Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 9 6 2009 10.5194/acp-9-2157-2009 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2157/2009/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2157/2009/acp-9-2157-2009.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2157/2009/acp-9-2157-2009.pdf 2157 2170 2009-03-24 Atmospheric tracers during the 2003–2004 stratospheric warming event and impact of ozone intrusions in the troposphere Y. Liu C. X. Liu lcx@mail.iap.ac.cn H. P. Wang X. X. Tie S. T. Gao D. Kinnison G. Brasseur Key Laboratory of middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China National Center of Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms (LACS), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China We use the stratospheric/tropospheric chemical transport model MOZART-3 to study the distribution and transport of stratospheric O₃ during the remarkable stratospheric sudden warming event observed in January 2004 in the northern polar region. A comparison between observations by the MIPAS instrument on board the ENVISAT spacecraft and model simulations shows that the evolution of the polar vortex and of planetary waves during the warming event plays an important role in controlling the spatial distribution of stratospheric ozone and the downward ozone flux in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere (UTLS) region. Compared to the situation during the winter of 2002–2003, lower ozone concentrations were transported from the polar region to mid-latitudes, leading to exceptional large areas of low ozone concentrations outside the polar vortex and "low-ozone pockets" in the middle stratosphere. The unusually long-lasting stratospheric westward winds (easterlies) during the 2003–2004 event greatly restricted the upward propagation of planetary waves, causing the weak transport of ozone-rich air originated from low latitudes to the middle polar stratosphere (30 km). The restricted wave activities led to a reduced extratropical downward ozone flux from the lower stratosphere to the lowermost stratosphere (or from the "overworld" into the "middleworld"), especially over East Asia. Consequently, during wintertime (15 December~15 February), the total downward ozone transport on 100 hPa surface by the descending branches of Brewer-Dobson circulation over this region was about 10% lower during the 2003–2004 event. Meanwhile, the extratropical total cross-tropopause ozone flux (CTOF) was also reduced by ~25%. Compared to the cold 1999–2000 winter, the vertical CTOF in high latitudes (60°~90° N) increased more than 10 times during the two warming winters, while the vertical CTOF in mid-latitudes (30°~60° N) decreased by 20~40%. Moreover, during the two warming winters, the meridional CTOF caused by the isentropic transport associating with the enhanced wave activity also increased and played an important role in the total extratropical CTOF budget. Baldwin, M. P. and Holton, J. R.: Climatology of the stratospheric polar vortex and Planetary wave breaking, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1123–1142, 1988. Baldwin, M. P. and Dunkerton, T. J.: Propagation of the Arctic Oscillation from the stratosphere to the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30937–30946, 1999. Baldwin, M. P. and Dunkerton, T. J.: Stratospheric harbingers of anomalous weather regimes, Science, 294, 581–583, 2001. Baldwin, M. P., Thompson, D. W. J., Shuckburgh, E. F., Norton, W. A., and Gillett, N. P.: Weather from the stratosphere?, Science, 301, 317–318, 2003. Brasseur, G. P., Hauglustaine, D. A., Walters, S., Rasch, P. J., Muller, J. F., Granier, C., and Tie, X. X.: MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28265–28289, 1998. Brewer, A. W.: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurement of helium and water vapor distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 351–363, 1949. Carli, B., Alpaslan, D., Carlotti, M., Castelli, E., Ceccherini, S., Dinelli, B. M., Dudhia, A., Flaud, J. M., Hoepfner, M., Jay, V., Magnani, L., Oelhaf, H., Payne, V., Piccolo, C., Prosperi, M., Raspollini, P., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., and Spang, R.: First results of MIPAS/ENVISAT with operational Level 2 code, Adv. Space Res., 33, 1012–1019, doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00584-2 2004. Chen, P.: Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16661–16673, 1995. Clilverd, M. A., Seppälä, A., Rodger, C. J., Verronen, P. T., and Thomson, N. R.: Ionospheric evidence of thermosphere-to-stratosphere descent of polar NO_x, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19811, doi:10.1029/2006GL026727, 2006. Cortesi, U., Lambert, J. C., De Clercq, C., Bianchini, G., Blumenstock, T., Bracher, A., Castelli, E., Catoire, V., Chance, K. V., De Maziere, M., Demoulin, P., Godin-Beekmann, S., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Keim, C., Kerzenmacher, T., Kuellmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Iarlori, M., Liu, G. Y., Liu, Y., McDermid, I. S., Meijer, Y. J., Mencaraglia, F., Mikuteit, S., Oelhaf, H., Piccolo, C., Pirre, M., Raspollini, P., Ravegnani, F., Reburn, W. J., Redaelli, G., Remedios, J. J., Sembhi, H., Smale, D., Steck, T., Taddei, A., Varotsos, C., Vigouroux, C., Waterfall, A., Wetzel, G., and Wood, S.: Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4807–4867, 2007. Danielson, E. F.: Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502–518, 1968. Dobson, G. M. B.: Origin and distribution of polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere, Proc. R. Soc. London, A236, 187–193, 1956. Edmon, H. J., Hoskins, B. J., and McIntyre, M. E.: Eliassen-Palm cross sections for the troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2600–2616, 1980. Follows, M. J., and Austin, J. F.: A zonal average model of the stratospheric contributions to the tropospheric ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18047–18060, 1992. Funke,~B., García-Comas,~M., López-Puertas,~M., Glatthor,~N., Stiller,~G P., von~Clarmann,~T., Semeniuk,~K., and McConnell,~J C.: Enhancement of N₂O during the October–November 2003 solar proton events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3805–3815, 2008. Fusco, A. C. and Salby, M. L.: Interannual variations of total ozone and their relationship to variations of planetary wave activity, J. Climate, 12, 1619–1629, 1999. Gettelman, A., Kinnison, D. E., Dunkerton, T. J., and Brasseur, G. P.: Impact of monsoon circulations on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22101, doi:10.1029/2004JD004878, 2004. Hauglustaine, D. A., Brasseur, G. P., Walters, S., Rasch, P. J., Muller, J. F., Emmons, L. K., and Carroll, C. A.: MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers 2. Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28291–28335, 1998. Haynes, P. H. and McIntyre, M. E.: On the evolution of isentropic distributions of potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651–678, 1987. Haynes, P. H., Marks, C. J., McIntyre, M. E., Shepherd, T. G., and Shine, K. P.: On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651–678, 1991. Holton, J. R.: A semi-spectral numerical model for wave-mean flow interactions in the stratosphere: Application to sudden stratospheric warmings, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1639–1649, 1976. Holton, J. R.: On the global exchange of mass between the stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 392–395, 1990. Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403–439, 1995. Hoppel, K., Bevilacqua, R., Allen, D., Nedoluha, G., and Randall, C.: POAM III observations of the anomalous 2002 Antarctic ozone hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1394, doi:10.1029/2003GL016899, 2003. Horowitz, L. W., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D. L., Emmons, L. K., Rasch, P. J., Granier, C., Tie, X. X., Lamarque, J. F., Schultz, M. G., Tyndall, G. S., Orlando, J. J., and Brasseur, G. P.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4784, doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003. Hoskins, B. J.: Towards a PV-θ view of the general circulation, Tellus, 43AB, 27–35, 1991. Junge, C. E.: Global ozone budget and exchange between stratosphere and troposphere, Tellus, 14, 363–377, 1962. Kinnison, D. E., Brasseur, G. P., Walters, S., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Sassi, F., Harvey, V. L., Randall, C. E., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J. F., Hess, P., Orlando, J. J., Tie, X. X., Randel, W., Pan, L. L., Gettelman, A., Granier, C., Diehl, T., Niemeier, U., and Simmons, A. J.: Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007879, 2007. Lait, L. R.: An alternative form for potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1754–1759, 1994. Lelieveld, J. and Dentener, F. J.: What controls tropospheric ozone?, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3531–3551, 2000. López-Puertas, M., Funke, B., Gil-López, S., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G. P., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Fischer, H., and Jackman, C. H.: HNO₃, N₂O$_5$, and ClONO₂ enhancements after the October–November 2003 solar proton events, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A09S44, doi:10.1029/2005JA011051, 2005. Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Waters, J. W., Elson, L. S., Fishbein, E. F., Zurek, R. W., Harwood, R. S., and Lahoz, W. A.: The evolution of ozone observed by UARS MLS in the 1992 late winter southern polar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1279–1282, 1993. Manney, G. L., Zurek, R. W., Oneill, A., Swinbank, R., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., and Roche, A. E.: Stratospheric warmings during February and March 1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 813–816, 1994. Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Waters, J. W., Zurek, R. W., Gille, J. C., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., Roche, A. E., Oneill, A., and Swinbank, R.: Formation of low-ozone pockets in the middle stratospheric anticyclone during winter, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13939–13950, 1995. Manney, G. L. and Sabutis, J. L.: Development of the Polar Vortex in the 1999–2000 Arctic Winter Stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(17), 2589–2592, 2000. Manney, G. L., Kruger, K., Sabutis, J. L., Sena, S. A., and Pawson, S.: The remarkable 2003-2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005367, 2005. Matsuno, T.: A dynamical model of the stratospheric sudden warming, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1479–1494, 1971. McIntyre, M. E. and Palmer, T. N.: Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere, Nature, 305, 593–600, 1983. McIntyre, M. E. and Palmer, T. N.: The "surf zone" in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 825–849, 1984. Morris, G. A., Kawa, S. R., Douglass, A. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Froidevaux, L., and Waters, J.: Low-ozone pockets explained, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3599–3610, 1998. Newman, P. A. and Nash, E. R.: Quantifying the wave driving of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 12485–12497, 2000. Pan, L. L., Wei, J. C., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R. R., Wuebbles, D. J., and Brasseur, G. P.: A set of diagnostics for evaluating chemistry-climate models in the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09316, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007792, 2007. Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., Mitchell, N. J., Merzlyakov, E., Smith, A. K., Andonov, B., Singer, W., Hocking, W., Meek, C., Manson, A., and Murayama, Y.: Planetary waves in coupling the stratosphere and mesosphere during the major stratospheric warming in 2003/2004, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12105, doi:10.1029/2007JD009011, 2008. Park, M., Randel, W. J., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R. R., and Choi, W.: Seasonal variation of methane, water vapor, and nitrogen oxides near the tropopause: Satellite observations and model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03302, doi:10.1029/2003JD003706, 2004. Plumb, R. A.: Stratospheric transport, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 793–809, 2002. Ramanathan, V., Callis, L. B., and Boughner, R. E.: Sensitivity of surface temperature and atmospheric temperature to perturbations in the stratospheric concentration of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1092–1112, 1976. Ramanathan, V.: Troposphere-stratosphere feedback mechanism: stratospheric warming and its effect on the polar energy budget and the tropospheric circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 439–447, 1977. Ramanathan, V. and Dickinson, R. E.: The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal radiative energy balance of the earth-troposphere system, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1084–1104, 1979. Randall, C. E., Harvey, V. L., Manney, G. L., Orsolini, Y., Codrescu, M., Sioris, C., Brohede, S., Haley, C. S., Gordley, L. L., Zawodny, J. M., and Russell, J. M.: Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003–2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022003, 2005. Raspollini, P., Belotti, C., Burgess, A., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., Ceccherini, S., Dinelli, B. M., Dudhia, A., Flaud, J. M., Funke, B., Hopfner, M., Lopez-Puertas, M., Payne, V., Piccolo, C., Remedios, J. J., Ridolfi, M., and Spang, R.: MIPAS level 2 operational analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5605–5630, 2006. Ridolfi, M., Blum, U., Carli, B., Catoire, V., Ceccherini, S., Claude, H., De Clercq, C., Fricke, K. H., Friedl-Vallon, F., Iarlori, M., Keckhut, P., Kerridge, B., Lambert, J. C., Meijer, Y. J., Mona, L., Oelhaf, H., Pappalardo, G., Pirre, M., Rizi, V., Robert, C., Swart, D., von Clarmann, T., Waterfall, A., and Wetzel, G.: Geophysical validation of temperature retrieved by the ESA processor from MIPAS/ENVISAT atmospheric limb-emission measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4459–4487, 2007. Roelofs, G.-J. and Lelieveld, J.: Model study of the influence of cross-tropopause O₃ transports on tropospheric O₃ levels, Tellus, 49B, 38–55, 1997. Rohen, G., von Savigny, C., Sinnhuber, M., Llewllyn, E. J., Kaiser, J. W., Jackman, C. H., Kallenrode, M.-B., Schröter, J., Eichmann, K.-U., Bovensmann, H., and Burrows, J. P.: Ozone depletion during the solar proton events of October/November 2003 as seen by SCIAMACHY, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A09S39, doi:10.1029/2004JA010984, 2005. Rosenlof, K. H. and Holton, J. R.: Estimates of the stratospheric residual circulation using the downward control principle, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10465–10479, 1993. Salby, M. L. and Callaghan, P. F.: Influence of planetary wave activity on the stratospheric final warming and spring ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20111, doi:10.1029/2006JD007536, 2007. Scherhag, R.: Die explosionsartigen stratospharener warmungen des spatwinters 1951–1952, Berit. Dtsch. Wetterdienst, 6, 1952. Seppälä, A., Clilverd, M. A., and Rodger, C. J.: NO_x enhancements in the middle atmosphere during 2003–2004 polar winter: Relative significance of solar proton events and the aurora as a source, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23303, doi:10.1029/2006JD008326, 2007. Thompson, D. W. J. and Wallace, J. M.: The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297–1300, 1998. Tie, X. X. and Brasseur, G.: The response of stratospheric ozone to volcanic eruptions: Sensitivity to atmospheric chlorine loading, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3035–3038, 1995. Tie, X. X. and Hess, P.: Ozone mass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere for background and volcanic sulfate aerosol conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25487–25500, 1997. Varotsos, C.: The Southern Hemisphere Ozone Hole Split in 2002, ESPR Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res., 9(6), 375-376, 2002. Vigouroux, C., De Mazière, M., Errera, Q., Chabrillat, S., Mahieu, E., Duchatelet, P., Wood, S., Smale, D., Mikuteit, S., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., and Jones. N.: Comparisons between ground-based FTIR and MIPAS N₂O and HNO₃ profiles before and after assimilation in BASCOE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 377–396, 2007. Vogel, B., Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Müller, R., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Reddmann, T., Stiller, G., von Clarmann, T., and Riese, M.: Model simulations of stratospheric ozone loss caused by enhanced mesospheric NO_x during Arctic Winter 2003/2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5279–5293, 2008. Wang, P. H., Cunnold, D. M., Zawodny, J. M., Pierce, R. B., Olson, J. R., Kent, G. S., and Skeens, K. M.: Seasonal ozone variations in the isentropic layer between 330 and 380 K as observed by SAGE II: Implications of extratropical cross-tropopause transport, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28647–28659, 1998.