ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-9-7081-2009 Regional modelling of tracer transport by tropical convection – Part 1: Sensitivity to convection parameterization Arteta J. 1 Marécal V. 1 Rivière E. D. 2 Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, CNRS and Université d'Orléans, 3A avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France Groupe de Spectroscopie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne and CNRS, Faculté des sciences, Moulin de la Housse, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France 24 09 2009 9 18 7081 7100 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7081/2009/acp-9-7081-2009.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/7081/2009/acp-9-7081-2009.pdf

The general objective of this series of papers is to evaluate long duration limited area simulations with idealised tracers as a tool to assess tracer transport in chemistry-transport models (CTMs). In this first paper, we analyse the results of six simulations using different convection closures and parameterizations. The simulations are using the Grell and Dévényi (2002) mass-flux framework for the convection parameterization with different closures (Grell = GR, Arakawa-Shubert = AS, Kain-Fritch = KF, Low omega = LO, Moisture convergence = MC) and an ensemble parameterization (EN) based on the other five closures. The simulations are run for one month during the SCOUT-O3 field campaign lead from Darwin (Australia). They have a 60 km horizontal resolution and a fine vertical resolution in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Meteorological results are compared with satellite products, radiosoundings and SCOUT-O3 aircraft campaign data. They show that the model is generally in good agreement with the measurements with less variability in the model. Except for the precipitation field, the differences between the six simulations are small on average with respect to the differences with the meteorological observations. The comparison with TRMM rainrates shows that the six parameterizations or closures have similar behaviour concerning convection triggering times and locations. However, the 6 simulations provide two different behaviours for rainfall values, with the EN, AS and KF parameterizations (Group 1) modelling better rain fields than LO, MC and GR (Group 2). The vertical distribution of tropospheric tracers is very different for the two groups showing significantly more transport into the TTL for Group 1 related to the larger average values of the upward velocities. Nevertheless the low values for the Group 1 fluxes at and above the cold point level indicate that the model does not simulate significant overshooting. For stratospheric tracers, the differences between the two groups are small indicating that the downward transport from the stratosphere is more related to the turbulent mixing parameterization than to the convection parameterization.

 References Arakawa, A. and Schubert, W. H.: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I., J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674–701, 1974. Baray, J. L., Ancellet, G., Randriambelo, T., and Baldy, S.: Tropical cyclone Marlene and stratosphere-troposphere exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13953–13970, 1999. Brunner, D., Siegmund, P., May, P. T., Chappel, L., Schiller, C., Müller, R., Peter, T., Fueglistaler, S., MacKenzie, A. R., Fix, A., Schlager, H., Allen, G., Fjaeraa, A. M., Streibel, M., and Harris, N. R. P., The SCOUT-O3 Darwin aircraft campaign: rationale and meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 93–117, 2009. Corti, T., Luo, B. P., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M. J., Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F. H., Schiller, C., Shur, G., Sitnikov, N. M., Spelten, N., Vossing, H. J., Borrmann, S., and Peter, T.: Unprecedented evidence for overshooting convection hydrating the tropical stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10810, doi:10.1029/2008GL033641, 2008. Cotton, W. R., Pielke Sr., R. A., Walko, R. L., Liston, G. E., Tremback, C. J., Jiang, H., McAnelly, R. L., Harrington, J.-Y., Nicholls, M. E., Carrio, G. G., and McFadden, J. P.: RAMS 2001: Current status and future directions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 5–29, doi:10.1007/s00703-001-0584-9, 2003. Deng, A., Seaman, N., L., Hunter, G. K., and Satuffer, D. R.: Evaluation of interregional transport using the MM5-SCIPUFF system, J. App. Meteor. 43, 1864–1886, 2004. Duncan, B. N., Strahan, S. E., Yoshida, Y., Steenrod, S. D., and Livesey, N.: Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3713–3736, 2007. Folkins, I., Loewenstein, M. Podolske, J., Oltmans, S. J., and Proffitt, M.: A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D18), 22095–22102, 1999. Folkins, I., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Donner, L. J., Eldering, A., Lesins, G., Martin, R. V., Sinnhuber, B.-M., and Walker, K.: Testing convective parameterizations with tropical measurements of HNO<sub>3</sub>, CO, H<sub>2</sub>O, and O<sub>3</sub>: Implications for the water vapour budget, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23304, doi:10.1029/2006JD007325, 2006. Franck, W. M. and Cohen, C.: Simulation of tropical convective systems. Part 1: A cumulus parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3787–3799, 1987. Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Chatfield, R., Silva Dias, P., Artaxo, P., Andreae, M. O., Grell, G., Rodrigues, L. F., Fazenda, A., and Panetta, J.: The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS). Part 1: model description and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2843–2861, 2009. Fueglistaler, S., Wernli, H., and Peter, T.: Tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport inferred from trajectory calculations, J. Goephys. Res., 109, D03108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004069, 2004. Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. W.: The tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009. Gevaerd, R. and Freitas, S.: Estimativa operacional da umidade do solo para iniciao de modelos de previso numrica da atmosfera. Parte 1: descrio da metodologia e validao, Brazilian Journal of Meteorology, LBA Special Issue, 21, 1–15, 2006. Gettelman, A. E. and de F. Forster, P. M.: A climatology of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn., 80, 911–942, 2002. Gilliland, A. B. and Hartley, D. E.: Interhemispheric transport and the role of convective parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D17), 22039–22045, 1998. Grell, G. A.: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 764–787, 1993. Grell, G. A. and Dévényi, D.: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1693, doi:10.1029/2002GL015311, 2002. Grell, G. A., Dudhia, J., and Stauffer, D. R.: A description of the fifth-generation Penn State /NCAR mesoscale model, Tech. Note, NCAR/TN-398+STR, Natl. Cent. Atmos. Res., 138 pp., 1994. Hack, J. J.: Parameterization of moist convection in the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5551–5568, 1994. Harrington, J. Y.: The effects of radiative and microphysical processes on simulated warm and transition season Arctic stratus, PhD Diss., Atmospheric Science Paper No 637, Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, 289 pp., 1997. Highwood, E. J. and Hoskins, B. J.: The tropical tropopause, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1579–1604, 1998. Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-Troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys, 33, 403–439, 1995. Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Morrissey, M. M., Curtis, S., Joyce, R., McGavock, B., and Susskind, J.: Global precipitation at one-degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations, J. Hydrometeor., 2, 36–50, 2001. Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Bolvin, D. T., Gu, G., Nelkin, E. J., Bowman, K. P., Hong, Y., Stocker, E. F., and Wolff, D. B.: The TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis: quasi-global, multi-year, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scale, J. Hydrometeor, 8(1), 38–55, 2007. Kain, J. S. and Fritsch, J. M.: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritsch scheme, the representation of cumulus convection in numerical models, edited by: Emmanuel, K. and Raymond, D. J., Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., USA, 246 pp., 1993. Kain, J. S. and Fritsch, J. M.: The role of the convective "trigger function" in numerical forecasts of mesoscale systems, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 49, 93–106, 1992. Krishnamurti, T. N., Low-Nam, S., and Pash, R.: Cumulus parameterizations and rainfall rates, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 815–828, 1983. Kuo, H. L.: Further studies of the parameterization of the effect of cumulus convection on large-scale flow, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232–1240, 1974. Lawrence, M. G. and Rasch, P. J.: Tracer transport in deep convective updrafts: Plume ensemble versus bulk formulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2880–2894, 2005. Leclair De Bellevue, J., Réchou, A., Baray, J. L., Ancellet, G., and Diab, R. D.: Signatures of stratosphere to troposphere transport near deep convective events in the southern subtropics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24107, doi:10.1029/2005JD006947, 2006. Marécal, V., Rivière, E. D., Held, G., Cautenet, S., and Freitas, S.: Modelling study of the impact of deep convection on the UTLS air composition. Part I: analysis of ozone precursors. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1567–1584, 2006. Nordeng, T. E.: Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics, ECMWF research Department Technical Memorandum 2006, European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 618–629, 1994. Pickering, K. E., Thompson, A. M., Wang, Y., Tao, W.-K., McNamara, D. P., Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., Heikes, B. G., Sachse, G. W., Bradshaw, J. D., Gregory, G. L., and Blake, D. R.: Convective transport of biomass burning emissions over Brazil during TRACE A, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19), 23993–24012, 1996. Ricaud, P., Barret, B., Attié, J.-L., Motte, E., Le Flochmo\"en, E., Teyssèdre, H., Peuch, V.-H., Livesey, N., Lambert, A., and Pommereau, J.-P.: Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5639–5657, 2007. Rivière, E. D., Marécal, V., Cautenet, S., and Larsen, N.: Modelling study of the impact of deep convection on the UTLS air composition. Part II: ozone budget in the TTL. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1585–1598, 2006. Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.: On the control of stratospheric humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2513–2516, 2000. Sherwood, S. C. and Dessler, A. E.: A model for transport across the tropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 765–779, 2001. Stephenson, D. B. and Doblas-Reyes, F. J.: Statistical methods for interpreting Monte Carlo ensemble forecasts, Tellus, 52A, 300–322, 2000. Stohl, A., Bonasoniet, P., Cristofanelli, P., al.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: a review and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8516, doi:10.1029/2002JD002490, 2003. Tiedke, M.: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779–1800, 1989. Vaughan, G., Schiller, C., MacKenzie, A. R., Bower, K., Peter, T., Schlager, H., Harris, N. R. P., and May, P. T., SCOUT-O3/ACTIVE high altitude aircraft measurements around deep tropical convection, B. Am. Metero. Soc., 89, 647–661, 2008. Wang, C., Crutzen, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: The role of a deep convective storm over the tropical Pacific Ocean in the redistribution of atmospheric chemical species, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D6), 11509–11516, 1995. Wang, Y., Tao, W.-K., Pickering, K. E., Thompson, A. M., Kain, J. S., Adler, R. F., Simpson, J., Keehn, P. R., and Lai, G. S.: Mesoscale model simulations of TRACE A and Preliminary Regional Experiment for Storm-scale Operational and Research Meteorology convective systems and associated tracer transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D19), 24013–24027, 1996. Walko, R. L., Cotton, W. R., Meyers, M. P., and Harrington, J. Y.: New RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization. Part I: the single-moment scheme, 38, 29–62, 1995. Wild, O. and Prather, M. J.: Global tropospheric ozone modelling: quantifying errors due to grid resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11305, doi:10.1029/2005JD0006605, 2006. Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre General Circulation Model, Atmos. Ocean., 33, 407–446, 1995. Zhang, K., Wan, H., Zhang, M., and Wang, B.: Evaluation of the atmospheric transport in a GCM using radon measurements: sensitivity to cumulus convection parameterization, Atoms. Chem. Phys., 8, 2811–2832, 2008.