<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-9-707-2009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Modelling of cirrus clouds – Part 1b: Structuring cirrus clouds by dynamics</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Spichtinger</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gierens</surname>
<given-names>K. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092  Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2009</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>707</fpage>
<lpage>719</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/707/2009/acp-9-707-2009.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/707/2009/acp-9-707-2009.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/707/2009/acp-9-707-2009.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/707/2009/acp-9-707-2009.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>A recently developed and validated bulk microphysics scheme for
modelling cirrus clouds (Spichtinger
and Gierens, 2009), implemented into
the anelastic non-hydrostatic model EULAG is used for
investigation of the impact of dynamics on the evolution of an
arctic cirrostratus. Sensitivity studies are performed, using
variation of large-scale updraughts as well as addition of
small-scale temperature fluctuations and wind shear. The results
show the importance of sedimentation of ice crystals on cloud
evolution. Due to non-linear processes like homogeneous nucleation
situations can arise where small changes in the outer parameters
have large effects on the resulting cloud structure.  In-cloud ice
supersaturation is a common feature of all our simulations, and we
show that dynamics is as least as important for its appearance than
is microphysics.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="13"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bacmeister, J., Eckermann, S., Tsias, A., Carslaw, K., and Peter, T.: Mesoscale temperature fluctuations induced by a spectrum of gravity waves: A comparison of parameterizations and their impact on stratospheric microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1913–1924, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Birner, T.: Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006301, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Comstock, J., Ackerman, T. P., Turner, D. D.: Evidence of high ice supersaturation in cirrus clouds using ARM Raman lidar measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11106, doi:10.1029/2004GL019705, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">DeMott, P. J., Rogers, D. C., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: The susceptibility of ice formation in upper tropospheric clouds to insoluble aerosol components, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19575–19584, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dürbeck, T. and Gerz, T.: Dispersion of aircraft exhausts in the free atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, D20, 26007–26015, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Emanuel, K.: Atmospheric convection, Oxford University Press, 580 pp., 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gerz, T.: Coherent structures in stratified turbulent shear flows deduced from direct simulations, in: Turbulence and Coherent Structures, edited by: Métais, O. and Lesieur, M., Grenoble, 18–21 September 1989, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 449–468, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gierens, K.: On the transition between heterogeneous and homogeneous freezing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 437–446, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gierens, K., Kohlhepp, R., Dotzek, N., and Smit, H. G.: Instantaneous fluctuations of temperature and moisture in the upper troposphere and tropopause region. Part 1: Probability densities and their variability, Meteorol. Z., 16, 221–231, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Haag, W. and Kärcher, B., Ström, J., Minikin, A., Lohmann, U., Ovarlez, J., and Stohl, A.: Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ measurements of relative humidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1791–1806, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Haag, W. and Kärcher, B.: The impact of aerosols and gravity waves on cirrus clouds at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12202, doi:10.1029/2004JD00457, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Heymsfield, A. J., and Sabin, R. M. : Cirrus crystal nucleation by homogeneous freezing of solution droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2252–2264, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hoyle, C., Luo, B., and Peter, T.: The origin of high ice crystal number densities in cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2568–2579, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kärcher, B.: Supersaturation, dehydration, and denitrification in Arctic cirrus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1757–1772, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kärcher, B. and Lohmann, U.: A Parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4010, doi:10.1029/2001JD000470, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kärcher, B. and J. Ström: The roles of dynamical variability and aerosols in cirrus cloud formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 823–838, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kärcher, B., Hendricks, J., and Lohmann, U.: Physically-based parameterization of cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D01205, doi:10.1029/2005JD006219, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kay, J. E., Baker, M., and Hegg, D.: Microphysical and dynamical controls on cloud optical depth distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24205, doi:10.1029/2005JD006916, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Koop, T.: Homogeneous ice nucleation in water and aqueous solutions, Z. Phys. Chem., 218, 1231–1258, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Krämer, M., Schiller, C., Afchine, A., Bauer, R., Gensch, I., Mangold, A., Schlicht, S., Spelten, N., Sitnikov, N., Borrmann, S., de Reus, M., Spichtinger, P.: Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 21089–21128, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lee, S.-H., Wilson, J. C., Baumgardner, D., Herman, R. L., Weinstock, E. M., LaFleur, B. G., Kok, G., Anderson, B., Lawson, P., Baker, B., Strawa, A., Pittman, J. V., Reeves, J. M., and Bui, T. P.: New particle formation observed in the tropical/subtropical cirrus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20209, doi:10.1029/2004JD005033, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lin, R.-F., Starr, D., Reichardt, J., and DeMott, P.: Nucleation in synoptically forced cirrostratus, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08208, doi:10.1029/2004JD005362, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Liu, X., Penner, J. E., Ghan, S. J., and Wang, M.: Inclusion of ice microphysics in the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model Version 3 (CAM3), J. Climate, 20, 4526–4547, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ovarlez, J., Gayet, J.-F., Gierens, K., Ström, J., Ovarlez, H., Auriol, F., Busen, R., and Schumann, U.: Water vapor measurements inside cirrus clouds in northern and southern hemispheres during INCA, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1813, doi:10.1029/2001GL014440, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Peter T., Marcolli C., Spichtinger P., Corti, T., Baker M. B., and Koop, T.: When dry air is too humid, Science, 314 (5804), 1399–1400, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Peter, T., Krämer, M., and Möhler, O.: Upper Tropospheric Humidity, SPARC/WCRP Newsletter 30, 9–15, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ren, C. and MacKenzie, R.: Cirrus parametrization and the role of ice nuclei, Q. J. Roy. Meteror. Soc., 131, 1585–1605, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sassen, K. and Dodd, G. C.: Homogeneous nucleation rate for highly supercooled cirrus cloud droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1357–1369, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Smolarkiewicz,~P. and Margolin,~L.: On forward-in-time differencing for fluids: an Eulerian/Semi-Lagrangian non-hydrostatic model for stratified flows, Atmos.-Ocean., 35, 127–152, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Spichtinger P. and Dörnbrack, A.: Microphysical modeling of orographic cirrus clouds, Proceedings of the 12th AMS Conference on Cloud Physics, Madison, USA, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. M.: Modelling of cirrus clouds – Part 2: Competition of different nucleation mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 9061–9098, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. M.: Modelling of cirrus clouds – Part 1a: Model description and validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 685–706, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>