Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 8 16 2008 10.5194/acp-8-4595-2008 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/4595/2008/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/4595/2008/acp-8-4595-2008.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/4595/2008/acp-8-4595-2008.pdf 4595 4604 2008-08-06 Ternary solution of sodium chloride, succinic acid and water; surface tension and its influence on cloud droplet activation J. Vanhanen joonas.vanhanen@fmi.fi A.-P. Hyvärinen T. Anttila T. Raatikainen Y. Viisanen H. Lihavainen Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Surface tension of ternary solution of sodium chloride, succinic acid and water was measured as a function of both composition and temperature by using the capillary rise technique. Both sodium chloride and succinic acid are found in atmospheric aerosols, the former being main constituent of marine aerosol. Succinic acid was found to decrease the surface tension of water already at very low concentrations. Sodium chloride increased the surface tension linearly as a function of the concentration. Surface tensions of both binary solutions agreed well with the previous measurements. Succinic acid was found to lower the surface tension even if sodium chloride is present, indicating that succinic acid, as a surface active compound, tends to concentrate to the surface. An equation based on thermodynamical relations was fitted to the data and extrapolated to the whole concentration range by using estimated surface tensions for pure compounds. As a result, we obtained an estimate of surface tensions beyond solubility limits in addition to a fit to the experimental data. The parameterization can safely be used at temperatures from 10 to 30°C. These kinds of parameterizations are important for example in atmospheric nucleation models. To investigate the influence of surface tension on cloud droplet activation, the surface tension parameterization was included in an adiabatic air parcel model. Usually in cloud models the surface tension of pure water is used. Simulations were done for characteristic marine aerosol size distributions consisting of the considered ternary mixture. We found that by using the surface tension of pure water, the amount of activated particles is underestimated up to 8% if particles contain succinic acid and overestimated it up to 8% if particles contain only sodium chloride. The surface tension effect was found to increase with increasing updraft velocity. Anttila, T. and Kerminen, V.-M.: Influence of organic compounds on the cloud droplet activation, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4662, 2002. Bikerman, J. J.: Surface Chemistry; for Industrial Research, Academic Press Inc., Publishers, New York, 1947. Bilde M. and Svenningsson, B.: CCN activation of slightly soluble organics: the importance of small amount of inorganic salt and particle phase, Tellus B, 56(2), 128–134, 2004. Chang, R. Y.-W., Liu, P. S. K., Leaitch, W. R., Abbatt, J. P. D.: Comparison between measured and predicted CCN concentrations at Egbert, Ontario: Focus on the organic aerosol fraction at a semi-rural site, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8172–8182, 2007. Chunxi, L., Wenchuan, W., and Zihao W.: A Surface Tension Model for Liquid Mixtures Based on the Wilson Equation, Fluid Phase Equilibr., 175, 185–196, 2000. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed., edited by: Lide, D. R. and Frederikse, H. P. R., (CRC, Boca Raton, FL), 1998. Cruz, C. N. and Pandis, S. N.: A study of the ability of pure secondary organic aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Environ., 31(15), 2205–2214, 1997. Cruz, C. N. and Pandis, S. N.: The effect of organic coating on the cloud condensation nuclei activation of inorganic atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13, 111–13,123, 1998. Dusek U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Scheider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size Matters More Than Chemostry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles, Science, 312, 5778, 1375–1378, 2006. Gaman, A. I., Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Napari, I., Mircea, M., Facchini, M. C., Laaksonen, A.: Binary homogeneous nucleation in water-succinic acid and water-glutaric acid systems, J. Chem. Phys., 120, 282–291, 2004. Gershey, R. M.: Characterization of seawater organic matter carried by bubble-generated aerosols, Limnol. Oceanogr., 28, 309–319, 1983. Heintzenberg, J., Covert, D. C., and van Dingenen R.: Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: A compilation and review, Tellus, 52B, 1104–1122, 2000. Hyvärinen, A.-P., Lihavainen H., Gaman, A., Vairila, L., Ojala, H., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Surface Tensions and Densities of Oxalic, Malonic, Succinic, Maleic, and cis-Pinonic Acids. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, 255–260, 2006. International Critical Tables; McGraw-Hill; New York, 1928; Vol. III. IPCC (Intergovermental panel on climate change), Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M. M. B., Miller, Jr., H. L. R., and Chen, Z., 2007. Janz, G. J.: Molten Salts Data as Reference Standards for Density, Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Electrical Conductance: KNO₃ and NaCl, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 791–830, 1980. Kanakidou, M., Sinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, 2005. Kiss, G., Tombácz, E., and Hansson, H.-C.: Surface tension effects of humic-like substances in the aqueous extract of tropospheric fine aerosol. J. Atmos. Chem., 50, 279–294, 2005. Kokkola, H., Sorjamaa, R., Peräniemi, A., Raatikainen, T., and Laaksonen, A.: Cloud formation of particles containing humic.like substances, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10816, doi:10.1029/2006GL026107, 2006. Kroll, J. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere, Atmos. Env., 42, 3593–3624, 2008. Köhler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, T. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152–1161, 1936. Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., Oliveira, T., Pio, C. A., Hammer, S., Gelencsér, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Laj, P.: Origin of C2-C5 dicarboxylic acids in the European atmosphere inferred from year-round aerosol study conducted at a west-east transect, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S07, doi:10.1029/2006JD008019, 2007. Li, Z., Williams, A. L., and Rood, M. J.: Influence of Soluble Surfactant Properties on the Activation of Aerosol Particles Containing Inorganic Solute. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1859–1866, 1998. Li, Z. and Lu, B. C.Y.: Surface tension of aqueous electrolyte solutions at high concentrations – representation and prediction, Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, 2879–2888,2001. McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, D. M., O`Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593–2649, 2006. Nenes, A., Charlson, R. J., Facchini, M. C., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Seinfeld, J. H.: Can chemical effects on cloud droplet number rival the first indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 1848, doi:10.1029/2002GL015295, 2002. Novotn\'y, P. and Söhnel, O.: Densities of Binary Aqueous Solutions of 306 Inorganic Substances, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 33, 49–55, 1988. O`Dowd, C. D., Lowe, J. A., and Smith, M. H.: Coupling sea-salt and sulphate interactions and its impact on cloud droplet concentration prediction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1311–1314, 1999. Platnic, S. and Twomey, S.: Determining the Susceptibility of Cloud Albedo to Changes in Droplet Concentration with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 334–347, 1994. Prausnitz, J. M.,Lichtenthaler R. N., and de Azevedo E. N.: Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000. Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B. E.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. Roberts, G. C., Artaxo, P., Zhou, J., Swietlicki, E., and Andreae, M. O.: Sensitivity of CCN spectra on chemical and physical properties of aerosols: a case study from the Amazon Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8070, doi:10.1029/2001JD000583, 2002. Saxena, P. and Hildemann, L. M.: Water-soluble organics in atmospheric particles: A critical review of the literature and application of thermodynamics to identify candidate compounds, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 1, 1996. Setschenow, J. Z.: Uber Die Konstitution Der Salzosungenauf Grunf auf Ihres Verhaltens Zu Kohlensure, Z. Physik. Chem., 4, 117–125, 1889. Sorjamaa, R., Svenningsson, B., Raatikainen, T., Henning, S., Bilde, M., and Laaksonen, A.: The role of surfactants in Köhler theory reconsidered, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2107–2117, 2004. Sorjamaa, R. and Laaksonen, A.: The influence of surfactant properties on critical supersaturations of cloud condensation nuclei, Aer. Sci., 37, 1730–1736, 2006. Shulmann, M, L., Jacobson, M. C., Carlson, R. J., Synovec, R. E., and Young T. E.: Dissolution behavior and surface tension effects of organic compounds in nucleating cloud droplets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(3), 277–280, 1996. Taylor, J. P. and McHaffe A.: Measurements of Cloud Susceptibility, J. Atmos. Sci, 51, 1298–1306, 1994. Tervahattu, H., Hartonen, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Kupiainen, K., Aarnio, P., Koskentalo, T., Tuck, A. F., and Vaida, V.: New evidence of an organic layer on marine aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D7), 4053, doi:19.1029/2000JD000282, 2002a. Tervahattu, H., Juhanoja, J., and Kupiainen, K.: Identification of an organic coating on marine aerosol particles by TOF-SIMS, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D16), 4319, doi:10.1029/2001J001403, 2002b. Topping, D. O., McFiggans, G. B., Kiss, G., Varga, Z., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., and Mircea, M.: Surface tension of multi-component mixed inorganic/organic aqueous systems of atmospheric significance: measurements, model predictions and importance for cloud activation predictions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2371–2398, 2007. Tuckermann, R. and Cammenge, H. K.: Surface tension of aqueous solution of some atmospheric water-soluble organic compounds. Atmos. Environ., 38, 6135–6138, 2004. Tuckermann, R.: Surface tension of aqueous solutions of water-soluble organic and inorganic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6265–6275, 2007. Twomey, S.: The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 7, 1149–1152, 1977. Varga, Z., Kiss, G., and Hansson, H.-C.: Modelling the cloud condensation nucleus activity of organic acids on the basis of surface tension and osmolality measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4601–4611, 2007. Warner, J.: The supersaturation in natural clouds. J. Rech. Atmos. 3, 233–237, 1968. Yen, L. C. and Woods, S. S.: A generalized equation for computer calculation of liquid densities, AIChe Journal, 12, 95–99, 1966.