References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-9-5057-2009

Modelling chemistry over the Dead Sea: bromine and ozone chemistry

Smoydzin

¹ ² von Glasow

School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

now at: Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, P. O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany

28 07 2009

9 14 5057 5072

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5057/2009/acp-9-5057-2009.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5057/2009/acp-9-5057-2009.pdf

Measurements of O3 and BrO concentrations over the Dead Sea indicate that Ozone Depletion Events (ODEs), widely known to happen in polar regions, are also occuring over the Dead Sea due to the very high bromine content of the Dead Sea water. However, we show that BrO and O3 levels as they are detected cannot solely be explained by high Br− levels in the Dead Sea water and the release of gas phase halogen species out of sea borne aerosol particles and their conversion to reactive halogen species. It is likely that other sources for reactive halogen compounds are needed to explain the observed concentrations for BrO and O3. To explain the chemical mechanism taking place over the Dead Sea leading to BrO levels of several pmol/mol we used the one-dimensional model MISTRA which calculates microphysics, meteorology, gas and aerosol phase chemistry. We performed pseudo Lagrangian studies by letting the model column first move over the desert which surrounds the Dead Sea region and then let it move over the Dead Sea itself. To include an additional source for gas phase halogen compounds, gas exchange between the Dead Sea water and the atmosphere is treated explicitly. Model calculations indicate that this process has to be included to explain the measurements.

References 1

Alpert, P., Shafir, H., and Issahary, D.: Recent changes in the climate at the Dead Sea - A Preliminary Study, Climate Change, 37, 513–537, 1997.

Anati, D. and Shasha, S.: Dead Sea surface-level changes, Isr. J. Earth Sci., 38, 29–32, 1989.

Barrie, L A., Bottenheim, J W., Schnell, R C., Crutzen, P J., and Rasmussen, R A.: Ozone destruction and photochemical reactions at polar sunrise in the lower Arctic atmosphere, Nature, 334, 138–141, 1988.

Bitan, A.: The Influence of the Special Shape of the Dead-Sea and Its Environment on the Local Wind System, Arch. Meteor. Geophy. B, 24, 283–301, 1977.

Fickert, S., Adams, J W., and Crowley, J N.: Activation of \chemBr_2 and \chemBrCl via uptake of \chemHOBr onto aqueous salt solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23719–23727, 1999.

Hebestreit, K., Stutz, J., Rosen, D., Matveev, V., Peleg, M., Luria, M., and Platt, U.: \mboxDOAS Measurements of Tropospheric Bromine Oxide in Mid-Latitudes, Science, 283, 55–57, 1999.

Hönninger, G., Bobrowski, N., Palenque, E R., Torrez, R., and Platt, U.: Reactive bromine and sulfur emissions at Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04101, doi:10.1029/2003GL018818, 2004.

Jaenicke, R.: Aerosol Physics and Chemistry, in: Landolt-Börnstein "Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik", V~4b, 391–457, Springer, 1988.

Jaworske, D. and Helz, G.: Rapid Consumption of Bromine Oxide in River and Estuarine Waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1188–1191, 1985.

Kerkweg, A., Sander, R., Tost, H., Jöckel, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Technical Note: Simulation of detailed aerosol chemistry on the global scale using MECCA-AERO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2973–2985, 2007.

Liss, P S. and Slater, P G.: Flux of Gases across the Air-Sea Interface, Nature, 147, 181–184, 1974.

Matveev, V., Peleg, M., Rosen, D., Tov-Alper, D S., Hebestreit, K., Stutz, J., Platt, U., Blake, D., and Luria, M.: Bromine oxide – ozone interaction over the Dead Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10375–10387, 2001.

Monahan, E C., Spiel, D E., and Davidson, K L.: A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption, in: Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by: Monahan, E C. and Niocaill, G M., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass, 167–174, 1986.

Nissenbaum, A.: The Microbiology and Biogeochemistry of the Dead Sea, Microb. Ecol., 2, 139–161, 1975.

Oren, A.: Microbial life at high salt concentrations: phylogenetic and metabolic diversity, Saline Systems, 4(2), doi:10.11861/1746-1448-4-2, 2008.

Oren, A. and Ventosa, A.: Benjamin Elazari Volcani (1915-1999: Sixty-three years of studies of the microbiology of the Dead Sea), Int. Microbiol., 2, 195–198, 1999.

Pechtl, S., Schmitz, G., and von Glasow, R.: Modelling iodide – iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol: Contributions of inorganic and organic iodine chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1381–1393, 2007.

Pozzer, A., Jöckel, P., Sander, R., Williams, J., Ganzeveld, L., and Lelieveld, J.: Technical Note: The MESSy-submodel AIRSEA calculating the air-sea exchange of chemical species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5435–5444, 2006.

Pruppacher, H R. and Klett, J D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Academic Pub., Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1997.

Sander, S P., Finlayson-Pitts, B J., Friedl, R R., Golden, D M., Huie, R E., Keller-Rudek, H., Kolb, C E., Kurylo, M J., Molina, M J., Moortgat, G K., Orkin, V L., Ravishankara, A R., and Wine, P H.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmoshperic Studies, JPL Publication 06-2, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Evaluation Number 15, 2006.

Shimoni, M., Ben-Dor, E., Karnieli, A., Eichler, J., van~der Meer, F., and Kaufmann, H.: Searching for Life in the Dead Sea: Microbiological Study Using Imaging Spectroscopy, Vol. 4545, in: Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology, edited by: Ehlers, M., Proceedings of SPIE, 155–164, 2002.

Sirkes, Z., Schirmer, F., Essen, H.-H., and Gurgel, K.-W.: Surface currents and seiches in the Dead Sea, in: The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting, edited by: Niemi, T.,~Ben-Avrahem, Z., and~Gat, J., Oxford Monogr. Geol. Geophys., vol. 36, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 104–113, 1997.

Stutz, J., Hebestreit, K., Alicke, B., and Platt, U.: Chemistry of Halogen Oxides in the Troposphere: Comparison of Model Calculations with Recent Field Data, J. Atmos. Chem., 34, 65–85, 1999.

Stutz, J., Ackermann, R., Fast, J D., and Barrie, L.: Atmospheric Reactive Chlorine and Bromine at the Great Salt Lake, Utah, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1380, doi:10.1029/2002GL014812, 2002.

Sverdrup, H., Johnson, M., and Fleming, R.: The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1942.

Tang, I.: Thermodynamic and optical properties of mixed-salt aerosols of atmospheric interest, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1883–1893, 1997.

Tas, E., Matveeva, V., Zingler, J., Luria, M., and Peleg, M.: Frequency and extent of ozone destruction episodes over the Dead Sea, Israel, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4769–4780, 2003.

Tas, E., Peleg, M., Matveev, V., Zingler, J., and Luria, M.: Frequency and extent of bromine oxide formation over the Dead Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11304, doi:10.1029/2004JD005665, 2005.

Tas, E., Peleg, M., Pedersen, D. U., Matveev, V., Pour Biazar, A., and Luria, M.: Measurement-based modeling of bromine chemistry in the boundary layer: 1. Bromine chemistry at the Dead Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5589–5604, 2006.

Tas, E., Peleg, M., Pedersen, D. U., Matveev, V., Biazar, A. P., and Luria, M.: Measurement-based modeling of bromine chemistry in the Dead Sea boundary layer – Part 2: The influence of NO2 on bromine chemistry at mid-latitude areas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4811–4821, 2008.

Vogt, R., Crutzen, P J., and Sander, R.: A mechanism for halogen release from sea-salt aerosol in the remote marine boundary layer, Nature, 383, 327–330, 1996.

von Glasow, R. and Crutzen, P.: Troposheric Halogen Chemistry, Vol. 4.02, in: Treatise on Geochemistry Update 1, edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, 1–67, 2007.

von Glasow, R., Sander, R., Bott, A., and Crutzen, P.: Modeling halogen chemistry in the marine boundary layer 1. Cloud-free MBL, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4341, doi:10.1029/2001JD000942, 2002a.

von Glasow, R., Sander, R., Bott, A., and Crutzen, P J.: Modeling halogen chemistry in the marine boudary layer 2. Interactions with sulfur and cloud-covered MBL, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4323, doi:10.1029/2001JD000943, 2002b.

Zingler, J. and Platt, U.: Iodine oxide in the Dead Sea Valley: Evidence for inorganic sources of boundary layer IO, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07307, doi:10.1029/2004JD004993, 2005.