References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-9-3799-2009

SCIAMACHY CO over land and oceans: 2003–2007 interannual variability

Gloudemans

A. M. S.

¹ de Laat

A. T. J.

¹ ² Schrijver

¹ Aben

¹ Meirink

J. F.

² van der Werf

G. R.

SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), de Bilt, The Netherlands

Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

11 06 2009

9 11 3799 3813

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3799/2009/acp-9-3799-2009.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3799/2009/acp-9-3799-2009.pdf

We present a new method to obtain accurate SCIAMACHY CO columns over clouded ocean scenes. Based on an improved version of the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) retrieval algorithm, we now have retrieved five years of data over both land and clouded ocean scenes between 2003 and 2007. The ocean-cloud method uses the CH4 columns retrieved simultaneously with the CO columns to determine the cloud top height. The CH4 cloud top height is in good agreement with the FRESCO+ cloud top height determined from UV-VIS oxygen-A band measurements, providing confidence that the CH4 cloud top height is a good diagnostic of the cloud top height over (partially) clouded ocean scenes. The CO measurements over clouded ocean scenes have been compared with collocated modeled CO columns over the same clouds and agree well. Using clouded ocean scenes quadruples the number of useful CO measurements compared to land-only measurements. The five-year CO data set over land and clouded ocean scenes presented here is based on an improved version of the IMLM algorithm which includes a more accurate determination of the random instrument-noise error for CO. This leads to a smaller spread in the differences between single CO measurements and the corresponding model values. The new version, IMLM version 7.4, also uses updated spectroscopic parameters for H2O and CH4 but this has only a minor impact on the retrieved CO columns. The five-year data set shows significant interannual variability over land and over clouded ocean scenes. Three examples are highlighted: the Asian outflow of pollution over the northern Pacific, the biomass-burning outflow over the Indian Ocean originating from Indonesia, and biomass burning in Brazil. In general there is good agreement between observed and modeled seasonal cycles and interannual variability.

References 1

Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noël, S., Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A.: SCIAMACHY: Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, 1999.

Bowman, K. P.: Transport of carbon monoxide from the tropics to the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02107, doi:10.1029/2005JD006137, 2006.

Buchwitz, M., de Beek, R., Noël, S., Burrows, J. P., Bovensmann, H., Schneising, O., Khlystova, I., Bruns, M., Bremer, H., Bergamaschi, P., Körner, S., and Heimann, M.: Atmospheric carbon gases retrieved from SCIAMACHY by WFM-DOAS: version 0.5 CO and CH4 and impact of calibration improvements on CO2 retrieval, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2727–2751, 2006.

Buchwitz, M., Khlystova, I., Bovensmann, H., and Burrows, J. P.: Three years of global carbon monoxide from SCIAMACHY: comparison with MOPITT and first results related to the detection of enhanced CO over cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2399–2411, 2007.

Cicerone, R. J.: How has the Atmospheric Concentration of CO changed, in: The Changing Atmosphere, edited by: Rowland, F. S. and Isaksen, I. S. A., Wiley, 49–61, 1988.

Deeter, M. N., Emmons, L. K., Francis, G. L., et al.: Operational carbon monoxide retrieval algorithm and selected results for the MOPITT instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4399, doi:10.1029/2002JD003186, 2003.

De Laat, A. T. J., Lelieveld, J., Dickerson, R. R., Lobert, J., and Roelofs, G. J.: Source analysis of carbon monoxide pollution during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28481–28495, 2001.

De Laat, A. T. J., Gloudemans, A. M. S., Schrijver, H., van den Broek, M. M. P., Meirink, J. F., Aben, I., and Krol, M.: Quantitative analysis of SCIAMACHY carbon monoxide total column measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07807, doi:10.1029/2005GL025530, 2006.

De Laat, A. T. J., Gloudemans, A. M. S., Aben, I., Krol, M., Meirink, J. F., van der Werf, G. R., and Schrijver, H.: SCIAMACHY carbon monoxide total columns: statistical evaluation and comparison with CTM results, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12310, doi:10.1029/2006JD008256, 2007.

Edwards D. P., Emmons, L. K., Hauglustaine, D. A., et al.: Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the Terra satellite: Northern Hemisphere variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004727, 2004.

Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Gille, J. C., et al.: Satellite-observed pollution from Southern Hemisphere biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14312, doi:10.1029/2005JD006655, 2006a.

Edwards D. P., Pétron, G., Novelli, P. C., Emmons, L. K., Gille, J. C., and Drummond, J. R.: Southern Hemisphere carbon monoxide interannual variability observed by Terra/Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16303, doi:10.1029/2006JD007079, 2006b.

Frankenberg, C., Platt, U., and Wagner, T.: Retrieval of CO from SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT: detection of strongly polluted areas and seasonal patterns in global CO abundances, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1639–1644, 2005.

Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P.: Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 957–974, 2006.

Gloudemans, A. M. S., Schrijver, H., Kleipool, Q., van den Broek, M. M. P., Straume, A. G., Lichtenberg, G., van Hees, R. M., Aben, I., and Meirink, J. F.: The impact of SCIAMACHY near-infrared instrument calibration on CH4 and CO total columns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2369–2383, 2005.

Gloudemans, A. M. S., Krol, M. C., Meirink, J. F., de Laat, A. T. J., van der Werf, G. R., Schrijver, H., van den Broek, M. M. P., and Aben, I.: Evidence for long-range transport of Carbon Monoxide in the Southern Hemisphere from SCIAMACHY observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16807, doi:10.1029/2006GL026804, 2006.

Gloudemans, A. M. S., Schrijver, H., Hasekamp, O. P., and Aben, I.: Error analysis for CO and CH4 total column retrievals from SCIAMACHY 2.3 μm spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3999–4017, 2008.

Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Jones, D. B. A., Palmer, P. I., Logan, J. A., Streets, D. G., Sachse, G. W., Gille, J. C., Hoffman, R. N., and Nehrkorn, T.: Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MOPITT) and aircraft (TRACE-P) observations to estimate Asian sources of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005185, 2004.

Jenouvrier, A., Daumonta, L., Régalia-Jarlot, L., Tyuterev, V. G., Carleer, M., Vandaele, A. C., Mikhailenko, S., and Fally, S.: Fourier transform measurements of water vapor line parameters in the 4200–6600 cm−1 region, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 105, 326–355, 2007.

Kopacz, M., Jacob, D. J., Henze, D. K., Heald, C. L., Streets, D. G., and Zhang, Q.: Comparison of adjoint and analytical Bayesian inversion methods for constraining Asian sources of carbon monoxide using satellite (MOPITT) measurements of CO columns, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04305, doi:10.1029/2007JD009264, 2009.

Koren, I., Remer, L. A., and Longo, K.: Reversal of trend of biomass burning in the Amazon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20404, doi:10.1029/2007GL031530, 2007.

Krijger, J. M., Aben, I., and Schrijver, H.: Distinction between clouds and ice/snow covered surfaces in the identification of cloud-free observations using SCIAMACHY PMDs, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2729–2738, 2005.

Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Ramanathan, V., et al.: The Indian Ocean Experiment: Widespread air pollution from south and southeast Asia, Science, 291, 1031–1036, 2001.

McMillan, W. W., Barnet, C., Strow, L., et al.: Daily global maps of carbon monoxide from NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11801, doi:10.1029/2004GL021821, 2005.

Meirink, J. F., Eskes, H. J., and Goede, A. P. H.: Sensitivity analysis of methane emissions derived from SCIAMACHY observations through inverse modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1275–1292, 2006.

Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Anderson, L. O., Arai, E., Espirito-Santo, F. D., Freitas, R., and Morisette, J.: Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(39), 14637–14641, doi:10.1073/pnas.0606377103, 2006.

Petersen A. K., Warneke, T., Lawrence, M. G., Notholt, J., and Schrems, O.: First ground-based FTIR observations of the seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in the tropics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03813, doi:10.1029/2007GL031393, 2008.

Predoi-Cross, A., Brawley-Tremblay, M., Brown, L. R., Malathy Devi, V., and Chris Benner, D.: Multispectrum analysis of $^12$CH4 from 4100 to 4635 cm−1: II. Air-broadening coefficients (widths and shifts), J. Mol. Spectrosc. 236, 201–215, 2006.

Ramanathan, V., Ramana, M. V., Roberts, G., Kim, D., Corrigan, C., Chung, C., and Winker, D.: Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption, Nature, 448, 575–578, doi:10.1038/nature06019, 2007.

Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., et al.: The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 96, 139–204, 2005.

Schrijver, H.: Retrieval of carbon monoxide, methane and nitrous oxide from SCIAMACHY measurements, in Proc. ESAMS, European Symposium on Atmospheric Measurements from Space, ESA WPP-161 1, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 285–294, 1999.

Seinfeld, J.: Black carbon and brown clouds, Nature Geosci., 1, 15–16, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.62, 2008.

Shindell, D T., Faluvegi, G., Stevenson, D S., et al.: Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007100, 2006.

Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., Forster, C., James, P., and Spichtinger, N.: On the pathways and timescales of intercontinental air pollution transport, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4684, doi:10.1029/2001JD001396, 2002.

Tanimoto, H., Sawa, Y., Yonemura, S., Yumimoto, K., Matsueda, H., Uno, I., Hayasaka, T., Mukai, H., Tohjima, Y., Tsuboi, K., and Zhang, L.: Diagnosing recent CO emissions and ozone evolution in East Asia using coordinated surface observations, adjoint inverse modeling, and MOPITT satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3867–3880, 2008.

Turquety, S., Clerbaux, C., Law, K., Coheur, P.-F., Cozic, A., Szopa, S., Hauglustaine, D. A., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Gloudemans, A. M. S., Schrijver, H., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., and Edwards, D. P.: CO emission and export from Asia: an analysis combining complementary satellite measurements (MOPITT, SCIAMACHY and ACE-FTS) with global modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5187–5204, 2008.

van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006.

van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Gobron, N., and Dolman, A. J.: Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3028, doi:10.1029/2007GB003122, 2008.

Wang, P., Stammes, P., van der A, R., Pinardi, G., and van Roozendael, M.: FRESCO+: an improved O2 A-band cloud retrieval algorithm for tropospheric trace gas retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6565–6576, 2008.

Yurganov, L. N., McMillan, W. W., Dzhola, A. V., Grechko, E. I., Jones, N. B., and van der Werf, G. R.: Global AIRS and MOPITT CO measurements: Validation, comparison, and links to biomass burning variations and carbon cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09301, doi:10.1029/2007JD009229, 2008.