References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-9-3893-2009

Global upper-tropospheric formaldehyde: seasonal cycles observed by the ACE-FTS satellite instrument

Dufour

¹ Szopa

² Barkley

M. P.

³ Boone

C. D.

⁴ Perrin

¹ Palmer

P. I.

³ Bernath

P. F.

⁴ ⁵

Laboratoire Inter-universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, Universités Paris 12 et Paris 7, CNRS, Créteil, France

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ Gif-sur-Yvette, France

School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK

Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada

Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK

16 06 2009

9 12 3893 3910

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Seasonally-resolved upper tropospheric profiles of formaldehyde (HCHO) observed by the ACE Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on a near-global scale are presented for the time period from March 2004 to November 2006. Large upper tropospheric HCHO mixing ratios (>150 pptv) are observed during the growing season of the terrestrial biosphere in the Northern Hemisphere and during the biomass burning season in the Southern Hemisphere. The total errors estimated for the retrieved mixing ratios range from 30 to 40% in the upper troposphere and increase in the lower stratosphere. The sampled HCHO concentrations are in satisfactory agreement with previous aircraft and satellite observations with a negative bias (<25%) within observation errors. An overview of the seasonal cycle of the upper tropospheric HCHO is given for different latitudes, with a particular focus on mid-to-high latitudes that are well sampled by the observations. A maximum is observed during summer, i.e. during the growing season, in the northern mid- and high latitudes. The influence of biomass burning is visible in HCHO upper tropospheric concentrations during the September-to-October period in the southern tropics and subtropics. Comparisons with two state-of-the-art models (GEOS-Chem and LMDz-INCA) show that the models capture well the seasonal variations observed in the Northern Hemisphere (correlation >0.9). Both models underestimate the summer maximum over Europe and Russia and differences in the emissions used for North America result in a good reproduction of the summer maximum by GEOS-Chem but in an underestimate by LMDz-INCA. Globally, GEOS-Chem reproduces well the observations on average over one year but has some difficulties in reproducing the spatial variability of the observations. LMDz-INCA shows significant bias in the Southern Hemisphere, perhaps related to an underestimation of methane, but better reproduces the temporal and spatial variations. The differences between the models underline the large uncertainties that remain in the emissions of HCHO precursors.

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