ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-9-4957-2009 Source apportionment of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Seoul, Korea Heo J.-B. 1 Hopke P. K. 2 Yi S.-M. 1 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA 27 07 2009 9 14 4957 4971 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/4957/2009/acp-9-4957-2009.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/4957/2009/acp-9-4957-2009.pdf

PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were collected at a centrally located urban monitoring site in Seoul, Korea, every third day from March 2003 to December 2006 and analyzed for their chemical constituents. Sources were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF). A total of 393 samples were obtained during the sampling period, and 20 chemical species were measured. Nine PM<sub>2.5</sub> source categories were identified providing physically realistic profiles and interesting insights into the source contributions to the ambient mass concentrations. The major contributors of PM<sub>2.5</sub> were secondary nitrate (20.9%), secondary sulfate (20.5%), gasoline-fueled vehicles (17.2%), and biomass burning (12.1%), with lesser contributions from diesel emissions (8.1%), soil (7.4%), industry (6.7%), road salt and two-stroke vehicles (5.1%), and aged sea salt (2.2%). PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels in Seoul were influenced by both local urban activities and regional-scale transport. Conditional probability function (CPF) results identified possible source directions of local sources such as motor vehicles (gasoline and diesel), industry, and road salt. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) results showed that possible source areas contributing to the elevated secondary particle concentrations (sulfate and nitrate) in Seoul to be the major industrial areas in China.

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