Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
www.atmos-chem-phys.net
1680-7316
1680-7324
9
15
2009
10.5194/acp-9-5417-2009
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5417/2009/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5417/2009/acp-9-5417-2009.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5417/2009/acp-9-5417-2009.pdf
5417
5432
2009-08-03
Characterization of organic ambient aerosol during MIRAGE 2006 on three platforms
S. Gilardoni
S. Liu
S. Takahama
L. M. Russell
lmrussell@ucsd.edu
J. D. Allan
R. Steinbrecher
J. L. Jimenez
P. F. De Carlo
E. J. Dunlea
D. Baumgardner
Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum, Karlsruhe GmbH (IMK-IFU), Germany
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
now at: Joint Research Center, Institute of Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit, Ispra, Italy
now at: Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
Submicron atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during the Megacity
Initiative: Local and Global Research Observation (MILAGRO) in March 2006 at
three platforms located in the Mexico City urban area (at the Mexico City
Atmospheric Monitoring System building – SIMAT), at about 60 km south-east
of the metropolitan area (Altzomoni in the Cortes Pass), and on board the
NCAR C130 aircraft. Organic functional group and elemental composition were
measured by FTIR and XRF. The average organic mass (OM) concentration,
calculated as the sum of organic functional group concentrations, was
9.9 μg m<sup>−3</sup> at SIMAT, 6.6 μg m<sup>−3</sup> at Altzomoni, and
5.7 μg m<sup>−3</sup> on the C130. Aliphatic saturated C-C-H and carboxylic
acid COOH groups dominated OM (more than 60%) at the ground sites. On the
C130, a non-acid carbonyl C=O, carboxylic acid COOH, and amine NH<sub>2</sub>
groups were observed in concentrations above detection limit only outside the
Mexico City basin. From the elemental composition of SIMAT samples, we
estimated the upper bound of average contribution of biomass burning to the
organic carbon (OC) as 33–39%. The average OM/OC ratio was 1.8 at SIMAT,
2.0 at Altzomoni, and 1.6–1.8 on the C130. On the aircraft, higher OM/OC
ratios were measured outside of the Mexico City basin, north of the urban
area, along the city outflow direction. The average carboxylic acid to
aliphatic saturated ratio at SIMAT reflected a local increase of oxidized
functional group concentration in aged particles.
Aiken, A C., De Carlo, P F., and Jimenez, J L.: Elemental analysis of organic species with Electron Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79, 8350–8358, doi:10.1021/ac071150w, 2007.
Aiken, A C., De Carlo, P F., Kroll, J H., Worsnop, D R., Huffman, J A., Docherty, K S., Ulbrich, I M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P J., Canagaratna, M R., Onasch, T B., Alfarra, M R., Prevot, A. S H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J L.: O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol, 42, 4478–4485, doi:10.1021/es703009q, 2008.
Aiken, A. C., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J. R., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Volkamer, R., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) – Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 8377–8427, 2009.
Allan, J D., Alfarra, M R., Bower, K N., Williams, P I., Gallagher, W. M., Jimenez, J L., McDonald, A G., Nemitz, E., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., Coe, H., and Worsnop, D R.: Quantitative sampling using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer 2. Measurements of fine particulate chemical composition in two U.K. cities, J. Geophys. Res., 4091–4108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002359, 2003.
Allan, J D., Delia, A E., Coe, H., Bower, K N., Alfarra, R., M., Jimenez, L., J., Middlebrook, M., A., Drewnick, F., Onasch, T B., Canagaratna, M R., Jayne, J T., and Worsnop, D R.: A generalized method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data, J. Aerosol Sci, 35, 909–922, 2004.
Andreae, M. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, 2001.
Aymoz, G., Jaffrezo, J. L., Chapuis, D., Cozic, J., and Maenhaut, W.: Seasonal variation of PM$_10$ main constituents in two valleys of the French Alps. I: EC/OC fractions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 661–675, 2007.
Baumgardner, D., Grutter, M., Allan, J., Ochoa, C., Rappenglueck, B., Russell, L M., and Arnott, W P.: Physical and chemical properties of the mixed layer in the region of the Mexico Megapolis, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., submitted, 2009.
Beaton, S P., Bishop, G A., and Stedman, D H.: Emission characteristics of Mexico City vehicles, Air and Waste, 42, 1424–1429, 1992.
Canagaratna, M R., Jimenez, J L., Allan, J D., Alfarra, M R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L R., Trimborn, A M., Northway, M J., De Carlo, P. F andKolb, C E., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D R.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185–222, 2007.
Chan, Y C., Simpson, R W., McTainsh, G H., Vowles, P D., Cohen, D D., and Bailey, G M.: Source apportionment of visibility degradation problems in Brisbane (Australia) using the multiple linear regression techniques, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3237–3250, 1999.
Charlson, R J., Schwartz, S E., Hales, J M., Cess, R D., Coakley, J A., J., Hansen, J E., and Hofmann, D J.: Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols, Science, 255, 423–430, 1992.
Chow, J., Watson, J., Edgerton, S., and Vega, E.: Chemical composition of PM2. 5 and PM10 in Mexico City during winter 1997, Sci. Total Environ., 287, 177–201, 2002.
Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Blake, D. R., Emmons, L. K., Campos, T. L., Apel, E. C., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Yokelson, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 2699–2734, 2009.
Day, D. A., Takahama, S., Gilardoni, S. G., and Russell, L. M.: Organic composition of single and submicron particles in different regions of western North America and the eastern Pacific during INTEX-B 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5433–5446, 2009.
de Foy, B., Fast, J. D., Paech, S. J., Phillips, D., Walters, J. T., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Kastendeuch, P. P., Marley, N. A., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Basin-scale wind transport during the MILAGRO field campaign and comparison to climatology using cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1209–1224, 2008.
De Carlo, P., Kimmel, J., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Aiken, J., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, K., Docherty, K., Worsnop, D., and Jimenez, J L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 24, 8281–8289, 2006.
DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027–4048, 2008.
Doran, J. C., Barnard, J. C., Arnott, W. P., Cary, R., Coulter, R., Fast, J. D., Kassianov, E. I., Kleinman, L., Laulainen, N. S., Martin, T., Paredes-Miranda, G., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Smith, D. F., Springston, S. R., and Yu, X.-Y.: The T1–T2 study: evolution of aerosol properties downwind of Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1585–1598, 2007.
Duan, M., Zhuang, G., Li, X., Tao, H., and Zhuang, Y.: The characteristics of carbonaceous species and their sources in PM$_2.5$ in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1275–1282, 2004.
Edgerton, S A., Arriaga, J L., Archuleta, J., Bian, X., Bossert, J E., Chow, J C., Coulter, R., Doran, J C., Doskey, P V., Elliott, S., Fast, J D., Gaffney, J S., Guzman, F., Hubbe, J., Lee, J T., Malone, N A., McNair, L A., Neff, W., Ortiz, E., Petty, R., Ruiz, M., Shaw, W J., Sosa, G., Vega, E., Watson, J G., Whiteman, C D., and Zhong, S.: Particulate air pollution, J. Air Waste Manage., 49, 1221–1229, 1999.
El-Zanan, H., Lowenthal, D., Zielinska, B., Chow, J., and Kumar, N.: Determination of the organic aerosol mass to organic carbon ratio in IMPROVE samples, Chemosphere, 60, 485–496, 2005.
Emeis, S., Jahn, C., Munkel, C., Munsterer, C., and Schafer, K.: Multiple atmospheric layering and mixing-layer height in the Inn valley observed by remote sensing, Meteorol. Z., 16, 415–424, 2007.
Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233–2257, 2007.
Fine, P M., Cass, G R., and Simoneit, B. R T.: Chemical Characterization of Fine Particle Emissions from the Fireplace Combustion of Woods Grown in the Southern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol, 36, 1442–1451, doi:10.1021/es0108988, 2002.
Gilardoni, S., Russell, L M., Sorooshian, A., Flagan, R C., Seinfeld, J H., Bates, T S., Quinn, P K., Allan, J D., Williams, B., Goldstein, A H., Onasch, T B., and Worsnop, D R.: Regional variation of organic functional groups in aerosol particles on four U.S. east coast platforms during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation 2004 campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S27, doi:10.1029/2006JD007737, 2007.
Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O L., Guyon, P., Roberts, G C., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Ka, P., and Andreae, M O.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8047, doi:10.1029/2001JD000336, 2002.
Grutter, M., Basaldud, R., Rivera, C., Harig, R., Junkerman, W., Caetano, E., and Delgado-Granados, H.: SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from Popocatépetl volcano: emission rates and plume imaging using optical remote sensing techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6655–6663, 2008.
Hildemann, L M., Mazurek, M A., Cass, G R., and Simoneit, B. R T.: Seasonal Trends in Los Angeles Ambient Organic Aerosol Observed by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 20, 303–317, 1994.
Jayne, J T., Leard, D C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., S., A., K., Kolb, C E., and Worsnop, D R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 49–70, 2000.
Jimenez, J L., Jayne, J T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C E., Worsnop, D R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J H., Flagan, R C., Zhang, X., Smith, K A., Morris, J W., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108, SOS13-1–SOS13-13, prefixdoi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.
Johnson, K. S., de Foy, B., Zuberi, B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Xie, Y., Laskin, A., and Shutthanandan, V.: Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4591–4600, 2006.
Jordan, T B. and Seen, A J.: Effect of airflow setting on the organic composition of woodheater emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol, 39, 3601–3610, 2005.
Kang, C.-M., Kang, B.-W., and Lee, H S.: Source identification and trends in concentrations of gaseous and fine particulate principal species in Seoul, South Korea, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 911–921, 2006.
Kawamura, K. and Ikushima, K.: Seasonal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids in the urban atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol, 27, 2227–2235, doi:10.1021/es00047a033, 1993.
Kawamura, K. and Yasui, O.: Diurnal changes in the distribution of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and dicarbonyls in the urban Tokyo atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1945–1960, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.014, 2005.
Kiss, G., Varga, B., Galambos, I., and Ganszky, I.: Characterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated from atmospheric fine aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8339, doi:10.1029/2001JD000603, 2002.
Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y.-N., Nunnermacker, L. J., Senum, G. I., Wang, J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J., Alexander, M. L., Hubbe, J., Ortega, J., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J.: The time evolution of aerosol composition over the Mexico City plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1559–1575, 2008.
Kowalczyk, G S., Gordon, G E., and Rheingrover, S W.: Identification of atmospheric particulate sources in Washington, DC using chemical element balances, Environ. Sci. Technol, 16, 79–90, doi:10.1021/es00096a005, 1982.
Lindberg, J D.: Composition and optical absorption coefficient of atmospheric particulate matter, Opt. Quant. Electron., 7, 131–139, 1975.
Liu, S., Takahama, S., Russell, L. M., Gilardoni, S., and Baumgardner, D.: Oxygenated organic functional groups and their sources in single and submicron organic particles in MILAGRO 2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 4567–4607, 2009.
Maenhaut, W. and Cafmeyer, J.: Particle induced x-ray emission analysis and multivariate techniques: an application to the study of the sources of respirable atmospheric particles in Ghent, Belgium, J. Trace Microprobe T., 5, 135–158, 1987.
Maria, S F., Russell, L M., Turpin, B J., and Porcja, R J.: FTIR measurements of functional groups and organic mass in aerosol samples over the Caribbean, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5185–5196, 2002.
Maria, S F., Russell, L M., Turpin, B J., Porcja, R J., Campos, T L., Weber, R J., and Huebert, B J.: Source signatures of carbon monoxide and organic functional groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) submicron aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 108, ACE~5-1–ACE~5-14, doi:10.1029/2003JD003703, 2003.
Marquez, C., Castro, T., Muhlia, A., Moya, M., Martinez-Arroyo, A., and Baez, A.: Measurement of aerosol particles, gases and flux radiation in the Pico de Orizaba National Park, and its relationship to air pollution transport, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3877–3890, 2005.
Mayol-Bracero, O L., Guyon, P., Graham, B., Roberts, G., Andreae, M O., Decesari, S., Facchini, M C., Fuzzi, S., and Artaxo, P.: Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia 2. Apportionment of the chemical composition and importance of the polyacidic fraction, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8091, doi:10.1029/2001JD000522, 2002.
McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O'Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593–2649, 2006.
Miranda, J., Cahill, T A., Morales, J R., Aldape, F., Flores~M, J., and Diaz, R V.: Determination of elemental concentrations in atmospheric aerosols in Mexico City using proton induced x-ray emission, proton elastic scattering, and laser absorption, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2299–2306, 1994.
Miranda, J., Andrade, E., Lopez-Suarez, A., Ledesma, R., Cahill, T A., and Wakabayashi, P H.: A receptor model for atmospheric aerosols from a southwestern site in Mexico City, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3771–3479, 1996.
Miranda, J., Barrera, V A., Espinosa, A A., Galindo, O S., Nunez-Orosco, A., Montesinos, R C., Leal-Castro, A., and Meinguer, J.: PIXE analysis of atmospheric aerosols from three sites in Mexico City, Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 157–160, 2004.
Moffet, R. C., de Foy, B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., and Prather, K. A.: Measurement of ambient aerosols in northern Mexico City by single particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4499–4516, 2008.
Molina, L. T., Kolb, C. E., de Foy, B., Lamb, B. K., Brune, W. H., Jimenez, J. L., Ramos-Villegas, R., Sarmiento, J., Paramo-Figueroa, V. H., Cardenas, B., Gutierrez-Avedoy, V., and Molina, M. J.: Air quality in North America's most populous city – overview of the MCMA-2003 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2447–2473, 2007.
Molina, L T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J S., and Singh, H B.: Overview of MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign, IGAC News Letter, 38, 2–15, 2008.
Molina, M J. and Molina, L T.: Air Quality in Mexico Megacity: An Integrated Assessment, 384~pp., 2002.
O'Brien, R J., Crabtree, J H., Holmes, J R., Hoggan, M C., and Bocklan, A H.: Formation of photochemical aerosol from hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol, 9, 577–582, 1975a.
O'Brien, R J., Holmes, J R., and Bocklan, A H.: Formation of photochemical aerosol from hydrocarbons Chemical reactivity and products, Environ. Sci. Technol, 9, 586–576, 1975b.
Pope, C A., r., Thun, M J., Namboodiri, M M., Dockery, D W., Evans, J S., Speizer, F E., and Heath, C W. J.: Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults, Am, J. Resp. Crit. Care, 151, 669–674, 1995.
Putaud, J P., Raes, F., Van~Dingenen, R., Bruggemann, E., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Huglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Muller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., ten Brink, H., Torseth, K., and Wiedensohler, A.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2579–2595, 2004.
Querol, X., Pey, J., Minguillón, M. C., Pérez, N., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., Moreno, T., Bernabé, R. M., Blanco, S., Cárdenas, B., Vega, E., Sosa, G., Escalona, S., Ruiz, H., and Artíñano, B.: PM speciation and sources in Mexico during the MILAGRO-2006 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 111–128, 2008.
Raga, G B., Kok, G L., Baumgardner, D., Baez, A., and Rosas, I.: Evidence for Volcanic Influence on Mexico City Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1149–1152, doi:10.1029/1999GL900154, 1999.
Rivera, C., Sosa, G., Wöhrnschimmel, H., de Foy, B., Johansson, M., and Galle, B.: Tula industrial complex (Mexico) emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> during the MCMA 2006 field campaign using a Mini-DOAS system, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 5153–5176, 2009.
Robinson, A., Donahue, N M., Shrivastava, M K., Weitkamp, E A., Sage, A M., Grieshop, A P., Lane, T E., Pierce, J R., and Pandis: Rethinking organic aerosols: semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259–1262, 2007.
Rogge, W F., Hildemann, L M., Mazurek, M A., and Cass, G R.: Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 9. Pine, Oak, and Synthetic Log Combustion in Residential Fireplaces, Environ. Sci. Technol, 32, 13–22, doi:10.1021/es960930b, 1998.
Russell, L M.: Aerosol Organic-Mass-to-Organic-Carbon Ratio Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol, 37, 2982–2987, doi:10.1021/es026123w, 2003.
Russell, L M., Takahama, S., Liu, S., Hawkins, L N., Covert, D S., Quinn, P K., and Bates, T S.: Oxigenated fraction and mass of organic aerosol from direct emission and atmospheric processing collected on the R/V Ronald Brown during TEXAQS/GoMACCS 2006, J. Geophys. Res, 114, D00F05, doi:10.1029/2008JD011275, 2009.
Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Dzepina, K., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cardenas, B., Bernabé, R. M., Márquez, C., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925–946, 2006.
Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L M.: Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: a critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 57–109, 1996.
Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, 1326~pp., 1998.
Shaw, W. J., Pekour, M. S., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., and Walters, J. T.: The daytime mixing layer observed by radiosonde, profiler, and lidar during MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 15025–15065, 2007.
Simoneit, B. R T., Elias, V O., Kobayashi, M., Kawamura, K., Rushdi, A., Medeiros, P M., Rogge, W F., and Didyk, B M.: Sugars-Dominant Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Soils and Characterization as Tracers in Atmospheric Particulate Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol, 38, 5939–5949, 2004a.
Simoneit, B. R T., Kobayashi, M., Mochida, M., Kawamura, K., Lee, M., Lim, H.-J., Turpin, B J., and Komazaki, Y.: Composition and major sources of organic compounds of aerosol particulate matter sampled during the ACE-Asia campaign, J. Geophys. Res, 109, 1–22, 2004b.
Simpson, D., Yttri, K E., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Caseiro, A., Gelencser, A., Pio, C., Puxbaum, H., and Legrand, M.: Modeling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe: Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S14, doi:10.1029/2006JD008158, 2007.
SMADF: Inventario de Emisiones a la Atmosfera. Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Mexico, 2000, online available at: http://www.sma.df.gob.mx, 2002.
SMADF: Informe del Estado de la Calidad del Ayre y Tendencias para la Zona Metropolitana del Valle del Mexico, online available at: http://www.sma.df.gob.mx, 2003.
Stone, E. A., Snyder, D. C., Sheesley, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1249–1259, 2008.
Tie, X., Madronich, S., Li, G., Ying, Z., Weinheimer, A., Apel, E., and Campos, T.: Simulation of Mexico City plumes during the MIRAGE-Mex field campaign using the WRF-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 9221–9266, 2009.
Turpin, B J. and Lim, H.-J.: Species contributions to PM2..5 mass concentrations: revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35, 602–610, 2001.
Vega, E., Mugica, V., Reyes, E., Sanchez, G., Chow, J C., and Watson, J G.: Chemical composition of fugitive dust emitters in Mexico City, Atmospheric, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4033–4039, 2001.
Watson, J G. and Chow, J C.: Source characterization of major emission sources in the Imperial and Mexicali Valleys along the US/Mexico border, Sci. Total Environ., 276, 33–47, 2001.
Yokelson, R. J., Urbanski, S. P., Atlas, E. L., Toohey, D. W., Alvarado, E. C., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Fisher, M. E., Wold, C. E., Campos, T. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions from forest fires near Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5569–5584, 2007.
Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J L., Canagaratna, M R., Allan, J D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A M., Sun, Y L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., De Carlo, P F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J Y., Zhang, Y M., and Worsnop, D R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007.
Zhang, X., Smith, K A., Worsnop, D R., Jimenez, J L., Jayne, J T., and Kolb, C E.: A numerical characterization of particle beam collimation by an aerodynamic lens-nozzle system: part I. An individual lens or nozzle, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 36, 617–631, 2002.
Zhang, X., Smith, K A., Worsnop, D R., Jimenez, J L., Jayne, J T., Kolb, C E., Morris, J W., and Davidovits, P.: Numerical characterization of particle beam collimation: Part II integrated aerodynamic-lens-nozzle system, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 36, 619–638, 2004