ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-9-3563-2009 The zonal structure of tropical O<sub>3</sub> and CO as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer in November 2004 – Part 2: Impact of surface emissions on O<sub>3</sub> and its precursors Bowman K. W. 1 Jones D. B. A. 2 Logan J. A. 3 Worden H. 1 5 Boersma F. 3 Chang R. 4 Kulawik S. 1 Osterman G. 1 Hamer P. 1 Worden J. 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada now at: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA 03 06 2009 9 11 3563 3582 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3563/2009/acp-9-3563-2009.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/3563/2009/acp-9-3563-2009.pdf

The impact of surface emissions on the zonal structure of tropical tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide is investigated for November 2004 using satellite observations, in-situ measurements, and chemical transport models in conjunction with inverse-estimated surface emissions.Vertical ozone profiles from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and ozone sonde measurements from the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) network show elevated concentrations of ozone over Indonesia and Australia (60–70 ppb) in the lower troposphere against the backdrop of the well-known zonal "wave-one" pattern with ozone concentrations of (70–80 ppb) centered over the Atlantic . Observational evidence from TES CO vertical profiles and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO<sub>2</sub> columns point to regional surface emissions as an important contributor to the elevated ozone over Indonesia. This contribution is investigated with the GEOS-Chem chemistry and transport model using surface emission estimates derived from an optimal inverse model, which was constrained by TES and Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) CO profiles (Jones et al., 2009). These a posteriori estimates, which were over a factor of 2 greater than climatological emissions, reduced differences between GEOS-Chem and TES ozone observations by 30–40% over Indonesia. The response of the free tropospheric chemical state to the changes in these emissions is investigated for ozone, CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, and PAN. Model simulations indicate that ozone over Indonesian/Australian is sensitive to regional changes in surface emissions of NO<sub>x</sub> but relatively insensitive to lightning NO<sub>x</sub>. Over sub-equatorial Africa and South America, free tropospheric NO<sub>x</sub> was reduced in response to increased surface emissions potentially muting ozone production.

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