Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 8 13 2008 10.5194/acp-8-3385-2008 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3385/2008/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3385/2008/acp-8-3385-2008.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/3385/2008/acp-8-3385-2008.pdf 3385 3409 2008-06-30 Technical Note: Validation of Odin/SMR limb observations of ozone, comparisons with OSIRIS, POAM III, ground-based and balloon-borne instruments F. Jégou fjegou@cea.fr J. Urban J. de La Noë P. Ricaud E. Le Flochmoën D. P. Murtagh P. Eriksson A. Jones S. Petelina E. J. Llewellyn N. D. Lloyd C. Haley J. Lumpe C. Randall R. M. Bevilacqua V. Catoire N. Huret G. Berthet J. B. Renard K. Strong J. Davies C. T. Mc Elroy F. Goutail J. P. Pommereau Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif sur Yvette, France Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/INSU, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Floirac, France Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Toulouse, France University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada York University, Toronto, Canada Computational Physics, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l'Environnement, Orléans, France Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Service d'Aéronomie, Paris, France La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia The Odin satellite carries two instruments capable of determining stratospheric ozone profiles by limb sounding: the Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) and the UV-visible spectrograph of the OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System) instrument. A large number of ozone profiles measurements were performed during six years from November 2001 to present. This ozone dataset is here used to make quantitative comparisons with satellite measurements in order to assess the quality of the Odin/SMR ozone measurements. In a first step, we compare Swedish SMR retrievals version 2.1, French SMR ozone retrievals version 222 (both from the 501.8 GHz band), and the OSIRIS retrievals version 3.0, with the operational version 4.0 ozone product from POAM III (Polar Ozone Atmospheric Measurement). In a second step, we refine the Odin/SMR validation by comparisons with ground-based instruments and balloon-borne observations. We use observations carried out within the framework of the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and balloon flight missions conducted by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l\'{}Environnement (LPCE, Orléans, France), and the Service d'Aéronomie (SA, Paris, France). Coincidence criteria were 5° in latitude×10° in longitude, and 5 h in time in Odin/POAM III comparisons, 12 h in Odin/NDACC comparisons, and 72 h in Odin/balloons comparisons. An agreement is found with the POAM III experiment (10–60 km) within −0.3±0.2 ppmv (bias±standard deviation) for SMR (v222, v2.1) and within −0.5±0.2 ppmv for OSIRIS (v3.0). Odin ozone mixing ratio products are systematically slightly lower than the POAM III data and show an ozone maximum lower by 1–5 km in altitude. The comparisons with the NDACC data (10–34 km for ozonesonde, 10–50 km for lidar, 10–60 for microwave instruments) yield a good agreement within −0.15±0.3 ppmv for the SMR data and −0.3±0.3 ppmv for the OSIRIS data. Finally the comparisons with instruments on large balloons (10–31 km) show a good agreement, within −0.7±1 ppmv. The official SMR v2.1 dataset is consistent in all altitude ranges with POAM III, NDACC and large balloon-borne instruments measurements. In the SMR v2.1 data, no different systematic error has been found in the 0–35km range in comparison with the 35–60 km range. The same feature has been highlighted in both hemispheres in SMR v2.1/POAM III intercomparisons, and no latitudinal dependence has been revealed in SMR v2.1/NDACC intercomparisons. Barath, F. T., Chavez, M. C., Cofield, R. E., Flower, D. A., Frerking, M. A., Gram, M. B., Harris, W. M., Holden, J. R., Jarnot, R. F., and Kloezeman, W. G.: The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder Instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 751–10 762, 1993. Barret, B., Ricaud, P., Santee, M.L., Attié, J.L., Urban, J., Le Flochmoën, E., Berthet, G., Murtagh, D.,Eriksson, P., Jones, A., de La Noë, J., Dupuy, E., Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N.J., Waters, J. W., and Filipiak, M. J.: Intercomparisons of trace gases profiles from the Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS limb sounders, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007305, 2006. Baron, P., Ricaud, P, de La Noë, J., Eriksson, J. E., Merino, F., Ridal, M., and Murtagh, D. P.: Studies for the Odin sub-millimetre radiometer. II. Retrieval methodology, Can. J. Phys., 80(4), 341–356, 2002. Bertaux, J. L., Mégie, G., Widemann, T., Chassefière, E., Pellinen, R., Kyrola, E., Korpela, S., and Simon, P.: Monitoring of Ozone Trend by Stellar Occultation: The GOMOS Instrument, Adv. Space Res., 11, 3237–3242, 1991. Berthet, G., Renard, J. B., Chartier, M., Pirre M., and Robert C.: Analysis of OBrO, IO, and OIO absorption signature in UV-visible spectra measured at night and at sunrise by stratospheric balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 4161, doi:10.1029/2002JD002284, 2003. Berthet, G., Huret, N., Lefèvre, F., Moreau, G., Robert, C., Chartier, M., Catoire, V., Barret, B., Pisso, I., and Pomathiod, L.: On the ability of chemical transport models to simulate the vertical structure of the N2O, NO2 and HNO3 species in the mid-latitude stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1599–1609, 2006. Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noël, S., Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY – Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, 1999. Borchi, F., Pommereau, J. P., Garnier A., and Pinharanda, M.: Evaluation of SHADOZ sondes, HALOE and SAGE II ozone profiles at the tropics from SAOZ UV-Vis remote measurements onboard long duration balloons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1381–1397, 2005. Borchi, F. and Pommereau, J. P.: Evaluation of ozonesondes, HALOE, SAGE II and III, Odin-OSIRIS and SMR, and ENVISAT-GOMOS, -SCIAMACHY and -MIPAS ozone profiles in the tropics from SAOZ long duration balloon measurements in 2003 and 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2671–2690, 2007. Brohede, S., Jones, A., and Jégou F.: Internal consistency in the Odin stratospheric ozone products, Can. J. Phys., 85(11), 1275–1285, 2007. Buehler, S. A., Eriksson, P, Kuhn, T, von Engeln, A and Verdes, C: ARTS, the atmospheric radiative transfer simulatior, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 91, 65–93, 2005. Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Eisinger, M., Rozanov, V., Weber, M., Richter, A., and Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer, A.: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission Concept and First Scientific Results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151–175, 1999. Connor, B. J., Parrish, A., Tsou, J. J., and McCormick, M. P.: Error analysis for the ground-based microwave ozone measurements during STOIC, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9283–9291, 1995. Davies, J., Tarasick, D., McElroy, C. T., Kerr, J. B., Fogal, P. F. and Savastiouk, V.: Evaluation of ECC Ozonesonde Preparation Methods from Laboratory Tests and Field Comparisons using MANTRA, Proc. Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, Sapporo, Japan, 2000. De Clercq, C., Gerard, P., Granville, J., Lambert, J.C., and the ACVT-GBMCD Ozone Profile Team: Geophysical consistency of Envisat ozone profile data with global atmosphere watch pole-to-pole network measurements, Proceedings of the third workshop on the atmospheric chemistry validation of Envisat, Italy, 4–7 December 2006, ESA SP-642, February 2007. Degenstein, D. A., Llewellyn, E. J., and Lloyd, N. D.: Volume Emission Rate Tomography from a Satellite Platform, Appl. Optics, 42, 1441–1450, 2002. Eriksson, P., Ekström, M., Melsheimer, C., and Buehler, S.: Efficient forward modelling by matrix representation of sensor responses, Int. J. Remote Sens., 27(9), 1793–1808, 2006. Flittner, D. E., Bhartia, P. K., and Herman, B. M.: O₃ profiles retrieved from limb scatter measurements: Theory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2601–2604, 2000. Frisk, U., Hagström, M., Ala-Laurinaho, J., Andersson, S., Berges, J. C., Chabaud, J. P., Dahlgren, M., Emrich, A., Florén, H. G., Florin, G., Fredrixon, M., Gaier, T., Haas, R., Hirvonen, T., Hjalmarsson, A., Jakobsson, B., Jukkala, P., Kildal, P. S., Kollberg, E., Lassing, J., Lecacheux, A., Lehikoinen, P., Lehto, A., Mallat, J., Marty, C., Michet, D., Narbonne, J., Nexon, M., Olberg, M., Olofsson, A. O. H., Olofsson, G., Origné, A., Petersson, M., Piironen, P., Pons, R., Pouliquen, D., Ristorcelli, I., Rosolen, C., Rouaix, G., Räisänen, A.V., Serra, G., Sjöberg, F., Stenmark, L., Torchinsky, S., Tuovinen, J., Ullberg, C., Vinterhav, E., Wadefalk, N., Zirath, H., Zimmermann, P., and Zimmermann, R.: The Odin Satellite: I. Radiometer Design and Test, Astron. Astrophys., 402, 27–34, 2003. Glaccum, W. J., Lucke, R. L., Bevilacqua, R. M., Shettle, E. P., Hornstein, J. S., Chen, D. T., Lumpe, J. D., Krigman, S. S., Debrestian, D., Fromm, M. D., Dalaudier, F., Chassefière, E., Deniel, C., Randall, C. E., Rusch, D. W., Oliviero, J. J., Brogniez, C., Lenoble, J. and Kremer, R.: The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM II) Instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14 479–14 487, 1996. Godin, S., Carswell, A. I., Donovan, D. P., Claude, H., Steinbrecht, W., McDermid, I. S., McGee, T. J., Gross, M. R., Nakane, H., Swart, D. P. J., Bergwerff, H. B., Uchino, O., von der Gathen, P., and Neuber, R.: Differential Absorption Ozone Lidar Algorithm Intercomparison, Appl. Optics, 38, 6225–6236, 1999. Haley, C. S. and S. M. Brohede: Status of the Odin/OSIRIS stratospheric O₃ and NO₂ data products, Can. J. Phys., 85(11), 1177–1194, 2007. Hartmann, G. K., Bevilacqua, R. M., Schwartz, P. R., Kämpfer, N., Künzi, K. F., Aellig, C. P., Berg, A., Boogaerts, W., Connor, B. J., Croskey, C. L., Daehler, M., Degenhardt, W., Dicken, H. D., Goldizen, D., Kriebel, D., Langen, J., Loidl, A., Olivero, J. J., Pauls, T. A., Puliafito, S. E., Richards, M. L., Rudin, C., Tsou, J. J., Waltman, W. B., Umlauft, G., and Zwick, R.: Measurements of O₃, H₂O and ClO in the Middle Atmosphere using the Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2313–2316, 1996. Hauchecorne, A., Godin, S., Marchand, M., Heese, B., and Souprayen, C.: Quantification of the transport of chemical constituents from the polar vortex to midlatitudes in the lower stratosphere using the highresolution advection model MIMOSA and effective diffusivity, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8289, doi:10.1029/2001JD000491, 2002. Heath, D. E., Krueger, A. J., Roeder, H. R., and Henderson, B. D.: The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS) for Nimbus 7, Opt. Eng., 14, 323–331, 1975. Huret, N., Pirre, M., Hauchecorne, A., Robert, C., and Catoire, V.: On the vertical structure of the stratosphere at midlatitudes during the first stage of the polar vortex formation and in the polar region in the presence of a large mesospheric descent, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006102, 2006. Jin, J. J., Semeniuk, K., Jonsson, A. I., Beagley, S. R., McConnell, J. C., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., Rinsland, C. P., Dupuy, E., Ricaud, P., De La Noë, J., Urban, J., and Murtagh, D.: Severe Arctic ozone loss in the winter 2004/2005: observations from ACE-FTS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15801, doi:10.1029/2006GL026752, 2006. Jones, A., Murtagh, D., Urban, J., Eriksson, P., and Rösevall, J.: Intercomparison of Odin/SMR ozone measurements with MIPAS and balloon sonde data, Can. J. Phys., 85(11), 1111–1123, 2007. Kämpfer, N.: Microwave remote sensing of the atmosphere in Switzerland, Opt. Eng., 34, 2413–2424, 1995. Keckhut, P., McDermid, S., Swart, D., McGee, T., Godin-Beekmann, S., Adriani, A., Barnes, J., Baray, J. L., Bencherif, B., Claude, H., di Sarra, A. G., Fiocco, G., Hansen, G., Hauchecorne, A., Leblanc, T., Lee, C. H., Pal, S., Megie, M., Nakane, H., Neuber, R., Steinbrecht W., and Thayer, J.:Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change, J. Environ. Monitor., 6, 721–733, doi:10.1039/b404256e, 2004. Komhyr, W. D.: Electrochemical concentration cells for gas analysis, Ann. Geophys., 25, 203–210, 1969. Kuttippurath, J., Bremer, H., Burrows, J., Kleinböhl, A., Küllmann, H., Künzi, K., Notholt, J., Sinnhuber, M., von Savigny, C., Lautiè, N., Murtagh, D., Urban, J., Milz, M., Stiller, G., Petelina, S. V., de La Noë, J., Le Flochmoën, E, and Ricaud, P.: Intercomparison of ozone profile measurements from ASUR, SCIAMACHY, MIPAS, OSIRIS, and SMR, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09311, doi:10.1029/2006JD007830, 2007. Llewellyn, E. J., Degenstein, D. A., Lloyd, N. D., Gattinger, R. L., Petelina, S. V., McDade, I.C., Haley, C. S., Solheim, B. H., von Savigny, C., Sioris, C., Evans, W. F. J., Strong, K., Murtagh, D. P., and Stegman J.: First Results from the OSIRIS Instrument on-board Odin, Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory Publications, 92, 41–47, 2003. Llewellyn, E. J., Lloyd, N. D., Degenstein, D. A., Gattinger, R. L., Petelina, S. V., Bourassa, A. E., Wiensz, J. T., Ivanov, E. V., McDade, I. C., Solheim, B. H., McConnell, J. C., Haley, C. S., von Savigny, C., Sioris, C. E., McLinden, C. A., Griffioen, E., Kaminski, J., Evans, W. F. J., Puckrin, E., Strong, K., Wehrle, V., Hum, R. H., Kendall, D. J. W., Matsushita, J., Murtagh, D. P., Brohede, S., Stegman, J., Witt, G., Barnes, G., Payne, W. F., Piché, L., Smith, K., Warshaw, G., Deslauniers, D. L., Marchand, P., Richardson, E. H., King, R. A., Wevers, I., McCreath, W., Kyrölä, E., Oikarinen, L., Leppelmeier, G. W., Auvinen, H., Mégie, G., Hauchecorne, A., Lefèvre, F., de La Noë, J., Ricaud, P., Frisk, U., Sjoberg, F., von Schéele, F., and Nordh, L.: The OSIRIS Instrument on the Odin Spacecraft, Can. J. Phys, Volume 82, Number 6, 411–422(12), 2004. Lucke, R. L., Korwan, D. R., Bevilacqua, R. M., Hornstein, J. S., Shettle, E. P., Chen, D. T., Daehler, M., Lumpe, J. D., Fromm, M. D., Debrestian, D., Neff, B., Squire, M., König-Langlo, G., and Davies, J.: The Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurements (POAM III) Instrument and Early Validation Results, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18 785–18 799, 1999. Lumpe, J. D., Bevilacqua, R. M., Hoppel, K. W., and Randall, C. E.: POAM III retrieval algorithm and error analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 4575, doi:10.1029/2002JD002137, 2002. Lumpe, J. D., Bevilacqua, R. M., Randall, C. E., Nedoluha, G., Hoppel, K. W., Russell, J., Harvey, V. L., Schiller, C., Sen, B., Taha, G., Toon, G., and Vömel, H.: Validation of Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III version 4 stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006763., 2006. McCormick, M. P., Zawodny, J. M., Veiga, R. E., Larsen, J. C., and Wang, P. H.: An Overview of SAGE I and II Ozone Measurements, Planet. Space Sci., 37(12), 1567–1586, 1989. McCormick, M. P., Chu, W. P., Zawodny, J. M., Mauldin, L. E., and McMaster, L. R.: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) Aerosol and trace gas measurements from Earth Observing System (EOS), Symp. Aerospace Sensing, Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 1491–1516, 1991. McDermid, I. S., Bergwerff, J. B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I. S., Brinksma, E. J., Connor, B. J., Farmer, R., Gross, M. R., Kimvilakani, P., Matthews, W. A., McGee, T. J., Ormel, F. T., Parrish, A., Singh, U., Swart, D. P. J., and Tsou, J. J.: OPAL: Network for the detection of stratospheric change ozone profiler assessment at Lauder, New Zealand. II. Intercomparison of revised results, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28 693–28 700, 1998. McLinden, C. A., Fioletov, V. E., Haley, C. S., Lloyd, N., Roth, C., Degenstein, D., Bourassa, A., McElroy, C. T., and Llewellyn, E. J.: An evaluation of Odin/OSIRIS limb pointing and stratospheric ozone through comparisons with ozonesondes, Can. J. Phys., 85, 1125–1141, 2007. McPeters, R. D., Hofmann, D. J., Clark, M., Flynn, L., Froidevaux, L., Gross, M., Johnson, B., Koenig, G., Liu, X., McDermid, S., McGee, T., Murcray, F., Newchurch, M. J., Oltmans, S., Parrish, A., Schnell, R., Singh, U., Tsou, J. J., Walsh, T., and Zawodny, J. M.: Results from the 1995 stratospheric ozone profile intercomparison at Mauna Loa, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30 505–30 514, 1999. McPeters, R. D., Janz, S. J., Hilsenrath, E., Brown, T. L., Flittner, D. E., Heath, D. F.: The Retrieval of O3 profiles from Limb Scatter Measurements: Results from the Shuttle Ozone Limb Sounding Experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2597–2600, 2000. Merino, F., Murtagh, D. P., Baron, P., Ricaud, P., de La Noë, J., and Eriksson, P.: Studies for the Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer: I. Radiative transfer and instrument simulation, Can. J. Phys., 80(4), 321–340, 2002. Merino, F., Murtagh, D. P., Baron, P., Ricaud, P., de La Noë, J., and Eriksson, P.: Studies for the Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer: III. Performance simulations, Can. J. Phys., 80(4), 357–373, 2002. Murtagh, D. P., Frisk, U., Merino, F., Ridal, M., Jonsson, A., Stegman, J., Witt, G., Eriksson, P., Jimenez, C., Mégie, G., de La Noë, J., Ricaud, P., Baron, P., Pardo, L. R., Hauchecorne, A., Llewellyn, E. J., Degenstein, D. A., Gattinger, R. L., Lloyd, N. D., J. Evans, W. F., McDade, I. C., Haley, C., Sioris, C., von Savigny, C., Solheim, G. H., McConnell, J. C., Strong, K., Richardson, E. H., Leppelmeier, G. W., Kyrölä, E., Auvinen, H., and Oikarinen, L.: An Overview of the Odin Atmospheric Mission, Can. J. Phys., 80(4), 309–319, 2002. Nakajima, H., Suzuki, M., Matsuzaki, A., Ishigaki, T., Waragai, K., Mogi, Y., Kimura, N., Araki, N., Yokota, T., Kanzawa, H., Sugita, T., and Sasano, Y: Characteristics and performance of the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) in orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 8213, 10.1029/2001JD001439, 2002. Olberg, M., Frisk, U., Lecacheux, A., Olofsson, A. O. H., Baron, P., Bergman, P., Florin, G., Hjalmarson, A., Larsson, B., Murtagh, D. P., Olofsson, G., Pagani, L., Sandqvist, A., Teyssier, D., Torchinsky, S. A., and Volk, K.: The Odin satellite: II. Radiometer data processing and calibration, Astron. Astrophys., 402(3), 35–38, 2003. Parrish, A., Connor, B. J., Tsou, J. J., McDermid, I. S., and Chu, W. P.: Ground-based microwave monitoring of stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2541–2546, 1992. Pelon, J. and Mégie, G.: Ozone monitoring in the troposphere and lower stratosphere: Evaluation and operation of a ground-based lidar station, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4947–4955, 1982. Petelina, S. V., Llewellyn, E. J., Degenstein, D. A., Lloyd, N. D., Gattinger, R. L., Haley, C. S., von Savigny, C., Griffioen, E., McDade, I. C., Evans, W. F. J., Murtagh, D. P., and de La Noë, J.: Comparison of the Odin/OSIRIS stratospheric ozone profiles with coincident POAM III and ozonesonde measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07105, doi:1029/2003GL019299, 2004. Petelina, S. V., Llewellyn, E. J., Walker, K. A., Degenstein, D. A., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Haley, C. S., von Savigny, C., Lloyd, N. D., and Gattinger, R. L.: Validation of ACE-FTS stratospheric ozone profiles against Odin/OSIRIS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S06, doi:10.1029/2005GL02237, 2005. Pommereau, J. P. and Piquard, J.: Ozone, Nitrogen dioxide and Aerosol vertical distributions by UV-visible solar occultation from balloons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1227–1230, 1994. Randall, C. E., Rusch, D. W., Bevilacqua, R. M., Hoppel, K. W., Lumpe, J. D., Shettle, E., Thompson, E., Deaver, L., Zawodny, J., Kyrö, E., Johnson, B., Kelder, H., Dorokhov, V. M., König-Langlo, G., and Gil, M.: Validation of POAM III ozone: Comparisons with ozonesonde and satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 4367, doi:10.1029/2002JD002944, 2003. Renard, J. B., Pirre, M., Robert, C., Huguenin, D., Moreau, G., and Russell, J. M.: Nocturnal distribution of stratospheric O₃, NO₂, and NO₃ from balloon measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D22), 28 793–28 804, 1996. Renard, J. B., Chartier, Robert, C., Chalumeau, G., Berthet G., Pirre, M., Pommereau J. P., and Goutail F.: SALOMON: a new light balloon-borne UV visible spectrometer for night-time observations of stratospheric trace gas species, Appl. Optics, 39, 3, 386–392, 2000. Renard, J. B., Berthet, B., Brogniez, C., Catoire, V., Fussen, D., Goutail, F., Oelhaf, H., Pommereau, J. P., Roscoe, H., Wetzel, G., Chartier, C., Robert, C., Balois, J. Y., Verwaerde, C., Auriol, F., François, F., Gaubicher, B., and Wursteisen P.: Validation of GOMOS-ENVISAT vertical profiles of O₃, NO₂, NO₃, and aerosol extinction using balloon-borne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A02302, doi:10.1029/2007JA012345, 2008. Roche, A. E., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., Ely, G. A., Uplinger, W. G., Potter, J. F., James, T. C., and Sterritt, L. W.: The Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer CLAES on UARS: Experiment Description and Performance, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 763–10 775, 1993. Rodgers, C.D.: Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature and Composition from Remote Measurements of Thermal Radiation, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 14, 609–624, 1976. Rusch, D.W., Mount, G. H., Barth, C. A., Thomas, R. J., and Callan, M. T.: Solar Mesospheric Explorer Ultraviolet Spectrometer : Measurements of Ozone in the 1.0–0.1 mbar region, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11 677–11 689, 1984. Russell, J. M. III, Gordley, L. L., Park, J. H., Drayson, S. R., Hesketh, D. H., Cicerone, R. J., Tuck, A. F., Frederick, J. E., Harries, J. E., and Crutzen, P.: The halogen occultation experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10 777–10 797, 1993. Schneider, N., Lezeaux, O., de La Noë, J, Urban, J., and Ricaud, R.: Validation of ground-based observations of stratomesospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D17), 4540, doi:10.1029/2002JD002925, 2003. Seftor, C.J., Larsen, J. C., Remund, Q., Rodriguez, J. V., Flynn, L. E. and Hilsenrath, E.: The ozone mapping and profiler suite: Extending the BUV technique to meet future ozone measurement requirements, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A21D-1010, 2003. Sioris, C.E., Haley, C. S., McLinden, C. A., von Savigny, C., McDade, I. C., McConnell, J. C., Evans, W. F. J., Lloyd, N. D., Llewellyn, E. J., Chance, K. V., Kurosu, T. P., Murtagh, D., Frisk, U., Pfeilsticker, K., Bösch, H., Weidner, F., Strong, S., Stegman, J., and Mégie, G.: Stratospheric Profiles of Nitrogen Dioxide Observed by Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System on the Odin Satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 4215, doi:10.1029/2002JD002672, 2003. Steinbrecht, W., Claude, H., Schönenborn, F., McDermid, I. S., Leblanc, T., Godin, S., Song, T., Swart, D. P. J., Meijer, Y. J., Bodeker, G. E., Connor, B. J., Kämpfer, N., Hocke, K., Calisesi, Y., Schneider, N., de la Noë, J., Parrish, A. D., Boyd, I. S., Brühl, C., Steil, B., Giorgetta, M. A., Manzini, E., Thomason, L. W., Zawodny, J. M., McCormick, M. P., Russell III, J. M., Bhartia, P. K., Stolarski, R. S., and Hollandsworth-Frith, S. M.: Long-term evolution of upper stratospheric ozone at selected stations of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10308, doi:10.1029/2005JD006454, 2006. Strong, K., Barton, D., Bernath, P., Brown, S., Davies, J., Drummond, J.R., Fast, H., Farahani, E., Fogal, P., Goutail, F., Goutail, J. P., Hall, R., McConnell, J. C., McElroy, C. T., Melo, S. M. L., Midwinter, C., Murcray, F., Nowlan, C., Ogyu, A., Olson, J., Quine, B. M., Rochon, Y., Shepherd, T. G., Solheim, B. H., Sommerfeldt, D., Sullivan, R., Tingley, M., Toohey, M., Walker, K., Wardle, D. I., Wu, H., Wunch, D., Tarasick, D., and Ullberg, A.: The MANTRA 2002 balloon flight from Vanscoy, Canada, Proceeding of Envisat Validation Workshop, Italy, 9-13 December 2002, ESA SP–531, August 2003 Strong, K., Bailak, G., Barton, D., Bassford, M. R., Blatheiwick, R. D., Brown, S., Chartrand, D., Davies, J., Drummond, J. R., Fogal, P. F.,Forsberg, E., Hall, R., Jofre, A., Kaminski, J., Kosters, J., Laurin, C., McConnell, J. C., McElroy, C. T., McLinden, C. A., Melo, S. M. L., Menzies, K., Midwinter, C., Murcray, F. J., Nowlan, C., Olson, R. J., Quine, B. M., Rochon, Y., Savastiouk, V., Solheim, B., Sommerfeldt, D., Ullberg, A., Werchohlad, S., Wu, H., and Wunch, D.: MANTRA – a balloon mission to study the odd-nitrogen budget of the stratosphere., Atmos. Ocean, 43(4), 283–299, 2005. Swartz, W. H., Yee, J. H., Vervack, R. J., Lloyd, S. A., and Newman, P. A.: Photochemical ozone loss in the Arctic as Determined by MSX/UVISI stellar Occultation Observations During the 1999/2000 Winter, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8296, doi:10.1029/2001JD000933, 2002. Tsou, J. J., Connor, B. J., Parrish, A., Pierce, R. B., Boyd, I. S., Bodeker, G. E., Chu, W. P., Russell III, J. M., Swart, D. P. J., and McGee, T. J.: NDSC millimeter wave ozone observations at Lauder, New Zealand,1992-1998: Improved methodology, validation, and variation study, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24 263–24 281, 2000. Urban, J., Baron, P., Lautié, N., Schneider, N., Dassas, K., Ricaud, P., and de La Noë, J.: Moliere (v5): A versatile forward- and inversion model for the millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelength range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 83(3-4), 529–554, 2004a. Urban, J., Lautié, N., Le Flochmoën, E., Ricaud, P., de La Noë, J., Dupuy, E., Drouin, A., El Amraoui, L., Eriksson, P., Frisk, U., Jimenez, C., Kyrölä, E., Llewellyn, E. J., Mégie, G., Murtagh, D., Nordh, L., and Olberg, M.: The Northern Hemisphere stratospheric vortex during the 2002-03 winter: Subsidence, chlorine activation and ozone loss observed by the Odin Sub-Millimeter Radiometer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07103, doi:10.1029/2003GL019089, 2004b. Urban, J., Lautié, N., Jimenez, C., Le Flochmoën, E., Dupuy, E., Eriksson, P., Frisk, U., Murtagh, D., de la Noë, J., Olberg, M., and Ricaud, P.: Odin/SMR limb observations of stratospheric trace gases: Level 2 processing of ClO, N2O, HNO3, and O3, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14307, doi:10.1029/2004JD005741, 2005. Von Savigny, C.: Retrieval of stratospheric ozone density profiles from OSIRIS scattered sunlight observations, Ph.D. Thesis, York University, Toronto, Canada, 2002. Von Savigny, C., Haley, C. S., Sioris, C. E., McDade, I. C., Llewellyn, E. J., Degenstein, D., Evans, W. F. J., Gattinger, R. L., Griffoen, E., Lloyd, N., McConnell, J. C., McLinden, C. A., Murtagh, D. P., Solheim, B., and Strong, K.: Stratospheric Ozone Profiles Retrieved from Limb Scattered Sunlight Radiance Spectra Measured by the OSIRIS Instrument on the Odin Satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1755–1758, doi:10.1029/2002GL016401, 2003. Wang, D. Y., Stiller, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., Wohnsiedler, S., Lopez-Puertas, M., Funke, B. Gil-Lopez, S., Kaufmann, M., Koukouli, M. L., Murtagh, D., Lautié, N., Jimenez, C., Jones, A., Eriksson, P., Urban, J., de La Noë, J., Le Flochmoën, E., Dupuy, E., Ricaud, P., Olberg, M., Frisk, U., Russell III, J., and Remsberg, E.: Comparisons of MIPAS/ENVISAT ozone profiles with SMR/ODIN and HALOE/UARS observations, Adv. Space Res., 36(5), 927–931, 2005. Warshaw, G. D., Desaulniers, D. L., and Degenstein, D. A.: Optical design and performance of the Odin UV/visible spectrograph and infrared imager instrument, Proc. 12th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, 1998.