<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-9-8351-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Toward a general parameterization of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; reactivity on aqueous particles: the competing effects of particle liquid water, nitrate and chloride</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bertram</surname>
<given-names>T. H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Thornton</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>now at: Department of Chemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>21</issue>
<fpage>8351</fpage>
<lpage>8363</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8351/2009/acp-9-8351-2009.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8351/2009/acp-9-8351-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8351/2009/acp-9-8351-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/8351/2009/acp-9-8351-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The heterogeneous reaction of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; on mixed organic-inorganic
aerosol particles was investigated using an entrained aerosol flow tube
coupled to a custom-built chemical ionization mass spectrometer. Laboratory
results on aqueous particles confirm a strong dependence of the reactive
uptake coefficient (γ) on particle liquid water, for particle water
concentrations below 15 M, and the molar ratio of particle water to nitrate.
Measurements of &amp;gamma; (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;) on mixed chloride-nitrate
particles indicate that the presence of trace chloride can negate the
suppression of γ(N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;) at high nitrate loadings with
implications for polluted coastal regions. These results are used to
construct a new parameterization for &amp;gamma; (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;), that when
coupled to an aerosol thermodynamics model, can be used within regional
and/or global chemical transport models.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="13"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Anttila, T., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Tillmann, R., and Mentel, T. F.: On the reactive uptake of gaseous compounds by organic-coated aqueous aerosols: Theoretical analysis and application to the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 10435–10443, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Badger, C. L., Griffiths, P. T., George, I., Abbatt, J. P. D., and Cox, R. A.: Reactive uptake of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ by aerosol particles containing mixtures of humic acid and ammonium sulfate, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 6986-6994, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Behnke, W., George, C., Scheer, V., and Zetzsch, C.: Production and decay of ClNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, from the reaction of gaseous N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ with NaCl solution: Bulk and aerosol experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3795–3804, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bertram, T. H., Thornton, J. A. and Riedel, T. P.: An experimental technique for the direct measurement of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ reactivity on ambient particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 231–242, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Braban, C. F. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: A study of the phase transition behavior of internally mixed ammonium sulfate-malonic acid aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1451–1459, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, R. L.: Tubular Flow Reactors with 1st-Order Kinetics, J. Res. Nat. Bureau Stand., 83, 1–8, 1978. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Ryerson, T. B., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Peltier, R., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., Dube, W. P., Trainer, M., Meagher, J. F., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing and its role in regional air quality, Science, 311, 67–70, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Carslaw, K. S., Clegg, S. L., and Brimblecombe, P.: A Thermodynamic Model of the System HCl-HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, Including Solubilities of HBr, from Less Than 200 to 328 K, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 11557–11574, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A. S.: Thermodynamic model of the system H$^ + $-NH$_4^+$-Na$^ + $-SO$_4^2-$-NO$_3^-$-Cl$^-$-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O at 298.15 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 2155–2171, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cosman, L. M. and Bertram, A. K.: Reactive uptake of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on aqueous H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; solutions coated with 1-component and 2-component monolayers, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 4625–4635, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cosman, L. M., Knopf, D. A., and Bertram, A. K.: N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ reactive uptake on aqueous sulfuric acid solutions coated with branched and straight-chain insoluble organic surfactants, J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 2386–2396, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cziczo, D. J., Nowak, J. B., Hu, J. H., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Infrared spectroscopy of model tropospheric aerosols as a function of relative humidity: Observation of deliquescence and crystallization, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18843–18850, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Davis, J. M., Bhave, P. V., and Foley, K. M.: Parameterization of N2O5 reaction probabilities on the surface of particles containing ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5295–5311, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J.: Reaction of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on tropospheric aerosols - Impact on the global distributions of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and OH, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7149–7163, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Evans, M. J. and Jacob, D. J.: Impact of new laboratory studies of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ hydrolysis on global model budgets of tropospheric nitrogen oxides, ozone, and OH, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09813, doi:10.1029/2005GL022469, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Ezell, M. J., and Pitts, J. N.: Formation of chemically active chlorine compounds by reactions of atmospheric NaCl particles with gaseous N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ and ClONO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Nature, 337, 241–244, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Folkers, M., Mentel, T. F., and Wahner, A.: Influence of an organic coating on the reactivity of aqueous aerosols probed by the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1644, doi:10.1029/2003GL017168, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fountoukis, C. and Nenes, A.: ISORROPIA II: a computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K + -Ca&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + -Mg&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + -Nh(4)( + )-Na + -SO$_4^2$–NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;–Cl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4639–4659, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fried, A., Henry, B. E., Calvert, J. G., and Mozurkewich, M.: The reaction probability of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ with sulfuric-acid aerosols at stratospheric temperatures and compositions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3517–3532, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Griffiths, P. T., Badger, C. L., Cox, R. A., Folkers, M., Henk, H. H., and Mentel, T. F.: Reactive Uptake of N2O5 by Aerosols Containing Dicarboxylic Acids. Effect of Particle Phase, Composition, and Nitrate Content, J. Phys. Chem. A, 113, 5082–5090, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hallquist, M., Stewart, D. J., Stephenson, S. K., and Cox, R. A.: Hydrolysis of N2O5 on sub-micron sulfate aerosols, PCCP, 5, 3453–3463, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hanson, D. and Kosciuch, E.: The NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; mass accommodation coefficient for uptake onto sulfuric acid solutions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 2199–2208, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hu, J. H. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Reaction probabilities for N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ hydrolysis on sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate aerosols at room temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 871–878, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kane, S. M., Caloz, F. and Leu, M. T.: Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous N2O5 by (NH4)(2)SO4, NH4HSO4, and H2SO4 aerosols, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 6465–6470, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kercher, J. P., Reidel, T., and Thornton, J. A.: Chlorine activation by N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$: In situ detection of ClNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 193–204, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Knopf, D. A., Cosman, L. M., Mousavi, P., Mokamati, S., and Bertram, A. K.: A novel flow reactor for studying reactions on liquid surfaces coated by organic monolayers: Methods, validation, and initial results, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 11021–11032, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McNeill, V. F., Patterson, J., Wolfe, G. M., and Thornton, J. A.: The effect of varying levels of surfactant on the reactive uptake of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ to aqueous aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1635–1644, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M., and Wahner, A.: Nitrate effect in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on aqueous aerosols, PCCP, 1, 5451–5457, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mozurkewich, M. and Calvert, J. G.: Reaction probability of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on aqueous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15889–15896, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hudson, P. K., Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Peltier, R. E., Sullivan, A., Thomson, D. S. and Weber, R. J.: Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S32, doi:10.1029/2006JD007340, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Osthoff, H. D., Roberts, J. M., Ravishankara, A. R., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Sommariva, R., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D., Quinn, P. K., Dibb, J. E., Stark, H., Burkholder, J. B., Talukdar, R. K., Meagher, J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Brown, S. S.: High levels of nitryl chloride in the polluted subtropical marine boundary layer, Nature Geoscience, 1, 324–328, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Park, S. C., Burden, D. K., and Nathanson, G. M.: The inhibition of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ hydrolysis in sulfuric acid by 1-butanol and 1-hexanol surfactant coatings, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 2921–2929, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Baynard, T., Clarke, A. D., Onasch, T. B., Wang, W., Rood, M. J., Andrews, E., Allan, J., Carrico, C. M., Coffman, D., and Worsnop, D.: Impact of particulate organic matter on the relative humidity dependence of light scattering: A simplified parameterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22809, doi:10.1029/2005GL024322, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Schell, B., Ackermann, I., Kessler, C., and Hass, H.: Impact of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on chemistry and nitrate aerosol formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D4), 4144, doi:10.1029/2002JD002436, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Anttila, T., Kiendler-Scharr, A., and Mentel, T. F.: The relative importance of organic coatings for the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, 114, D17307, doi:10.1029/2008JD011369, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Robinson, G. N., Worsnop, D. R., Jayne, J. T., Kolb, C. E., and Davidovits, P.: Heterogeneous uptake of ClONO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ by sulfuric acid solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3583–3601, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schweitzer, F., Mirabel, P., and George, C.: Multiphase chemistry of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, ClNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and BrNO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 3942–3952, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thornton, J. A. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ reaction on submicron sea salt aerosol: Kinetics, products, and the effect of surface active organics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 10004–10012, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thornton, J. A., Braban, C. F., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ hydrolysis on sub-micron organic aerosols: the effect of relative humidity, particle phase, and particle size, PCCP, 5, 4593–4603, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wagner, C., Hanisch, F., Holmes, N., de Coninck, H., Schuster, G., and Crowley, J. N.: The interaction of N2O5 with mineral dust: aerosol flow tube and Knudsen reactor studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 91–109, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wahner, A., Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M. and Stier, J.: Heterogeneous reaction of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on sodium nitrate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31103–31112, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wexler, A. S. and Clegg, S. L.: Atmospheric aerosol models for systems including the ions H$^ + $, NH$_4^+$, Na$^ + $, SO$_4^2-$, NO$_3^-$,Cl$^-$, Br$^-$, and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D14), 4207, doi:10.1029/2001JD000451, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D. and Peters, L. K.: Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008782, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>