coal smoke showed only a minor contribution to ambient organic carbon.

 References Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and Beijing General Team of Investigation under the NBS (National Bureau of Statistics): Beijing Statistical Yearbook, China Statistics Press, 2006. Cao, G., Zhang, X., Wang, D., and Zheng, F.: Inventory of emissions of pollutants from open burning crop residue, J. Agro-Environ. Sci., 24, 800–804, 2005. Cao, G., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., and Zheng, F.: Estimating the pollutants discharged from crop residues burning in open field in China, Chinese Sci. Bull., 52, 1826–1831, 2007. Cass, G. R.: Organic molecular tracers for particulate air pollution sources, Trends Anal. Chem., 17, 356–366, 1998. Chen, Y., Sheng, G., Bi, X., Feng, Y., Mai, B., and Fu, J.: Emission factors for carbonaceous particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1861–1867, 2005. China Energy Yearbook Editorial Committee: China Energy Yearbook, Science Press, 2005/2006. Feng, J., Chan, C. K., Fang, M., Hu, M., He, L., and Tang, X.: Impact of meteorology and energy structure on solvent extractable organic compounds of PM$_2.5$ in Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 61, 623–632, 2005. Fraser, M. P., Yue, Z. W., and Buzcu, B.: Source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Houston, TX, using organic molecular markers, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2117–2123, 2003. Gao, X., Ma, W., Ma, C., Zhang, F., and Wang, Y.: Analysis on the current status of utilization of crop straw in China, J. Huazhong Agric. Univ., 21, 242–247, 2002. He, L., Hu, M., Huang, X., Yu, B., Zhang, Y., and Liu, D.: Measurement of emissions of fine particulate organic matter from Chinese cooking, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6557–6564, 2004. He, L., Hu, M., Huang, X., Zhang, Y., and Tang, X.: Seasonal pollution characteristics of organic compounds in atmospheric fine particles in Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 359, 167–176, 2006. Hildemann, L. M., Markowski, G. R., and Cass, G. R.: Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 744–759, 1991. Hu, B., Zu, H. and Qing, W.: A detailed list for exhaust in development models of automobile technology in China, J. WUT, Inform. Manage. Eng., 24, 99–102, 2002. Huang, X., He, L., Hu, M., and Zhang, Y.: Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM$_2.5$ in the urban atmosphere of Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2449–2458, 2006. Lin, P.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of organic and elemental carbon in PM$_2.5$ in Beijing and estimation of secondary organic carbon, Beijing, Peking University, China, Masters thesis, 2007. NIOSH: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health: Cincinnati, OH, USA, 1996. Oros, D. R. and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter, Fuel, 79, 515–536, 2000. Pope, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect, Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56, 709–742, 2006. Ravindra, K. R., Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2895–2921, 2008. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 1. Charbroilers and meat cooking operations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 1112–1125, 1991. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 636–651, 1993a. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2700–2711, 1993b. Schauer, J. J.: Source contributions to atmospheric organic compound concentrations: emissions measurements and model predictions, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, Ph.D. dissertation, 1998. Schauer, J. J. and Cass, G. R.: Source apportionment of winter gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1821–1832, 2000. Schauer, J. J., Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3837–3855, 1996. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C-1 through C-30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1578–1587, 1999a. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 1. C-1 through C-29 organic compounds from meat charbroiling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1566–1577, 1999b. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C-1–C-29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1716–1728, 2001. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C$_1$–C$_32$ organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1169–1180, 2002. Schnelle-Kreis, J., Sklorz, M., Orasche, J., Stolzel, M., Peters, A., and Zimmermann, R.: Semi volatile organic compounds in ambient PM$_2.5$. Seasonal trends and daily resolved source contributions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3821–3828, 2007. Simoneit, B. R. T.: Characterization of organic constituents in aerosols in relation to their origin and transport: a review, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 23, 207–237, 1986. Simoneit, B. R. T.: Biomass burning–-a review of organic tracers for smoke from incomplete combustion, Appl. Geochem., 17, 129–162, 2002. Simoneit, B. R. T. and Elias, V. O.: Organic tracers from biomass burning in atmospheric particulate matter over the ocean, Mar. Chem., 69, 301–312, 2000. Simoneit, B. R. T. and Elias, V. O.: Detecting organic tracers from biomass burning in the atmosphere, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 805–810, 2001. Song, X. and Xie, S.: Development of vehicular emission inventory in China, Environ. Sci. 27, 1041–1045, 2006. Song, Y., Tang, X., Fang, C., Zhang, Y., Hu, M., Zeng, L., Li, C., Mao, J., and Michael, B.: Relationship between the visibility degradation and particle pollution in Beijing, Acta Sci. Circum., 23, 468–471, 2003. Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Xie, S., Zeng, L., Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G., Shao, M., and Slanina, S.: Source apportionment of PM$_2.5$ in Beijing by positive matrix factorization, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1526–1537, 2006. Song, Y., Tang, X., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, M., Zeng, L., and Lu, S.: Source apportionment of PM$_2.5$ in Beijing in 2004, J. Haz. Mater., 146, 124–130, 2007. Sun, Y., Zhuang, G., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., and Zhuang, Y.: Characteristics and sources of lead pollution after phasing out leaded gasoline in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2973–2985, 2006. Wang, J., Xie, Z., Zhang, Y., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Cheng, C., Xu, Z., Zhao, X., and Meng, Y.: The research on the mass concentration characteristics of fine particles in Beijing, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 62, 104–111, 2004. Wang, Q., Shao, M., Liu, Y., William, K., Paul, G., Li, X., Liu, Y., and Lu, S.: Impact of biomass burning on urban air quality estimated by organic tracers: Guangzhou and Beijing as cases, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8380–8390, 2007. Wang, X. and Feng, Z.: Biofuel use and its environmental problems in rural areas of China, J. Nanjing Agric. Univ., 27, 108–110, 2004. Yang, F., He, K., Ye, B., Chen, X., Cha, L., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1449–1457, 2005. Yu, S., Lin, X., and Xu, X.: Temporal and spatial characteristics of air pollution in Beijing, J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci., 13, 92–99, 2002. Zhang, Y.: Study on speciation of particulate organic matter from combustion sources, Beijing, China, Peking University, Ph.D. dissertation, 2006. Zhang, Y., Shao, M., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., He, L., Zhu, B., Wei, Y., and Zhu, X.: Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings, J. Environ. Sci., 19, 167–175, 2007. Zhang, Y., Schauer, J. J., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Wei, Y., Liu, Y., and Shao, M.: Characteristics of particulate carbon emissions from real-world Chinese coal combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5068–5073, 2008. Zhao, Y.: Study on speciation of particulate organic matter from combustion sources, Beijing, Peking University, Ph.D. dissertation, 2006. Zhao, Y., Hu, M., Slanina, S., and Zhang, Y.: Chemical compositions of fine particulate organic matter emitted from Chinese cooking, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 99–105, 2007. Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G., Schauer, J. J., Zeng, L., Kiang, C. S., Zhang, Y., and Cass, G. R.: Seasonal trends in PM$_2.5$ source contributions in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3967–3976, 2005. Zhu, B., Zhu, X., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Emission factor of PM$_2.5$ from crop straw burning, Res. Environ. Sci., 18, 29–33, 2005.