<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>8</volume_number>
		<issue_number>13</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-8-3603-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3603/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3603/2008/acp-8-3603-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3603/2008/acp-8-3603-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>3603</start_page>
	<end_page>3622</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-07-09</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">A model tool for assessing real-time mixing of mineral and anthropogenic pollutants in East Asia: a case study of April 2005</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>F. Lasserre</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>G. Cautenet</name>
			<email>g.cautenet@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Bouet</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2">
			<name>X. Dong</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="3">
			<name>Y. J. Kim</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="4">
			<name>N. Sugimoto</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="4">
			<name>I. Matsui</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="4">
			<name>A. Shimizu</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, Université Blaise Pascal, Complexe scientifique des Cézeaux, BP 45, 63170, Aubière, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Advanced Environment Monitoring Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Gwangju 500-712, Korea</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">In order to assess the complex mixing of atmospheric anthropogenic and
natural pollutants over the East Asian region, we present a modelling tool
which takes into account the main aerosols which are to be found
simultaneously over China, Korea and Japan during springtime. Using the
mesoscale RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) tool, we present a
simulation of natural (desert) dust events along with some of the most
critical anthropogenic pollutants over East Asia, sulphur elements (SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
and SO&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) and Black Carbon (BC).
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
As regards a one-week case study of dust events which occurred during late
April 2005 over an area extending from the Gobi deserts to the Japan
surroundings, we satisfactorily model the behaviours of the different
aerosol plumes. We focus on possible dust mixing with the anthropogenic
pollutants from megacities. For both natural and anthropogenic pollution,
the model results are in fairly good agreement with the horizontal and
vertical distributions of concentrations as measured by in situ LIDAR, and as
observed in remote data, PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; data and literature. In particular, we
show that a simplified chemistry approach of this complex issue is
sufficient to model this event, with a real-time step of 3 h. The model
reproduces the main patterns and orders of magnitude for Aerosol Optical
Thickness (AOT) and species contributions (via the Angström Exponent)
when compared with the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text">Adams, J. W., Rodriguez, D., and Cox, R. A.: The uptake of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on Saharan dust: A flow tube study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2679–2689, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text">Alfaro, S. C., Gaudichet, A., Gomes, L., and Maille, M.: Mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Aerosol particle sizes and binding energies, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 991–994, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text">Alfaro, S. C. and Gomes, L.: Modeling mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Emission intensities and aerosol distributions in source areas, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18 075–18 084, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text">Angström, A.: The parameters of atmospheric turbidity, Tellus, 16, 64–75, 1964. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text">Aoki, I., Kurosaki, Y., Osada, R., Sato, T., and Kimura, F.: Dust storms generated by mesoscale cold fronts in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06807, doi:10.1029/2004GL021776, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text">Carmichael, G. R., Hayami, H., Calori, G., Uno, I., Cho, S. Y., Engardt, M., Kim, S.-B., Ichikawa, Y., Ikeda, Y., Ueda, H., and Amann, M.: Model Intercomparison Study of Long Range Transport and Sulfur deposition in East Asia (MICS-ASIA), Water Air Soil Poll., 130 (1–4), 51–62, doi:10.1023/A:1012291200633, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text">Cautenet, G., Guillard, F., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Dulac, F., and Edy, J.: Modelling of the Saharan dust event, Meteorol. Z., 9, 221–230, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text">Cautenet, S. and Lefeivre, B.: Contrasting behavior of gas and aerosol scavenging in convective rain: A numerical and experimental study in the African equatorial forest, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D6), 13013–13024, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text">Chylek, P., Videen, G., Ngo, D., Pinnick, R. G., and Klett, J. D.: Effect of black carbon on the optical properties and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D8), 6325–6332, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text">Cotton, W. R., Pielke, R. A., Walko, R. L., Liston, G. E., Tremback, C. J., Jiang, H., McAnelly, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., Nicholls, M. E., Carrio, G. G., and McFadden, J. P.: Rams 2001: Current status and future directions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 5–29, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text">Dentener, F. J., Carmichael, G. R., Zhang, Y., Lelieveld, J., and Crutzen, P.: The role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D17), 22 869–22 889, 1996. \par </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text">Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Smirnov, A., Kaufman, Y. J., King, M. D., Tanré, D., and Slutsker, I.: Variability of Absorption and Optical Properties of Key Aerosol Types Observed in Worldwide Locations, J. Atmos. Sci., 59(3), 590–608, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text">Guo, J., Rahn, K. A., and Zhuang, G.: A mechanism for the increase of pollution elements in dust storms in Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 38(6), 855–862, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text">Han, Z., Ueda, H., Matsuda, K., Zhang, R., Arao, K., Kanai, Y., and Hasome, H.: Model study on particle size segregation and deposition during Asian dust events in March 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19205, doi:10.1029/2004JD004920, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text">Hatakeyama, S., Murano, K., Bandow, H., Mukai, H., and Akimoto, H.: High concentration of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; observed over the sea of Japan, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 6(3), 403–408, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text">Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text">Jacobson, M. J.: Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols, Nature, 409, 695–697, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text">Kunhikrishnan, T., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Richter, A., Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Analysis of tropospheric NOx over Asia using the model of atmospheric transport and chemistry (MATCH-MPIC) and GOME-satellite observations, Atmos. Environ., 38(4), 581–596, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text">Lasserre, F., Cautenet, G., Alfaro, S. C., Gomes, L., Rajot, J.-L., Lafon, S., Gaudichet, A., Chatenet, B., Maille, M., Cachier, H., and Zhang, X. Y.: Development and validation of a simple mineral dust source inventory suitable for modelling in North Central China., Atmos. Environ., 39(21), 3831–3841, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text">Lasserre, F., Cautenet, G., Bouet, C., Dong, X., Kim, Y. J., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., and Shimizu, A.: A comprehensive modelling way for assessing real-time mixings of mineral and anthropogenic pollutants in East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 11895–11971, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text">Laurent, B., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Chazette, P., Maignan, F., and Schmechtig, C.: Simulation of the mineral dust emission frequencies from desert areas of China and Mongolia using an aerodynamic roughness length map derived from the POLDER/ADEOS 1 surface products, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD005013, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text">Li, C., Mao, J., and Lau, K.-H.: Research on air pollution in Beijing and its surroundings with MODIS aerosol products, Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III. Proceedings of the SPIE, 4891, 419–430, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text">Liu, X., Zhu, J., Van Espen, P., Adams, F., Xiao, R., Dong, S., and Li, Y.: Single particle characterization of spring and summer aerosols in Beijing: Formation of composite sulfate of calcium and potassium, Atmos. Environ., 39(36), 6909–6918, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text">Ma, C.-J., Tohno, S., Kasahara, M., and Hayakawa, S.: Properties of individual Asian dust storm particles collected at Kosan, Korea during ACE-Asia, Atmos. Environ., 38(8), 1133–1143, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text">Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1-Design of a soil derived production scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16415–16430, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text">Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Aumont, B., Callot, Y., N&apos;Doumé, C., and Legrand, M.: Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 2-Simulations of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4387–4404, 1997a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text">Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Gillette, D. A., and Belnap, J.: Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semi-arid and arid areas of the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23 277–23 287, 1997b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text">McNaughton, C. S., Clarke, A. D., Howell, S. G., Moore II, K. G., Brekhovkikh, V., Weber, R. J., Orsini, D. A., Covert, D. S., Buzorius, G., Brechtel, F. J., Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Eisele, F. L., Mauldin, R. L., Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C, and Blomquist, B.: Spatial distribution and size evolution of particles in Asian outflow: Significance of primary and secondary aerosols during ACE-Asia and TRACE-P, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S06, doi:10,1029/2003JD003528, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text">Menon, S., Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., and Luo, Y.: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297(5590), 2250–2253, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text">Minvielle, F., Aspects physiques et radiatifs du cycle atmosphérique des aerosols~: étude numérique sur l&apos;Océan Indien (expérience INDOEX), Thèse de doctorat (Physique de l&apos;Atmosphère), Université Blaise Pascal (U.F.R. de Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique), 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text">Minvielle, F., Cautenet, G., Andreae, M. O., Lasserre, F., Foret, G., Cautenet, S., Léon, J.-F., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Gabriel, R., Chazette, P., and Roca, R.: Modeling the transport of aerosols during INDOEX 1999 and comparison with experimental data. Part 1: carbonaceous aerosol distribution, Atmos. Environ., 38(12), 1811–1822, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text">Minvielle, F., Cautenet, G., Lasserre, F., Foret, G., Cautenet, S., Léon, J.-F., Andreae, M. O., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Gabriel, R., Chazette, P., and Roca, R.: Modeling the transport of aerosols during INDOEX 1999 and comparison with experimental data. Part 2: continental aerosol and their optical depth, Atmos. Environ., 38(12), 1823–1837, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text">Novakov, T., Chang, S. G., and Harker, A. B.: Sulfates as pollution particles: Catalytic formation on carbon (soot) particles, Science, 186, 259–261, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text">Olivier, J. G., Bouwman, A. F., Van der Maas, C. W. M., Berdowski, J. J. M., Veldt, C., Bloos, J. P. J., Visschedijk, A. J. H., Zandveld, P. Y. J., and Haverlag, J. L.: Description of EDGAR Version 2.0. A set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1$^\circ\times$1&amp;deg; grid, RIVM/TNO report. RIVM, Bilthoven, RIVM report n. 771060 002. (TNO MEP report nr. R96/119), 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text">Pradelle F. and Cautenet, G.: Radiative and microphysical interactions between marine stratocumulus clouds and Saharan dust 2. Modeling, J. Geophys. Res.,107(D19), 4413, doi:10.1029/2000JD000156, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text">Qiu, J. and Yang, L.: Variation characteristics of atmospheric aerosol optical depths and visibility in North China during 1980–1994, Atmos. Environ., 34, 603–609, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text">Reddy, M. S., Boucher, O., Balkanski, Y., and Schultz, M.: Aerosol optical depths and direct radiative perturbations by species and source type, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12803, doi:10.1029/2004GL021743, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text">Sano, I., Mukai, S., Okada, Y., Holben, B. N., Ohta, S., and Takamura, T.: Optical properties of aerosol during APEX and ACE-Asia experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8649, doi:10.1029/2002JD003263, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text">Shi, Z. B., Shao, L. Y., Jones, T. P., Whittaker, A. G., Lu, S. L., Berube, K. A., He, T. O., and Richards, R. J.: Characterization of airborne individual particles collected in an urban area, a satellite city and a clean air area in Beijing, 2001. Atmos. Environ., 37(29), 4097–4108, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text">Shimizu, A., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Arao, K., Uno, I., Murayama, T., Kagawa, N., Aoki, K., Uchiyama, A., and Yamazaki, A.: Continuous observations of Asian dust and other aerosols by polarization lidars in China and Japan during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., D19S17, doi:10.1029/2002JD003253, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text">Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., Dubovik, O., O&apos;Neill, N. T., Eck, T. F., Westphal, D. L., Goroch, A. K., Pietras, C., and Slutsker, I.: Atmospheric aerosol optical properties in the Persian Gulf, J. Atmos. Sci., 59(3), 620–634, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text">Sun, J. M., Zhang, M., and Liu, T. S.: Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in China and its surrounding regions, 1960–1999: Relations to source area and climate, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D10), 10 325–10 333, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text">Takemura, T., Nakajima, T., Nozawa, T., and Aoki, K.: Simulation of future aerosol distribution, radiative forcing, and long-range transport in east Asia, J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn, 79(6), 1139–1155, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text">Takemura, T., Nakajima, T., Higurashi, A., Ohta, S., and Sugimoto, N.: Aerosol distributions and radiative forcing over the Asian Pacific region simulated by Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol Species (SPRINTARS), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8659, doi:10.1029/2002JD003210, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text">Tang, Y., Carmichael, G. R., Kurata, G., Uno, I., Weber, R. J., Song, C.-H., Guttikunda, S. K., Woo, J.-H., Streets, D. G., Wei, C., Clarke, A. D., Huebert, B., and Anderson, T. L.: Impacts of dust on regional tropospheric chemistry during the ACE-Asia experiment: A model study with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S21, doi:10,1029/2003JD003806, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text">Trijonis, J. C., Maim, W. C., Pitchford, M., White, W. H., Charlson, R. J., and Husar, R.: Visibility: Existing and Historical Conditions – Causes and Effects. Acidic Deposition: State of Science and Technology Report No. 24, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, D.C., 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text">Uno, I., Carmichael, G. R., Streets, D., Satake, S., Takemura, T., Woo, J.-H., Uematsu, M., and Ohta, S.: Analysis of surface black carbon distributions during ACE-Asia using a regional-scale aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8636, doi:10,1029/2002JD003252, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text">Wang, C.: A modeling study on the climate impacts of black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03106, doi:10.1029/2003JD004084, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text">Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Zhang, X., Huang, K., Xu, C., Tang, A., Chen, J., and An, Z.: The ion chemistry, seasonal cycle, and sources of PM2.5 and TSP aerosol in Shanghai, Atmos. Environ., 40(16), 2935–2952, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text">Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C., Lowenthal, D. H., Cahill, C. F., Blumenthal, D. L., Richards, L. W., and Jorge, H.G.: Aerosol chemical and optical properties during the Mt. Zirkel Visibility Study. J. Environ. Qual., 30(4), 1118–1125, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text">Xia, X.-A., Chen, H.-B., Wang, P.-C., Zong, X.-M., Qiu, J.-H., and Goulomb, P.: Aerosol properties and their spatial and temporal variations over North China in spring 2001, Tellus, 57(B), 28–39, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text">Xu, Y., and Carmichael, G. R.: Modeling the dry deposition velocity of sulfur dioxide and sulfate in Asia, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37(10), 1084–1099, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text">Yang, J., Wang, J., Cao, D., Ge, C., and Gao, S.: Pollution control strategy based on performance in power sector, CRAES Research Report, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text">Zhang, D., Zang, J., Shi, G., Iwasaka, Y., Matsuki, A., and Trochkine, D.: Mixture state of individual Asian dust particles at a coastal site of Qingdao, Atmos. Environ., 37(28), 3895–3901, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text">Zhang, X. Y., Gong, S. L., Shen, Z. X., Mei, F. M., Xi, X. X., Liu, L. C., Zhou, Z. J., Wang, D., Wang, Y. Q., and Cheng, Y.: Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia: 1. Network observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4261, doi:10.1029/2002JD002632, 2003b. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

