References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-9-2715-2009

Anthropogenic influence on SOA and the resulting radiative forcing

Hoyle

C. R.

¹ ³ Myhre

² Berntsen

T. K.

¹ ² Isaksen

I. S. A.

¹ ²

Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway

Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, Norway

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

23 04 2009

9 8 2715 2728

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2715/2009/acp-9-2715-2009.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2715/2009/acp-9-2715-2009.pdf

The effect of chemical changes in the atmosphere since the pre-industrial period on the distributions and burdens of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) has been calculated using the off-line aerosol chemistry transport model Oslo CTM2. The production of SOA was found to have increased from about 35 Tg yr−1 to 53 Tg yr−1 since pre-industrial times, leading to an increase in the global annual mean SOA burden from 0.33 Tg to 0.50 Tg, or about 51%. The effect of allowing semi-volatile species to partition to sulphate aerosol was also tested, leading to an increase in SOA production from about 43 Tg yr−1 to 69 Tg yr−1 since pre-industrial times, while the annual mean SOA burden increased from 0.44 Tg to 0.70 Tg, or about 59%. The increases were greatest over industrialised areas, especially when partitioning to sulphate aerosol was allowed, as well as over regions with high biogenic precursor emissions. The contribution of emissions from different sources to the larger SOA burdens has been calculated. The results suggest that the majority of the increase was caused by emissions of primary organic aerosols (POA), from fossil fuel and bio fuel combustion. As yet, very few radiative forcing estimates of SOA exist, and no such estimates were provided in the latest IPCC report. In this study, we found that the change in SOA burden caused a radiative forcing (defined here as the difference between the pre-industrial and the present day run) of −0.09 W m−2, when SOA was allowed to partition to both organic and sulphate aerosols, and −0.06 W m−2 when only partitioning to organic aerosols was assumed. Therefore, the radiative forcing of SOA was found to be stronger than the best estimate for POA in the latest IPCC assessment.

References 1

Berglen, T F., Berntsen, T K., Isaksen, I. S A., and Sundet, J K.: A global model of the coupled sulfur/oxidant chemistry in the troposphere: The sulfur cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19310, \doi10.1029/2003JD003948, 2004.

Berntsen, T K. and Isaksen, I S A.: A global three-dimensional chemical transport model for the troposphere 1. Model description and CO and ozone results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21239–21280, \doi10.1029/97JD01140, 1997.

Bond, T C., Streets, D G., Yarber, K F., Nelson, S M., Woo, J.-H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14203, \doi10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.

Brooks, S D., DeMott, P J., and Kreidenweis, S M.: Water uptake by particles containing humic materials and mixtures of humic materials with ammonium sulfate, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1859–1868, 2004.

Chung, S H. and Seinfeld, J H.: Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, \doi10.1029/2001JD001397, 2002.

Crosier, J., Allan, J D., Coe, H., Bower, K N., Formenti, P., and Williams, P I.: Chemical composition of summertime aerosol in the Po Valley (Italy), northern Adriatic and Black Sea, Quart. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 133, 61–75, \doi10.1002/qj.88, 2007.

Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, \acp, 6, 4321–4344, 2006.

Dibb, J., Talbot, R., Klemm, K., Gregory, G., Singh, H., Bradshaw, J., and Sandholm, S.: Asian influence over the western North Pacific during the fall season: Inferences from lead 210, soluble ionic species and ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 1779–1792, 1996.

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and R. Van Dorland: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, chap. 2, Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 129–234, 2007.

Gelencser, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, \doi10.1029/2006JD008094, 2007.

Granier, C., Lamarque, J F., Mieville, A., Muller, J F., Olivier, J., Orlando, J., Peters, J., Petron, G., Tyndall, G., and Wallens, S.: POET, a database of surface emissions of ozone precursors, available online at: http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/projet/ACCENT/POET.php, 2005.

Griffin, R J., Cocker, D R., Seinfeld, J H., and Dabdub, D.: Estimate of global atmospheric organic aerosol from oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2721–2724, doi:10.1029/1999GL900476, 1999.

Guenther, A., Hewitt, C N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, \doi10.1029/94JD02950, 1995.

Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, 2006.

Heald, C L., Henze, D K., Horowitz, L W., Feddema, J., Lamarque, J F., Guenther, A., Hess, P G., Vitt, F., Seinfeld, J H., Goldstein, A H., and Fung, I.: Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos., 113, \doi10.1029/2007JD009092, 2008.

Henze, D K. and Seinfeld, J H.: Global secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, \doi10.1029/2006GL025976, 2006.

Henze, D K., Seinfeld, J H., Ng, N L., Kroll, J H., Fu, T M., Jacob, D J., and Heald, C L.: Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: high- vs. low-yield pathways, \acp, 8, 2405–2420, 2008.

Hesstvedt, E., Hov, Ø., and Isaksen, I S A.: Quasi-Steady-State Approximations in Air-Pollution Modeling – Comparison of Two Numerical Schemes for Oxidant Prediction, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 10, 971–994, 1978.

Hoyle, C R., Berntsen, T., Myhre, G., and Isaksen, I. S A.: Secondary organic aerosol in the global aerosol – chemical transport model Oslo CTM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5675–5694, 2007.

Hoyle, C R., Russo, M., Marecal, V., Chipperfield, M., et al.: Tropical deep convection and its impact on composition in global and mesoscale models: tracer transport, manuscript in preparation, 2009.

Huebert, B., Howell, S., Zhuang, L., Heath, J., Litchy, M., Wylie, D., Kreidler-Moss, J., Coppicus, S., and Pfeiffer, J.: Filter and impactor measurements of anions and cations during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16493–16509, 1998.

IPCC: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 881 pp., 2001.

IPCC: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp., 2007.

Iraci, L. and Tolbert, M.: Heterogeneous interaction of formaldehyde with cold sulfuric acid: Implications for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16099–16107, 1997.

Jang, M., Czoschke, N., Lee, S., and Kamens, R.: Heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions, Science, 298, 814–817, 2002.

Kanakidou, M., Tsigaridis, K., Dentener, F J., and Crutzen, P J.: Human-activity-enhanced formation of organic aerosols by biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9243–9254, \doi10.1029/1999JD901148, 2000.

Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J H., Pandis, S N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F J., Facchini, M C., van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C E L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, 2005.

Kaufman, Y., Tanre, D., and Boucher, O.: A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215–223, \doi10.1038/nature01091, 2002.

Kleindienst, T., Edney, E., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J., and Jaoui, M.: Secondary organic carbon and aerosol yields from the irradiations of isoprene and alpha-pinene in the presence of NOx and SO2, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3807–3812, \doi10.1021/es052446r, 2006.

Kleindienst, T E., Smith, D F., Li, W., Edney, E O., Driscoll, D J., Speer, R E., and Weathers, W S.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulphate aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3669–3681, 1999.

Kline, J., Huebert, B., Howell, S., Blomquist, B., Zhuang, J., Bertram, T., and Carrillo, J.: Aerosol composition and size versus altitude measured from the C-130 during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S08, \doi10.1029/2004JD004540, 2004.

Lathière, J., Hauglustaine, D A., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Krinner, G., and Folberth, G A.: Past and future changes in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions simulated with a global dynamic vegetation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 20818, \doi10.1029/2005GL024164, 2005.

Lathière, J., Hauglustaine, D A., Friend, A D., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Viovy, N., and Folberth, G A.: Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2129–2146, 2006.

Lelieveld, J., Butler, T M., Crowley, J N., Dillon, T J., Fischer, H., Ganzeveld, L., Harder, H., Lawrence, M G., Martinez, M., Taraborrelli, D., and Williams, J.: Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest, Nature, 452, 737–740, \doi10.1038/nature06870, 2008.

Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J H.: Global impacts of gas-phase chemistry-aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D18208, \doi10.1029/2005JD005907, 2005.

Lukács, H., Gelencsér, A., Hoffer, A., Kiss, G., Horváth, K., and Hartyáni, Z.: Quantative assessment of organosulfates in size-segregated rural fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 231–238, 2009.

Martin, S., Hung, H., Park, R., Jacob, D., Spurr, R., Chance, K., and Chin, M.: Effects of the physical state of tropospheric ammonium-sulfate-nitrate particles on global aerosol direct radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 183–214, 2004.

Meyer, N., Duplissy, J., Gysel, M., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., Weingartner, E., Alfarra, M R., Prevot, A. S H., Fletcher, C., Good, N., McFiggans, G., Jonsson, A M., Hallquist, M., Baltensberger, U., and Ristovski, Z D.: Analysis of the hygroscopic and volatile properties of ammonium sulphate seeded and unseeded SOA particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 721–723, 2009.

Muller, J F., Stavrakou, T., Wallens, S., De~Smedt, I., Van~Roozendael, M., Potosnak, M J., Rinne, J., Munger, B., Goldstein, A., and Guenther, A B.: Global isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN, ECMWF analyses and a detailed canopy environment model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1329–1341, 2008.

Myhre, G., Jonson, J E., Bartnicki, J., Stordal, F., and Shine, K P.: Role of spatial and temporal variations in the computation of radiative forcing due to sulphate aerosols: A regional study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 973–989, 2002.

Myhre, G., Bellouin, N., Berglen, T F., Berntsen, T K., Boucher, O., Grini, A., Isaksen, I S A., Johnsrud, M., Mishchenko, M I., Stordal, F., and Tanré, D.: Comparison of the radiative properties and direct radiative effect of aerosols from a global aerosol model and remote sensing data over ocean, Tellus, 59B, 115–129, \doi10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00226.x, 2007.

Odum, J R., Hoffmann, T., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Gas/Particle Partitioning and Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2580–2585, 1996.

Peng, C., Chan, M N., and Chan, C K.: The hygroscopic properties of dicarboxylic and multifunctional acids: Measurements and UNIFAC predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4495–4501, 2001.

Prenni, A J., DeMott, P J., and Kreidenweis, S M.: Water uptake of internally mixed particles containing ammonium sulfate and dicarboxylic acids, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4243–4251, 2003.

Schulz, M., Textor, C., Kinne, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T., Boucher, O., Dentener, F., Guibert, S., Isaksen, I S A., Iversen, T., Koch, D., Kirkevåg, A., Liu, X., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J E., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, Ø., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225–5246, 2006.

Stamnes, K., Tsay, S.-C., Jayaweera, K., and Wiscombe, W.: Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27, 2502–2509, 1988.

Surratt, J D., Kroll, J H., Kleindienst, T E., Edney, E O., Claeys, M., Sorooshian, A., Ng, N L., Offenberg, J H., Lewandowski, M., Jaoui, M., Flagan, R C., and Seinfeld, J H.: Evidence for organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 517–527, \doi10.1021/es062081q, 2007.

Svenningsson, B., Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Mircea, M., Bilde, M., Facchini, M C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Zhou, J., Monster, J., and Rosenorn, T.: Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1937–1952, 2006.

Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: A sensitivity analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2879–2929, 2003.

Tsigaridis, K. and Kanakidou, M.: Secondary organic aerosol importance in the future atmosphere, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 41, 4682–4692, \doi10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.045, 2007.

Tsigaridis, K., Lathière, J., Kanakidou, M., and Hauglustaine, D A.: Naturally driven variability in the global secondary organic aerosol over a decade, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1891–1904, 2005.

Tsigaridis, K., Krol, M., Dentener, F J., Balkanski, Y., Lathière, J., Metzger, S., Hauglustaine, D A., and Kanakidou, M.: Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5143–5162, 2006.

van der Werf, G R., Randerson, J T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G J., Kasibhatla, P S., and Arellano, Jr., A F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006.

Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L T., Worsnop, D R., and Molina, M J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, \doi10.1029/2006GL026899, 2006.