References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-9-7949-2009

Global distributions of nitric acid from IASI/MetOP measurements

Wespes

¹ ⁶ Hurtmans

¹ Clerbaux

¹ ² Santee

M. L.

³ Martin

R. V.

⁴ ⁵ Coheur

P. F.

¹ ⁶

Spectroscopie de l'Atmosphère, Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium

UPMC Univ. Paris 06; Université Versailles St.-Quentin, CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, Paris, France

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University Halifax, Canada

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

FRIA Researcher and Research Associate with the FRS-FNRS, Belgium

22 10 2009

9 20 7949 7962

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7949/2009/acp-9-7949-2009.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7949/2009/acp-9-7949-2009.pdf

This paper presents the first global distributions of HNO3 total columns acquired by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument, launched onboard the MetOp platform in October 2006. IASI is an infrared nadir-looking Fourier transform spectrometer providing atmospheric radiance spectra at 0.5 cm−1 spectral resolution, from which temperature and infrared absorbing gas concentration profiles are retrieved with global Earth coverage twice a day. A first analysis of the IASI measurements in terms of information content demonstrates the possibility of retrieving a total column for HNO3 at all latitudes with a maximal sensitivity in the middle stratosphere. The retrievals are performed from IASI spectra in the atmospheric window using a fast radiative transfer model and inversion software (FORLI) relying on the Optimal Estimation Method. The operational processing of HNO3 total columns is achieved since March 2008. We show that FORLI-HNO3 performs well at all latitudes (RMS of the spectral residuals around 2.3×10−6 W/m2 sr m−1) and provides HNO3 total columns with on average statistical errors of about 12%, reaching the threshold value of 32% at the equatorial belt. The global distributions of the retrieved total columns for one year (from March 2008 to February 2009) are presented and discussed with emphasis given to seasonal and interhemispheric variations. Local seasonal variations at 6 specific locations are also described and discussed in comparison with MLS volume mixing ratios at 46.5 hPa. The seasonal cycle observed in Polar regions is highlighted, with maxima observed in fall-winter and minima during spring-summer. The denitrification inside the Antarctic polar vortex during winter is clearly revealed with unprecedented horizontal resolution: HNO3 columns decreasing down to about 1×1016 molecules cm−2 are observed, which is consistent with the lower values of temperature observed between 50 and 15 hPa (~20–25 km) and the resulting formation and sedimentation of polar stratospheric clouds. During the same period, the collar region of high quantities of HNO3 at the vortex edge is also observed around 65–60° S latitude. Preliminary correlations between IASI derived HNO3 and O3 columns inside the polar vortex are presented and discussed.

References 1

% vor jede Referenz Adams, P. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Koch, D. M., Mickley, L. J., and Jacob, D. J.: General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1097–1111, 2001.

Austin, J., Garcia, R., Russel-lll, J., Solomon, S., and Tuck, A.: On the atmospheric photochemistry of nitric acid, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5477–5484, 1986.

Barret, B., Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Bey, I., Auvray, M., and Coheur, P.-F.: Global carbon monoxide vertical distributions from spaceborne high-resolution FTIR nadir measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2901–2914, 2005.

Beer, R.: TES on the Aura Mission: Scientific Objectives, Measurements, and Analysis Overview, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1102–1105, 2006.

Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., DeMaziere, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M. A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.

Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., and Yantosca, R. M.: Asian chemical outflow to the Pacific in spring: Origins, pathways, and budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23097–23113, 2001.

Brasseur, G. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the middle atmosphere: Chemistry and physics of the stratosphere and mesosphere, 3. Edition, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2005.

Bregman, A., van Velthoven, P. F. J., Wienhold, F. G., Fischer, H., Zenker, T., Waibel, A., Frenzel, A., Arnold, F., Harris, G. W., Bolder, M. J. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Aircraft measurements of O3, HNO3, and N2O in the winter Arctic lower stratosphere during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM) 1, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11245–11260, 1995.

Boone, C. D., Nassar, R., Walker, K. A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., and Bernath, P. F.: Retrievals for the atmospheric chemistry experiment Fourier-transform spectrometer, Appl. Optics, 44, 7218–7231, 2005.

Boynard, A., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Turquety, S., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Keim, C., and Meyer-Arnek, J.: Measurements of total and tropospheric ozone from IASI: comparison with correlative satellite, ground-based and ozonesonde observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6255–6271, 2009.

Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Turquety, S., George, M., Coheur, P. F., Hurtmans, D., Wespes, C., Herbin, H., Blumstein, D., Tournier, B., and Phulpin, T.: The IASI/MetOp I mission: First observations and highlights of its Potential Contribution to GMES, COSPAR inf. Bul., vol. 2007, 19–24, 2007.

Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041–6054, 2009.

Clarisse, L., Coheur, P. F., Prata, A. J., Hurtmans, D., Razavi, A., Phulpin, T., Hadji-Lazaro, J., and Clerbaux, C.: Tracking and quantifying volcanic SO2 with IASI, the September 2007 eruption at Jebel at Tair, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7723–7734, 2008.

Coheur, P. F., Barret, B., Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., Hadji-Lazaro, J., and Clerbaux, C.: Retrieval and characterization of ozone vertical profiles from a thermal infrared nadir sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24303, doi:24310.21029/22005JD005845, 2005.

Coheur, P.-F., Clarisse, L., Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: IASI measurements of reactive trace species in biomass burning plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5655–5667, 2009.

Emmons, L. K., Hauglustaine, D. A., Müller, J. F., Carroll, M. A., Brasseur, G. P., Brunner, D., Staehelin, J., Thouret, V., and Marenco, A.: Data composites of airborne observations of tropospheric ozone and its precursors, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20497–20538, 2000.

Fischer, H., Birk, M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J. M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopman, R., Langen, J., L�pez-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2151–2188, 2008.

Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Jiang, Y. B., Jimenez, C. J., Filipiak, M. J., Schwartz, M. J., Santee, M. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Jiang, J. H., Wu, D. L., Manney, G. L., Drouin, B. J., Waters, J. W., Fetzer, E. J., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Jucks, K. W., Toon, G. C., Margitan, J. J., Sen, B., Webster, C. R., Christensen, L. E., Elkins, J. W., Atlas, E., Lueb, R. A., and Hendershot, R.: Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44(5), 1106–1121, 2006.

George, M., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., Turquety, S., Coheur, P.-F., Pommier, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Edwards, D. P., Worden, H., Luo, M., Rinsland, C., and McMillan, W.: Carbon monoxide distributions from the IASI/METOP mission: evaluation with other space-borne remote sensors, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 9793–9822, 2009.

Hauglustaine, D. A., Brasseur, G. P., Walters, S., Rasch, P. J., Müller, J.-F., Emmons, L. K., and Carroll, M. A.: MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28291–28335, 1998.

Hauglustaine, D. A., Hourdin, F., Jourdain, L., Filiberti, M. A., Walters, S., Lamarque, J. F., and Holland, E. A.: Interactive chemistry in the laboratoire de meteorologie dynamique general circulation model: Description and background tropospheric chemistry evaluation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D04314, doi:10.1029/2003JD003957, 2004.

Hudman, R. C., Jacob, D. J., Cooper, O. R., Evans, M. J., Heald, C. L., Park, R. J., Fehsenfeld, F., Flocke, F., Holloway, J., Hübler, G., Kita, K., Koike, M., Kondo, Y., Neuman, A., Oltmans S., Parrish, D., Robert, J. M., and Ryerson, T.: Ozone production in transpacific Asian pollution plumes and implications for ozone air quality in California, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S10, doi:10.1029/2004JD004974, 2004.

Irie, H., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Danilin, M. Y., Camy-Peyret, C., Payan, S., Pommereau, J. P., Goutail, F., Renard, J.-B., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Salawitch, R., Bevilacqua, R. M., Russell J. M., Kanzawa, H., Nakajima, H., Yokota, Y., Sugita, T., and Sasano, Y.: Validation of NO2 and HNO3 measurements from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) with the version 5.20 retrieval algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D248206, doi:10.1029/2001JD001304, 2002.

Irie, H., Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Santee, M. L., Terao, Y., Saitoh, N., Ejiri, M. K., Tanaka, T., Kondo, Y., Kanzawa, H., Kobayashi, H., and Sasano, Y.: Validation of stratospheric nitric acid profiles observed by Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS-II), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S03, doi:10.1029/2005JD006115, 2006.

Jin, J. J., Semeniuk, K., Manney, G. L., Jonsson, A. I., Beagley, S. R., McConnell, J. C., Rinsland, C. P., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., and Bernath, P. F.: Denitrification in the Arctic winter 2004/2005: Observation from ACE-FTS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19814, doi:10.1029/2006GL027687, 2006.

Koike, M., Kondo, Y., Irie, H., Murcray, F. J., Williams, J., Fogal, P., Blatherwick, R., Camy-Peyret, C., Payan, S., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Traub, W., Johnson D., Jucks K., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Schlager, H., Ziereis, H., Toriyama, N., Danilin, M. Y., Rodriguez, J. M., Kanzawa, H., and Sasano Y.: A comparison of Arctic HNO3 profiles measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer and balloon-borne sensors, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6761–6771, 2000.

Massart, S., Clerbaux, C., Cariolle, D., Piacentini, A., Turquety, S., and Hadji-Lazaro, J.: First steps towards the assimilation of IASI ozone data into the MOCAGE-PALM system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5073–5091, 2009.

Martin, R. V., Sauvage, B., Folkins, I., Sioris, C. E., Boone, C., Bernath, P., and Ziemke, J.: Space-based constraints on the production of nitric oxide by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007831, 2006.

Miyazaki, Y., Koike, Y., Fuelberg, H. E., Kiley, C. M., Kita, K., Takegawa, N., Sachse, G. W., Flocke, F., Weinheimer, A. J., Singh, H. B., Eisele, F. L., Zondlo, M., Talbot, R. W, Sandholm, S. T., Avery, M. A., and Blake, D. R.: Synoptic-scale transport of reactive nitrogen over the western Pacific in spring, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D208788, doi:10.1029/2002JD003248, 2003.

Neuman, J. A., Gao, R. S., Fahey, D. W., Holecek, J. C., Ridley, B. A., Walega, J. G., Grahek, F. E., Richard, E. C., McElroy, C. T., Thompson, T. L., Elkins, J. W., Moore, F. L., and Ray, E. A.: In situ measurements of HNO3, NOy, NO, and O3 in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5789–5797, 2001.

Neuman, J. A., Parrish, D. D., Trainer, M., Ryerson, T. B., Holloway, J. S., Nowak, J. B., Swanson, A., Flocke, F., Roberts, J. M., Brown, S. S., Stark, H., Sommariva, R., Stohl, A., Peltier, R., Weber, R., Wollny, A. G., Sueper, D. T., Hubler, G., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Reactive nitrogen transport and photochemistry in urban plumes over the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S54, doi:10.1029/2005JD007010, 2006.

Orsolini, Y. J., Urban, J., and Murtagh, D. P.: Nitric acid in the stratosphere based on Odin observations from 2001 to 2007 – Part 2: High-altitude polar enhancements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 9591–9605, 2008.

Razavi, A., Clerbaux, C., Wespes, C., Clarisse, L., Hurtmans, D., Payan, S., Camy-Peyret, C., and Coheur, P. F.: Characterization of methane retrievals from the IASI space-borne sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 7615–7643, 2009.

Rinsland, C. P., Zander, R., and Demoulin, P., Ground-based infrared measurements of HNO3 total column abundances: Long-term trend and variability, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9379–9389, 1991.

Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse methods for atmospheric sounding: Theory and Practice, World Sci., River Edge, NJ, USA, 2000.

Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., Chris Benner, D., Birk, M., Brown, L. R., Carleer, M. R., Chackerian Jr., C., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana, V., Devi, V. M., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A., Hartmann, J.-M., Jucks, K. W., Maki, A. G., Mandin, J.-Y, Massie, S. T., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C. P., Smith, M. A. H., Tennyson, J., Tolchenov, R. N., Toth, R. A., Vander Auwera, J., Varanasi, P., and Wagner, G.: The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 96, 139–204, 2005.

Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Read, W. G., and Waters, J. W.: Six years of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 observations: Seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8225–8246, 1999.

Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Livesey, N. J., and Read, W. G.: Three-dimensional structure and evolution of stratospheric HNO3 based on UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15306, doi:10.1029/2004JD004578, 2004.

Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Livesey, N. J., Froidevaux, L., Pumphrey, H. C., Read, W. G., Schwartz, M. J., and Waters, J. W.: Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole: First results from Aura MLS, J. Geophys. Res., 32, L12817, doi:10.1029/2005GL022582, 2005.

Santee, M. L., Lambert, A., Read, W. G., Livesey, N. J., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Froidevaux, L., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Knosp, B. W., Manney, G. L., Perun, V. S., Snyder, W. V., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Wagner, P. A., Waters, J. W., Muscari, G., de Zafra, R. L., Dibb, J. E., Fahey, D. W., Popp, P. J., Marcy, T. P., Jucks, K. W., Toon, G. C., Stachnik, R. A., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Urban, J., and Murtagh, D.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder HNO3 Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S40, doi:10.1029/2007JD008721, 2007.

Schlüssel, P., Hultberg, T. H., Philipps, P. L., August, T., and Calbet, X.: The operational IASI Level 2 processor, Adv. Space Res., 36, 982–988, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.008, 2005.

Schneider, J., Arnold, F., Curtius, J., Sierau, B., Fischer, H., Hoor, P., Wienhold, F. G., Parchatka, U., Zhang, Y. C., Schlager, H., Ziereis, H., Feigl, Ch., Lelieveld, J., Scheeren, H. A., and Bujok, O.: The temporal evolution of the ratio HNO3/NOy in the Arctic lower stratosphere from January to March 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett, 26(8), 1125–1128., 1999.

Stiller, G. P., Tsidu, G. M., von Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Linden, A., Ruhnke, R., and Fischer, H.: An enhanced HNO3 second maximum in the Antarctic mid-winter upper stratosphere 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D20303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006011, 2005.

Solomon, S.: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: A review of concepts and history, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–316, 1999.

Talbot, R. W., Dibb, J. E., Scheuer, E. M., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Singh, H. B., Salas, L. B., Fukui, Y., Ballenthin, J. O., Meads, R. F., Miller, T. M., Hunton, D. E., Viggiano, A. A, Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Atlas, E., Flocke, F., Jacob, D. J., and Jeagle, L.: Reactive Nitrogen Budget During the NASA SONEX Mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(20), 3057–3060, 1997.

Trainer, M., Parrish, D. D., Buhr, M. P., Norton, R. B., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Anlauf, K. G., Bottenheim, J. W., Tang, Y. Z., Wiebe, H. A., Roberts, J. M., Tanner, R. L., Newman, L., Bowersox, V. C., Meagher, J. F., Olszyna, K. J., Rodgers, M. O., Wang, T., Berresheim, H., Demerjian, K. L., and Roychowdhury, U. K.: Correlation of ozone with NOy in photochemically aged air, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2917–2925, 1993.

Tsidu, G. M., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., Hopfner, M., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Lopez-Puertas, M., Milz, M., Steck, T., and Wang, D. Y.: NOy from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on Environmental Satellite during the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex split in September/October 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005322, 2005.

Turquety, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Clerbaux, C., Hauglustaine, D. A., Clough, S. A., Casse, V., Schlüssel, P., and Mégie, G.: Operational trace gas retrieval algorithm for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21301, doi:21310.21029/22004JD00482, 2004.

Turquety, S., Hurtmans, D., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Coheur, P.-F., Clerbaux, C., Josset, D., and Tsamalis, C.: Tracking the emission and transport of pollution from wildfires using the IASI CO retrievals: analysis of the summer 2007 Greek fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4897–4913, 2009.

Urban, J., Lautie, N., Le Flochmo\"en, E., Jimenez, C., Eriksson, P., de La Noe, J., Dupuy, E., Ekstrom, M., Amraoui, L. E., Frisk, U., Murtagh, D., Olberg, M., and Ricaud, P.: Odin/SMR limb observations of stratospheric trace gases: Level 2 processing of ClO, N2O, HNO3, and O3, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14307, doi:10.1029/2004JD005741, 2005.

Urban, J., Pommier, M., Murtagh, D. P., Santee, M. L., and Orsolini, Y. J.: Nitric acid in the stratosphere based on Odin observations from 2001 to 2007 – Part 1: A global climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 9569–9590, 2008.

Vigouroux, C., De Maziére, M., Errera, Q., Chabrillat, S., Mahieu, E., Duchatelet, P., Wood, S., Smale, D., Mikuteit, S., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., and Jones, N.: Comparisons between ground-based FTIR and MIPAS N2O and HNO3 profiles before and after assimilation in BASCOE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 377–396, 2007.

von Clarmann, T., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Linden, A., Chauhan, S., Funke, B., Grabowski, U., Glatthor, N., Kiefer, M., Schieferdecker, T., Stiller, G. P., and Versick, S.: Retrieval of temperature, H2O, O3, HNO3, CH4, N2O, ClONO2 and ClO from MIPAS reduced resolution nominal mode limb emission measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 159–175, 2009.

Wang, D. Y., Höpfner, M., Blom, C. E., Ward, W. E., Fischer, H., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Keim, C., Liu, G. Y., Mikuteit, S., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Cortesi, U., Mencaraglia, F., Bianchini, G., Redaelli, G., Pirre, M., Catoire, V., Huret, N., Vigouroux, C., De Maziére, M., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Wood, S., Smale, D., Jones, N., Nakajima, H., Sugita, T., Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., Kuttippurath, J., Kleinböhl, A., Toon, G., and Piccolo, C.: Validation of MIPAS HNO3 operational data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4905–4934, 2007.

Wespes, C., Hurtmans, D., Herbin, H., Barret, B., Turquety, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P. F.: First global distributions of nitric acid in the troposphere and the stratosphere derived from infrared satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13311, doi:10.1029/2006JD008202, 2007.

Wolff, M. A., Kerzenmacher, T., Strong, K., Walker, K. A., Toohey, M., Dupuy, E., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Brohede, S., Catoire, V., von Clarmann, T., Coffey, M., Daffer, W. H., De Maziére, M., Duchatelet, P., Glatthor, N., Griffith, D. W. T., Hannigan, J., Hase, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, N., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Kramer, I., Küllmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Mahieu, E., Manney, G., McLinden, C., Mébarki, Y., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Ruhnke, R., Santee, M., Senten, C., Smale, D., Tétard, C., Urban, J., and Wood, S.: Validation of HNO3, ClONO2, and N2O$_5$ from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 2429–2512, 2008.