References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-8-5731-2008

Odin stratospheric proxy NOy measurements and climatology

Brohede

¹ McLinden

C. A.

² Urban

¹ Haley

C. S.

³ Jonsson

A. I.

⁴ Murtagh

Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden

Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada

Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada

Department of Physics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A7 Toronto, Ontario, Canada

01 10 2008

8 19 5731 5754

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/5731/2008/acp-8-5731-2008.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/5731/2008/acp-8-5731-2008.pdf

Five years of OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System) NO2 and SMR (Sub-millimetre and Millimetre Radiometer) HNO3 observations from the Odin satellite, combined with data from a photochemical box model, have been used to construct a stratospheric proxy NOy data set including the gases: NO, NO2, HNO3, 2×N2O5 and ClONO2. This Odin NOy climatology is based on all daytime measurements and contains monthly mean and standard deviation, expressed as mixing ratio or number density, as function of latitude or equivalent latitude (5° bins) on 17 vertical layers (altitude, pressure or potential temperature) between 14 and 46 km. Comparisons with coincident NOy profiles from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) instrument were used to evaluate several methods to combine Odin observations with model data. This comparison indicates that the most appropriate merging technique uses OSIRIS measurements of NO2, scaled with model NO/NO2 ratios, to estimate NO. The sum of 2×N2O5 and ClONO2 is estimated from uncertainty-based weighted averages of scaled observations of SMR HNO3 and OSIRIS NO2. Comparisons with ACE-FTS suggest the precision (random error) and accuracy (systematic error) of Odin NOy profiles are about 15% and 20%, respectively. Further comparisons between Odin and the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) show agreement to within 20% and 2 ppb throughout most of the stratosphere except in the polar vortices. The combination of good temporal and spatial coverage, a relatively long data record, and good accuracy and precision make this a valuable NOy product for various atmospheric studies and model assessments.

References 1

Beagley, S R., de~Grandpré, J., Koshyk, J N., McFarlane, N A., and Shepherd, T G.: Radiative-dynamical climatology of the first-generation Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, Atmos. Ocean, 35, 293–331, 1997.

Bernath, P F., McElroy, C T., Abrams, M C., Boone, C D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., DeMazie\'re, M., Drummond, J R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D E., Llewellyn, E J., Lowe, R P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C P., Rochon, Y J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.

Bourassa, A E., Degenstein, D., Gattinger, R L., and Llewellyn, E.: Stratospheric aerosol retrieval with optical spectropraph and infrared imaging system limb scatter measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10217, doi:10.1029/2006JD008079, 2007.

Brasseur, G. and Remsberg, E.: Summary of the MMII Intercomparisons for Chemistry, in: Models and Measurements Intercomparison II, edited by: Park, J H., Ko, M K W., Jackman, C H., Plumb, R A., Kaye, J A., and Sage, K H., NASA Langley Research Center, 190–306, 1999.

Brohede, S., Haley, C S., McLinden, C A., Sioris, C E., Murtagh, D P., Petelina, S V., Llewellyn, E J., Bazureau, A., Goutail, F., Randall, C E., Lumpe, J D., Taha, G., Thomasson, L W., and Gordley, L L.: Validation of Odin/OSIRIS Stratospheric \noo Profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07310, doi:10.1029/2006JD007586, 2007a.

Brohede, S., Jones, A., and Jégou, F.: Internal consistency in the Odin stratospheric ozone products, Can. J. Phys., 85(11), 1275–1285, doi:10.1139/P07-142, 2007b.

Brohede, S., McLinden, C A., Berthet, G., Haley, C S., Murtagh, D., and Sioris, C E.: A Stratospheric \noo Climatology from Odin/OSIRIS Limb-Scatter Measurement, Can. J. Phys., 85(11), 1253–1274, doi:10.1139/P07-141, 2007c.

Brühl, C., Steil, B., Stiller, G., Funke, B., and Jöckel, P.: Nitrogen compounds and ozone in the stratosphere: comparison of MIPAS satellite data with the chemistry climate model ECHAM5/MESSy1, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5585–5598, 2007.

Butchart, N., Austin, J., Knight, J R., Scaife, A A., and Gallani, M L.: The Response of the stratospheric climate to projected changes in the concentrations of well-mixed Greenhouse Gases from 1992 to 2051, J. Climate, 13, 2142–2159, 2000.

Danilin, M. Y I., Koike, M., Yue, G K., Jones, N B., and Johnston, P V.: Nitrogen species in the post-Pinatubo stratosphere: Model analysis utilizing UARS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D7), 8247–8262, doi:10.1029/1999JD900024, 1999.

de~Grandpré, J., Sandilands, J W., McConnell, J C., Beagley, S R., Croteau, P C., and Danilin, M Y.: Canadian middle atmosphere model: Preliminary results from the chemical transport module, Atmos. Ocean, 35(4), 385–431, 1997.

de~Grandpré, J., Beagley, S R., Fomichev, V I., Griffioen, E., McConnell, J C., Medvedev, A S., and Shepherd, T G.: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26 475–26 491, 2000.

Degenstein, D A., Llewellyn, E J., and Lloyd, N D.: Volume emission rate tomography from a satellite platform, Appl. Opt., 42(8), 1441–1450, 2002.

Dibb, J E., Scheuer, E., Avery, M., Plant, J., and Sachse, G.: In situ evidence for renitrification in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the polar aura validation experiment (PAVE), Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, L12815, doi:10.1029/2006GL026243, 2006.

Draxler, R R. and Rolph, G D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website , NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html(last access: May 2008), 2003.

Eyring, V., Kinnison, D E., and Shepherd, T G.: Overview of planned coupled chemistry climate simulations to support upcoming ozone and climate assessments, SPARC Newsletter, 25, 11–17, 2005.

Eyring, V., Butchart, N., Waugh, D W., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Bekki, S., Bodeker, G E., Boville, B A., Bruühl, C., Chipperfield, M P., Cordero, E., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Fioletov, V E., Frith, S M., Garcia, R R., Gettelman, A., Giorgetta, M A., Grewe, V., Jourdain, L., Kinnison, D E., Mancini, E., Manzini, E., Marchand, M., Marsh, D R., Nagashima, T., Newman, P A., Nielsen, J E., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Plummer, D A., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Shepherd, T G., Shibata, K., Stolarski, R S., Struthers, H., Tian, W., and Yoshiki, M.: Assessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22308, doi:10.1029/2006JD008281, 2006.

Eyring, V., Waugh, D W., and Bodeker, G E.: Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16303, doi:10.1029/2006JD008332, 2007.

Fish, D J., Roscoe, H K., and Johnston, P V.: Possible causes of stratospheric \noo trends observed at Lauder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 3313–3316, doi:10.1029/2000GL011700, 2000.

Fischer, H., Birk, M., Blom, C., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., von Clarmann, T., Delbouille, L., Dudhia, A., Ehhalt, D., Endemann, M., Flaud, J. M., Gessner, R., Kleinert, A., Koopman, R., Langen, J., L\'�pez-Puertas, M., Mosner, P., Nett, H., Oelhaf, H., Perron, G., Remedios, J., Ridolfi, M., Stiller, G., and Zander, R.: MIPAS: an instrument for atmospheric and climate research, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2151–2188, 2008.

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Dorland, R V.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate change 2007: The physical scientific basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.

Frisk, U., Hagström, M., Ala-Laurinaho, J., Andersson, S., Berges, J.-C., Chabaud, J.-P., Dahlgren, M., Emrich, A., Florén, H.-G., Gredrixon, M., Gaier, T., Haas, R., Hirvonen, T., Hjalmarsson, A., Jakobsson, B., Jukkala, P., Kildal, P S., Kollberg, E., Lassing, J., Lecacheux, A., Lehikoinen, P., Lehto, A., Mallat, J., Marty, C., Michet, D., Narbonne, J., Nexon, M., Olberg, M., Olofsson, A. O H., Olofsson, G., Origné, A., Petersson, M., Piironen, P., Pons, R., Pouliquen, D., Ristorcelli, I., Rosolen, C., Rouaix, G., Räisänen, A V., Serra, G., Sjöberg, F., Stenmark, L., Torchinsky, S., Tuovinen, J., Ullberg, C., Vinterhav, E., Wadefalk, N., Zirath, H., Zimmermann, P., and Zimmermann, R.: The Odin satellite I. Radiometer design and test, Astron. Astrophys., 402, L27–L34, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030335, 2003.

Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., Gil-López, S., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G P., Fischer, H., and Kellmann, S.: Downward transport of upper atmospheric \nox into the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09 308, doi:10.1029/2005JD006463, 2005a.

Funke, B., Lopez-Puertas, M., von Clarmann, T., Stiller, G P., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Tsidu, G M., Milz, M., Steck, T., and Wang, D Y.: Retrieval of stratospheric NOx from 5.3 and 6.2 Mm nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium emissions measured by Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005225, 2005b.

Gille, J C. and Russel, J. M I.: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere: experiment description, performance, and results, J. Geophys. Res., 89(D4), 5125–5140, 1984.

Gunson, M R., Abbas, M M., Abrams, M C., Allen, M., Brown, L R., Brown, T L., Chang, A Y., Goldman, A., Irion, F W., Lowes, L L., Mahieu, E., Manney, G L., Michelsen, H A., Newchurch, M J., Rinsland, C P., Salawitch, R J., Stiller, G P., Toon, G C., Yung, Y L., and Zander, R.: The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment: Deployment on the ATLAS Space Shuttle missions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2333–2336, doi:10.1029/96GL01569, 1996.

Haley, C S. and Brohede, S.: Status of the Odin/OSIRIS Stratospheric \ooo\ and \noo Data Products, Can. J. Phys., 85, 11, 1177–1194, doi:10.1139/P07-114, 2007.

Haley, C S., Brohede, S M., Sioris, C E., Griffioen, E., Murtagh, D P., McDade, I C., Eriksson, P., Llewellyn, E J., Bazureau, A., and Goutail, F.: Retrievals of stratospheric O3 and NO2 profiles from Odin Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) limb-scattered sunlight measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16303, doi:10.1029/2004JD004588, 2004.

Hegglin, M I. and Shepherd, T G.: \ooo-\nno correlations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment: Revisiting a diagnostic of transport and chemistry in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D19301, doi:10.1029/2006JD008281, 2007.

Irion, F W., Gunson, M R., Toon, G C., Chang, A Y., Eldering, A., Mahieu, E., Manney, G L., and Michelsen, H A.: Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Experiment Version~3 data retrievals, Appl. Opt., 41(33), 6968–6979, 2002.

Keim, E R., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J R., Fahey, D W., Gao, R S., Woodbridge, E L., Wamsley, R C., Donnelly, S G., Negro, L. A D., Nevison, C D., Solomon, S., Rosenlof, K H., Scott, C J., Ko, M. K W., Weisenstein, D., and Chan, K R.: Measurements of the \noy-\nno correlation in the lower stratosphere: Latitudinal and seasonal changes and model comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D11), 13 193–13 212, doi:10.1029/96JD03921, 1997.

Kerzenmacher, T., Wolff, M. A., Strong, K., Dupuy, E., Walker, K. A., Amekudzi, L. K., Batchelor, R. L., Bernath, P. F., Berthet, G., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C. D., Bramstedt, K., Brogniez, C., Brohede, S., Burrows, J. P., Catoire, V., Dodion, J., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D. G., Funke, B., Fussen, D., Goutail, F., Griffith, D. W. T., Haley, C. S., Hendrick, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, N., Jones, N., Kar, J., Kramer, I., Llewellyn, E. J., L\'�pez-Puertas, M., Manney, G., McElroy, C. T., McLinden, C. A., Melo, S., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Nichitiu, F., Notholt, J., Nowlan, C., Piccolo, C., Pommereau, J.-P., Randall, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Richter, A., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Silicani, M., Stiller, G. P., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Vanhellemont, F., Warneke, T, Zawodny, J. M., and Zou, J.: Validation of NO2 and NO from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 3027–3142, 2008.

Kleinböhl, A., Bremer, H., Küllmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Browell, E V., Canty, T., Salawitch, R J., Toon, G C., and Notholt, J.: Denitrification in the Arctic mid-winter 2004/2005 observed by airborne submillimeter radiometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19811, doi:10.1029/2005GL023408, 2005.

Koelemeijer, R. B A., de~Haan, J F., and Stammes, P.: A database of spectral surface reflectivity in the range 335–772 nm derived from 5.5 years of GOME observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D2), 4070, doi:10.1029/2002JD002429, 2003.

Krecl, P., Haley, C. S., Stegman, J., Brohede, S. M., and Berthet, G.: Retrieving the vertical distribution of stratospheric OClO from Odin/OSIRIS limb-scattered sunlight measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1879–1894, 2006.

Lambert, A., Read, W., Livesey, N., Santee, M., Manney, G., Froidevaux, L., Wu, D., Schwartz, M., Pumphrey, H., Jimenez, C., Nedoluha, G., Coeld, R., Cuddy, D., Daffer, W., Drouin, B., Fuller, R., Jarnot, R., Knosp, B., Pickett, H., Perun, V., Snyder, W., Stek, P., Thurstans, R., Wagner, P., Waters, J., Jucks, K., Toon, G., Stachnik, R., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Walker, K., Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Elkins, J., and Atlas, E.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S36, doi:10.1029/2007JD008724, 2007.

Lefèvre, F., Brasseur, G P., Folkins, I., Smith, A K., and Simon, P.: Chemistry of the 1991–1992 stratospheric winter: Three-dimensional model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8183–8195, 1994.

Lefèvre, F., Figarol, F., Carslaw, K S., and Peter, T.: The 1997 Arctic ozone depletion quantified from three-dimensional model simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2425–2428, 1998.

Liley, J B., Johnston, P V., McKenzie, R L., Thomas, A J., and Boyd, I S.: Stratospheric \noo variations from long time series at Lauder, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D9), 11 633–11 640, doi:10.1029/1999JD901157, 2000.

Llewellyn, E J., Lloyd, N D., Degenstein, D A., Gattinger, R L., Petelina, S V., Bourassa, A E., Wiensz, J T., Ivanov, E V., McDade, I C., Solheim, B H., McConnell, J C., Haley, C S., von Savigny, C., Sioris, C E., McLinden, C A., Evans, W. F J., Puckrin, E., Strong, K., Wehrle, V., Hum, R H., Kendall, D. J W., Matsushita, J., Murtagh, D P., Brohede, S., Stegman, J., Witt, G., Barnes, G., Payne, W F., Piché, L., Smith, K., Warshaw, G., Deslauniers, D L., Marchand, P., Richardson, E H., King, R A., Wever, I., McCreath, W., Kyrölä, E., Oikarinen, L., Leppelmeier, G W., Auvinen, H., Mégie, G., Hauchecorne, A., Lefévre, F., de~La~Noë, J., Ricaud, P., Frisk, U., Sjoberg, F., von Schéele, F., and Nordh, L.: The OSIRIS Instrument on the Odin Spacecraft, Can. J. Phys., 82, 411–422, 2004.

Manney, G L., Krüger, K., Sabutis, J L., Sena, S A., and Pawson, S.: The remarkable 2003–2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005367, 2005.

Mengistu Tsidu, G., Stiller, G P., von Clarmann, T., Funke, B., Höpfner, M., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kiefen, M., Linden, A., López-Puertas, M., Milz, M., Steck, T., and Wang, D Y.: NO$_y$ from Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on Environmental Satellite during the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex split in September/October 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005322, 2005.

McLinden, C A., Olsen, S., Hannegan, B., Wild, O., Prather, M J., and Sundet, J.: Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: A simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D11), 14 653–14 665, 2000.

McLinden, C A., Olsen, S., Prather, M J., and Liley, J B.: Understanding trends in stratospheric \noy and \noo, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D21), 27 787–27 793, 2001.

Murtagh, D., Frisk, U., Merino, F., Ridal, M., Jonsson, A., Stegman, J., Witt, G., Eriksson, P., Jiménez, C., Megie, G., de~La~Noë, J., Ricaud, P., Baron, P., Pardo, J R., Hauchcorne, A., Llewellyn, E J., Degenstein, D A., Gattinger, R L., Lloyd, N D., Evans, W. F J., McDade, I C., Haley, C., Sioris, C., von Savigny, C., Solheim, B H., McConnell, J C., Strong, K., Richardson, E H., Leppelmeier, G W., Kyrölä, E., Auvinen, H., and Oikarinen, L.: An overview of the Odin atmospheric mission, Can. J. Phys., 80, 309–319, 2002.

Nevison, C D., Solomon, S., and Garcia, R R.: Model overestimates of \noy\ in the upper stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(7), 803–806, doi:10.1029/97GL00549, 1997.

Olsen, S., McLinden, C A., and Prather, M J.: Stratospheric \chemN_2O-NO_y system: Testing uncertainties in a 3-D framework, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 771–28 784, 2001.

Orsolini, Y., Manney, G., Santee, M., and Randall, C.: An upper stratospheric layer of enhanced \hnooo following exceptional solar storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12S01, doi:10.1029/2004GL021588, 2005.

Osterman, G B., Sen, B., Toon, G C., Salawitch, R J., Margitan, J J., Blavier, J.-F., Fahey, D W., and Gao, R S.: Partitioning of \noy species in the summer Arctic stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(8), 1157–1160, 1999.

Platt, U.: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), in: Air monitoring by Spectroscopic Techiques, edited by: Sigrist, M., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 27–84, 1994.

Prather, M J.: Catastrophic loss of stratospheric ozone in dense volcanic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D9), 10 187–10 191, 1992.

Qin, G.: Odd nitrogen observations by ACE-FTS, Master's thesis, York University, Toronto, 2007.

Randall, C E., Harvey, V L., Manney, G L., Orsolini, Y., Codrescu, M., Sioris, C., Brohede, S., Haley, C S., Gordley, L L., Zawodny, J M., and Russel~III, J M.: Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003–2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022003, 2005.

Randall, C E., Harvey, V L., Singleton, C S., Bailey, S M., Bernath, P F., Codrescu, M., Nakajima, H., and Russel~III, J M.: Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere in 1992–2005, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08308, doi:10.1029/2006JD007696, 2007.

Ricaud, P., Lefévre, F., Berthet, G., Murtagh, D., Llewellyn, E J., Mégie, G., Kyrölä, E., Leppelmeier, W., Auvinen, H., Boone, C., Brohede, S., Degenstein, D A., de~La~Noë, J., Dupuy, E., El~Amraoui, L., Eriksson, P., Evans, W. F J., Frisk, U., Gattinger, R L., Girod, F., Haley, C S., Hassinen, S., Hauchecorne, A., Jiménez, C., Kyrö, E., Lautié, N., Le~Flochmoën, E., Lloyd, N D., McConnell, J C., McDade, I C., Nordh, L., Olberg, M., Petelina, S V., Sandqvist, A., Seppälä, A., Sioris, C E., Solheim, B H., Stegman, J., Strong, K., Taalas, P., Urban, J., von~Savigny, C., von~Scheele, F., and Witt, G.: Polar vortex evolution during the 2002 Antarctic major warming as observed by the Odin satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D05302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005018, 2005.

Rolph, G D.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html(last access: May 2008), 2003.

Roth, C Z., Degenstein, D A., Bourassa, A E., and Llewellyn, E J.: The retrieval of vertical profiles of the ozone number density using Chappuis band absorption information and a multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique, Can. J. Phys., 85(11), 1225–1243, doi:10.1139/P07-130, 2007.

Russell~III, J. M., Farmer, C B., Rinsland, C P., Zander, R., Froidevaux, L., Toon, G. C., Gao, B., Shaw, J., and Gunsen, M. : Measurements of odd nitrogen compounds in the stratosphere by the ATMOS experiment on Spacelab~3, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D2), 1718–1736, doi:10.1029/88JD01604, 1988.

Santee, M., Lambert, A., Read, W., Livesey, N., Coeld, R., Cuddy, D., Daffer, W., Drouin, B., Froidevaux, L., Fuller, R., Jarnot, R., Knosp, B., Manney, G., Perun, V., Snyder, W., Stek, P., Thurstans, R., Wagner, P., Waters, J., Muscari, G., de~Zafra,~R., Dibb, J., Fahey, D., Popp, P., Marcy, T., Jucks, K., Toon, G., Stachnik, R., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Walker, K., Urban, J., and Murtagh, D.: Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder \hnooo\ Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S40, doi:10.1029/2007JD008721 2007.

Sen, B., Toon, G C., Osterman, G B., Blavier, J.-F., Margitan, J J., Salawitch, R J., and Yue, G K.: Measurements of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D3), 2781–2784, doi:10.1029/97JD02468, 1998.

Seppälä, A., Verronen, P T., , Kyrölä, E., Hassinen, S., Backman, L., Hauchecorne, A., Bertaux, J L., and Fussen, D.: Solar proton events of October–November 2003: Ozone depletion in the Northern Hemisphere polar winter as seen by GOMOS/Envisat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19107, doi:10.1029/2004GL021042, 2004.

Seppälä, A., Verronen, P T., Clilverd, M A., Randall, C E., Tamminen, J., Sofieva, V., Backman, L., and Kyrölä, E.: Arctic and Antarctic polar winter \nox and energetic particle precipitation in 2002–2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L12810, doi:10.1029/2007GL029733, 2007.

Shepherd, T G. and Randel, W J.: Key issues arising from the 2006 WMO/UNEP Ozone Assessment, SPARC Newsletter, July, 9, 20–22, 2007.

Stiller, G P., Mengistu~Tsidu, G., von~Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Linden, A., Ruhnke, R., Fischer, H., López-Puertas, M., Funke, B., and Gil-López, S.: An enhanced \hnooo\ second maximum in the Antarctic midwinter upper stratosphere 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D20303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006011, 2005.

Strahan, S E.: Climatologies of lower stratospheric \noy and \ooo and correlations with \nno based on in situ observations, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D23), 2195–2208, doi:10.1029/1999JD900775, 1999.

Strong, K., Wolff, M. A., Kerzenmacher, T. E., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C., Catoire, V., Coffey, M., De Mazière, M., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Dupuy, E., Hannigan, J., Höpfner, M., Glatthor, N., Griffith, D. W. T., Jin, J. J., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Kuellmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Lambert, A., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., Mellqvist, J., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D. P., Notholt, J., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Robert, C., Schneider, M., Schrems, O., Semeniuk, K., Senten, C., Stiller, G. P., Strandberg, A., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Toohey, M., Urban, J., Warneke, T., and Wood, S.: Validation of ACE-FTS \chemN_2O measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4759–4786, 2008.

Toon, G., Sen, B., Blavier, J., Sasano, Y., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Ogawa, T., Suzuki, M., and Shibasaki, K.: Comparison of Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer and MkIV profiles of atmospheric trace gases measured above Alaska in May 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 8211, doi:10.1029/2001JD000640, 2002.

Toon, G C.: The JPL MkIV Interferometer, Opt. Photonics News, 2, 19–21, 1991.

Urban, J., Lautié, N., Flochmoën, E L., Jiménez, C., Eriksson, P., de~La~Noë, J., Dupuy, E., Amraoui, L E., Frisk, U., Jégou, F., Murtagh, D., Olberg, M., Ricaud, P., Camy-Peyret, C., Dufour, G., Payan, S., Huret, N., Pirre, M., Robinson, A D., Harris, N. R P., Bremer, H., Kleinböhl, A., Küllmann, K., Künzi, K., Kuttippurath, J., Ejiri, M K., Nakajima, H., Sasano,~Y., Sugita, T., Yokota, T., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., and Ridolfi, M.: Odin/SMR limb observations of stratospheric trace gases: Validation of N2O, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005394, 2005a.

Urban, J., Lautié, N., Le~Flochmoën, E., Jiménez, C., Eriksson, P., Dupuy, E., El Amraoui, L., Ekström, M., Frisk, U., Murtagh, D., de~La~Noë, J., Olberg, M., and Ricaud, P.: Odin/SMR Limb Observations of Stratospheric Trace Gases: Level~2 Processing of ClO, N2O, O3, and HNO3., J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14307, doi:10.1029/2004JD005741, 2005b.

Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Lautié, N., Barret, B., Dupuy, E., de~La~Noë, J., Eriksson, P., Frisk, U., Jones, A., Le~Flochmoën, E., Olberg, M., Piccolo, C., Ricaud, P., and Rösevall, J.: Odin/SMR Limb Observations of Trace Gases in the Polar Lower Stratosphere during 2004–2005, in: Proceedings of the ESA First Atmospheric Science Conference, 8–12 May 2006, Frascati, Italy, edited by: Lacoste, H., ESA-SP-628, European Space Agency publications, European Space Agency, ISBN-92-9092-939-1, ISSN-1609-042X, 2006.

Urban, J., Pommier, M., Murtagh, D., Eriksson, P., and Ricaud, P.: Odin/SMR Limb Observations of Nitric Acid in the Stratosphere, in: Proc. ESA Envisat Symposium, 23–27 April 2007, Montreux, Switzerland, edited by: Lacoste, H., ESA-SP-636, European Space Agency publications, European Space Agency, 2007.

Vitt, F M., Cravens, T E., and Jackman, C H.: A two-dimensional model of thermospheric nitric oxide sources and their contributions to the middle atmospheric chemical balance, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phy., 62(8), 653–667, doi:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00049-3, 2000.

von~Savigny, C., Haley, C S., Sioris, C E., McDade, I C., Llewellyn, E J., Degenstein, D., Evans, W. F J., Gattinger, R L., Griffioen, E., Kyrölö, E., Lloyd, N D., McConnell, J C., McLinden, C A., Mégie, G., Murtagh, D P., Solheim, B., and Strong, K.: Stratospheric ozone profiles retrieved from limb scattered sunlight radiance spectra measured by the OSIRIS instrument on the Odin satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(14), 1755, doi:10.1029/2002GL016401, 2003.

Wang, D. Y., H\"�pfner, M., Mengistu~Tsidu, G., Stiller, G. P., von~Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Blumenstock, T., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Hase, F., Kellmann, S., Linden, A., Milz, M., Oelhaf, H., Schneider, M., Steck, T., Wetzel, G., López-Puertas, M., Funke, B., Koukouli, M. E., Nakajima, H., Sugita, T., Irie, H., Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Santee, M. L., Toon, G., Gunson, M. R., Irion, F. W., Boone, C. D., Walker, K., and Bernath, P. F.: Validation of nitric acid retrieved by the IMK-IAA processor from MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 721–738, 2007.

Wang, D. Y., Höpfner, M., Blom, C. E., Ward, W. E., Fischer, H., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Keim, C., Liu, G. Y., Mikuteit, S., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Cortesi, U., Mencaraglia, F., Bianchini, G., Redaelli, G., Pirre, M., Catoire, V., Huret, N., Vigouroux, C., De Mazière, M., Mahieu, E., Demoulin, P., Wood, S., Smale, D., Jones, N., Nakajima, H., Sugita, T., Urban, J., Murtagh, D., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., Kuttippurath, J., Kleinböhl, A., Toon, G., and Piccolo, C.: Validation of MIPAS HNO3 operational data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4905–4934, 2007.

WMO: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report, 50, 2007.

Wolff, M. A., Kerzenmacher, T., Strong, K., Walker, K. A., Toohey, M., Dupuy, E., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Brohede, S., Catoire, V., von~Clarmann, T., Coffey, M., Daffer, W. H., De Mazière, M., Duchatelet, P., Glatthor, N., Griffith, D. W. T., Hannigan, J., Hase, F., Höpfner, M., Huret, N., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Kagawa, A., Kasai, Y., Kramer, I., Küllmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Mahieu, E., Manney, G., McElroy, C. T., McLinden, C., Mébarki, Y., Mikuteit, S., Murtagh, D., Piccolo, C., Raspollini, P., Ridolfi, M., Ruhnke, R., Santee, M., Senten, C., Smale, D., Tétard, C., Urban, J., and Wood, S.: Validation of \chemHNO_3, \chemClONO_2, and \chemN_2O_5 from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3529–3562, 2008.