Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 9 3 2009 10.5194/acp-9-1061-2009 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/1061/2009/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/1061/2009/acp-9-1061-2009.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/1061/2009/acp-9-1061-2009.pdf 1061 1075 2009-02-12 Intra-community spatial variability of particulate matter size distributions in Southern California/Los Angeles M. Krudysz megk@ucla.edu K. Moore M. Geller C. Sioutas J. Froines Center for Occupational and Environmental Health and the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentrations vary significantly on small spatial and temporal scales due to their short atmospheric lifetimes and multiplicity of sources. To determine UFP exposure gradients within a community, simultaneous particle number concentration measurements at a network of sites are necessary. Concurrent particle number size distribution measurements aid in identifying UFP sources, while providing data to investigate local scale effects of both photochemical and physical processes on UFP. From April to December 2007, we monitored particle number size distributions at 13 sites within 350 m–11 km of each other in the vicinity of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach using Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPS). Typically, three SMPS units were simultaneously deployed and rotated among sites at 1–2 week intervals. Total particle number concentration measurements were conducted continuously at all sites. Seasonal and diurnal number size distribution patterns are complex, highly dependent on local meteorology, nearby PM sources, and times of day, and cannot be generalized over the study area nor inferred from one or two sampling locations. Spatial variation in particle number size distributions was assessed by calculating the coefficient of divergence (COD) and correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>) between site pairs. Results show an overall inverse relationship between particle size and CODs, implying that number concentrations of smaller particles (&lt;40 nm) differ from site to site, whereas larger particles tend to have similar concentrations at various sampling locations. In addition, variations in r values as a function of particle size are not necessarily consistent with corresponding COD values, indicating that using results from correlation analysis alone may not accurately assess spatial variability. Geller, M. D., Sardar, S. B., Phuleria, H., Fine, P. N., and Sioutas, C.: Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8653–8663, 2005. Harris, S. J. and Maricq, M. M.: Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 749–764, 2001. Harrison, R. M., Jones, M., and Collins, G.: Measurements of the physical properties of particles in the urban atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 33, 309–321, 1999. Hobbs, P. V., Garrett, T. J., Ferek, R. J., Strader, S. R., Hegg, D. A., Frick, G. M., Hoppel, W. A., Gasparovic, R. F., Russell, L. M., Johnson, D. W., O'Dowd, C., Durkee, P. A., Nielsen, K. E., and Innis, G.: Emissions from ships with respect to their effects on clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2570–2590, 2000. Houston, D., Krudysz, M., and Winer, A.: Diesel truck traffic in port-adjacent low-income and minority communities: Environmental justice implications of near-roadway land use conflicts, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2076, 38–46, 2008. Hussein, T., Puustinen, A., Aalto, P. P., Mäkelä, J. M., Hämeri, K., and Kulmala, M.: Urban aerosol number size distributions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 391–411, 2004. Hussein, T., Hameri, K. A., Aalto, P. P., Paatero, P., and Kulmala, M.: Modal structure and spatial-temporal variations of urban and suburban aerosols in helsinki – finland, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1655–1668, 2005. Hyvarinen, A. P., Komppula, M., Engler, C., Kivekas, N., Kerminen, V. M., Dal Maso, M., Viisanen, Y., and Lihavainen, H.: Atmospheric new particle formation at uto, baltic sea 2003–2005, Tellus B, 60, 345–352, 2008. Isakson, J., Persson, T. A., and Lindgren, E. S.: Identification and assessment of ship emissions and their effects in the harbour of g(o)over-circleteborg, sweden, Atmos Environ, 35, 3659-3666, 2001. Jamriska, M., Morawska, L., Thomas, S., and He, C.: Diesel bus emissions measured in a tunnel study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6701–6709, 2004. Jeong, C. H., Hopke, P. K., Chalupa, D., and Utell, M.: Characteristics of nucleation and growth events of ultrafine particles measured in rochester, ny, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1933–1940, 2004. Junker, M., Kasper, M., Roosli, M., Camenzind, M., Kunzli, N., Monn, C., Theis, G., and Braun-Fahrlander, C.: Airborne particle number profiles, particle mass distributions and particle-bound PAH concentrations within the city environment of Basel: An assessment as part of the Briska project, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3171–3181, 2000. Kasper, A., Aufdenblatten, S., Forss, A., Mohr, M., and Burtscher, H.: Particulate emissions from a low-speed marine diesel engine, Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 41, 24–32, 2007. Kerminen, V. M., Pakkanen, T. A., Makela, T., Hillamo, R. E., Sillanpaa, M., Ronkko, T., Virtanen, A., Keskinen, J., Pirjola, L., Hussein, T., and Hameri, K.: Development of particle number size distribution near a major road in helsinki during an episodic inversion situation, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1759–1767, 2007. Ketzel, M., W&aring;hlin, P., Kristensson, A., Swietlicki, E., Berkowicz, R., Nielsen, O. J., and Palmgren, F.: Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban, near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 281–292, 2004. Keywood, M. D., Ayers, G. P., Gras, J. L., Gillett, R. W., and Cohen, D. D.: Relationships between size segregated mass concentration data and ultrafine particle number concentrations in urban areas, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2907–2913, 1999. Kim, C. S. and Jaques, P. A.: Respiratory dose of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy adults, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 358, 2693–2705, 2000. Lehmann, U., Mohr, M., Schweizer, T., and Rutter, J.: Number size distribution of particulate emissions of heavy-duty engines in real world test cycles, Atmos. Environ., 37, 5247–5259, 2003. Lianou, M., Chalbot, M. C., Kotronarou, A., Kavouras, I. G., Karakatsani, A., Katsouyanni, K., Puustinnen, A., Hameri, K., Vallius, M., Pekkanen, J., Meddings, C., Harrison, R. M., Thomas, S., Ayres, J. G., ten Brink, H., Kos, G., Meliefste, K., de Hartog, J. J., and Hoek, G.: Dependence of home outdoor particulate mass and number concentrations on residential and traffic features in urban areas, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1507–1517, 2007. Lin, P., Hu, M., Wu, Z., Niu, Y., and Zhu, T.: Marine aerosol size distributions in the springtime over china adjacent seas, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6784–6796, 2007. Maguhn, J., Karg, E., Kettrup, A., and Zimmermann, R.: On-line analysis of the size distribution of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles in flue and stack gas of a municipal waste incineration plant: Effects of dynamic process control measures and emission reduction devices, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4761–4770, 2003. Mej\'ia, J. F., Morawska, L., and Mengersen, K.: Spatial variation in particle number size distributions in a large metropolitan area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1127–1138, 2008. Mercer Management Consulting: San Pedro Bay Ports Cargo Forecast Update, New York, 2001. Monn, C.: Exposure assessment of air pollutants: A review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1–32, 2001. Moore, K., Krudysz, M. A., Pakbin, P., Hudda, N., and Sioutas, C.: Intra-community variability in total particle number concentrations in the San Pedro Harbor area (Los Angeles, California), Aerosol Sci. Technol., in press, 2009. Morawska, L. and Zhang, J. J.: Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures, Chemosphere, 49, 1045–1058, 2002. Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., He, C., Ayoko, G. A., Lim, M. C. H., Swanson, C., Ristovski, Z. D., and Moore, M.: Particle number emissions and source signatures of an industrial facility, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 803–814, 2006. Morawska, L., Ristovski, Z. D., Johnson, G. R., Jayaratne, E. R., and Mengersen, K.: Novel method for on-road emission factor measurements using a plume capture trailer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 574–579, 2007. Ntziachristos, L., Ning, Z., Geller, M. D., and Sioutas, C.: Particle concentration and characteristics near a major freeway with heavy-duty diesel traffic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 2223–2230, 2007. Ogulei, D., Hopke, P. K., Ferro, A. R., and Jaques, P. A.: Factor analysis of submicron particle size distributions near a major united states-canada trade bridge, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 190–203, 2007. Petzold, A., Hasselbach, J., Lauer, P., Baumann, R., Franke, K., Gurk, C., Schlager, H., and Weingartner, E.: Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2387–2403, 2008. Pierpass program: http://www.pierpass.org/, access: 5 February 2009, 2008. Port of Long Beach port statistics: Port of Long Beach, Long Beach, http://www.polb.com/about/port_stats/default.asp., access: 5 February 2009, 2007. Port of Los Angeles port statistics facts & figures: Port of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, http://www.portoflosangeles.org/stats/stats_2007.htm, access: 5 February 2009, 2007. Puustinen, A., Hameri, K., Pekkanen, J., Kulmala, M., De Hartog, J., Meliefste, K., Ten Brink, H., Kos, G., Katsouyanni, K., Karakatsani, A., Kotronarou, A., Kavouras, I., Meddings, C., Thomas, S., Harrison, R., Ayres, J. G., Van der Zee, S., and Hoek, G.: Spatial variation of particle number and mass over four european cities, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6622–6636, 2007. Ristovski, Z. D., Morawska, L., Bofinger, N. D., and Hitchins, J.: Submicrometer and supermicrometer particulate emission from spark ignition vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3845–3852, 1998. Robert, M. A., Kleeman, M. J., and Jakober, C. A.: Size and composition distributions of particulate matter emissions: Part 2 – heavy-duty diesel vehicles, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1429–1438, 2007. Rodr\'iguez, S., Van Dingenen, R., Putaud, J.-P., Dell'Acqua, A., Pey, J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Chenery, S., Ho, K.-F., Harrison, R., Tardivo, R., Scarnato, B., and Gemelli, V.: A study on the relationship between mass concentrations, chemistry and number size distribution of urban fine aerosols in Milan, Barcelona and London, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2217–2232, 2007. Ronkko, T., Virtanen, A., Vaaraslahti, K., Keskinen, J., Pirjola, L., and Lappi, M.: Effect of dilution conditions and driving parameters on nucleation mode particles in diesel exhaust: Laboratory and on-road study, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2893–2901, 2006. Ronkko, T., Virtanen, A., Kannosto, J., Keskinen, J., Lappi, M., and Pirjola, L.: Nucleation mode particles with a nonvolatile core in the exhaust of a heavy duty diesel vehicle, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6384–6389, 2007. Rosenbohm, E., Vogt, R., Scheer, V., Nielsen, O. J., Dreiseidler, A., Baumbach, G., Imhof, D., Baltensperger, U., Fuchs, J., and Jaeschke, W.: Particulate size distributions and mass measured at a motorway during the bab ii campaign, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5696-5709, 2005. Singh, M., Bowers, K., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal and spatial trends in particle number concentrations and size distributions at the children's health study sites in southern california, J. Expo. Sci. Env. Epid., 16, 3–18, 2006. Su, D. S., Muller, J. O., Jentoft, R. E., Rothe, D., Jacob, E., and Schlogl, R.: Fullerene-like soot from euroiv diesel engine: Consequences for catalytic automotive pollution control, Top. Catal., 30–31, 241–245, 2004. Turner, J. R. and Allen, D. T. : Transport of atmospheric fine particulate matter: Part 2 – findings from recent field programs on the intraurban variability in fine particulate matte, J. Air Waste Manage., 58, 196–215, 2008. Weijers, E. P., Khlystov, A. Y., Kos, G. P. A., and Erisman, J. W.: Variability of particulate matter concentrations along roads and motorways determined by a moving measurement unit, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2993–3002, 2004. Westerdahl, D., Fruin, S., Sax, T., Fine, P. M., and Sioutas, C.: Mobile platform measurements of ultrafine particles and associated pollutant concentrations on freeways and residential streets in los angeles, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3597–3610, 2005. Wilson, J. G., Kingham, S., Pearce, J., and Sturman, A. P.: A review of intraurban variations in particulate air pollution: Implications for epidemiological research, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6444–6462, 2005. Yao, X. H., Lau, N. T., Fang, M., and Chan, C. K.: Correlations of ambient temperature and relative humidity with submicron particle number concentration size distributions in on-road vehicle plumes, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 692–700, 2007. Zhang, K. M. and Wexler, A. S.: Modeling the number distributions of urban and regional aerosols: Theoretical foundations, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1863–1874, 2002. Zhang, K. M., Wexler, A. S., Zhu, Y. F., Hinds, W. C., and Sioutas, C.: Evolution of particle number distribution near roadways. Part ii: The `road-to-ambient' process, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6655–6665, 2004. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., Sioutas, C.: Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway, J. Air Waste Manage., 52, 1032–1042, 2002a. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., Shen, S., and Sioutas, C.: Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4323-4335, 2002b. Zhu, Y. F., Hinds, W. C., Shen, S., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal trends of concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near major highways in los angeles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 5–13, 2004.