<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-9-7591-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Clarification on the generation of absolute and potential vorticity in mesoscale convective vortices</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Conzemius</surname>
<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Montgomery</surname>
<given-names>M. T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>WindLogics Inc., Grand Rapids, Minnesota, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>19</issue>
<fpage>7591</fpage>
<lpage>7605</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7591/2009/acp-9-7591-2009.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7591/2009/acp-9-7591-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7591/2009/acp-9-7591-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7591/2009/acp-9-7591-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In this paper, we clarify several outstanding issues concerning the
predominant mechanism of vorticity generation in mesoscale convective
vortices (MCVs) in weak to modest baroclinic environments with nonzero
Coriolis parameter. We examine also the corresponding diabatic heating
profiles of the convective and stratiform components of the MCS and their
effects on the concentration and dilution of PV substance.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="15"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bartels, D. L. and Maddox, R. A.: Midlevel cyclonic vortices generated by mesoscale convective systems. Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 104–118, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brandes, E. A.: Evolution and structure of the 6-7 May 1985 mesoscale convective system and associated vortex. Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 109–127, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Braun, S. A., Montgomery, M. T. , Mallen, K., and Reasor, P.: Simulation and interpretation of the genesis of tropical storm Gert (2005) as part of the NASA Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, DOI 10.1175/2009JAS3140.1, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bryan, G. H., Wyngaard, J. C., and Fritsch, J. M.: Resolution requirements for the simulation of deep moist convection. Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2394–2416, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Conzemius, R. J., Moore, R. W., Montgomery, M. T., and Davis, C. A.: Mesoscale convective vortex formation in a weakly sheared moist neutral environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1443–1466, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cram, T. A., Montgomery, M. T., and Hertenstein, R. F. A.: Early evolution of vertical vorticity in a numerically simulated idealized convective line, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2113–2127, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Davis, C. A., and Galarneau, T. J., Jr.: The vertical structure of mesoscale convective vortices, J. Atmos., Sci., 66, 686–704, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Davis, C. A., and Trier, S. B.: Cloud-resolving simulations of mesoscale vortex intensification and its effect on a serial mesoscale convective system, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2839–2858, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Davis, C. A., Atkins, N.,~Bartels, D.,~Bosart, L.,~Coniglio, M., Bryan, G., Cotton, W., Dowell, D., Jewett, B.,~Johns, R., Jorgensen, D., Knievel, J., Knupp, K., Lee, W.-C., Mcfarquhar, G., Moore, J., Przybylinski, R., Rauber, R., Smull, B., Trapp, R., Trier, S., Wakimoto, R., Weisman, M., and Ziegler, C.: The bow echo and MCV experiment: observations and opportunities, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1075–1093, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fovell, R. G. and Ogura, Y.: Numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line in two dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3846–3879, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fritsch, J. M., Murphy, J. D., and Kain, J. S.: Warm core vortex amplification over land. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1780–1807, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J., and Stauffer, D. R.: A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-398_STR, 117 pp., 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Haynes, P. H. and McIntyre, M. E.: On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 828–841, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hertenstein, R. F. A. and Schubert, W. H.: Potential vorticity anomalies associated with squall lines, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1663–1672, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Houze Jr., R. A.,: Stratiform precipitation in regions of convection: A meteorological paradox?, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2179–2196, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Houze Jr., R. A.,: Mesoscale convective systems. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG4003, doi:10.1029/2004RG000150, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Johnson, R. H., and Bartels, D. L.: Circulations associated with a mature-to-decaying midlatitude mesoscale convective system. Part II: upper-level features. Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 1301–1321, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kirk, J. R.: A phase-plot method for diagnosing vorticity concentration mechanisms in mesoscale convective vortices. Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 801–820, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Knievel, J. C. and Johnson, R. H.: A scale-discriminating vorticity budget for a mesoscale vortex in a midlatitude, continental mesoscale convective system. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 781–794, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Raymond, D. J. and Jiang, H.: A theory for long-lived mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 3067–3077, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rotunno, R.: On the evolution of thunderstorm rotation, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 577–586, 1981. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Skamarock, W. C., Weisman, M. L., and Klemp, J. B.: Three-dimensional evolution of simulated long-lived squall lines, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563–2584, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tao, W.-K., Simpson, J., Sui, C. H., B. Ferrier, B., Lang, S., Scala, J., Chou, M. D., and Pickering, K.: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673–690, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tory, K. J., Montgomery, M. T., Davidson, N. E., and Kepert, J. D.: Prediction and diagnosis of tropical cyclone formation in an NWP system. Part II: a diagnosis of tropical cyclone Chris formation, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3091-3113, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Trier, S. B. and Davis, C. A.: Influence of balanced motions on heavy precipitation within a long-lived convectively generated vortex, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 877–899, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Weisman, M. L. and Davis, C. A.: Mechanisms for the generation of mesoscale vortices within quasi-linear convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2603–2622, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>