References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-8-2999-2008

Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian sulfur to Canada

van Donkelaar

¹ Martin

R. V.

¹ ² Leaitch

W. R.

³ Macdonald

A. M.

³ Walker

T. W.

¹ ⁴ Streets

D. G.

⁵ Zhang

⁵ Dunlea

E. J.

⁶ Jimenez

J. L.

⁶ Dibb

J. E.

⁷ Huey

L. G.

⁸ Weber

⁸ Andreae

M. O.

⁹

Dept. of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Canada

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA

Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Canada

Dept. of Physics, University of Toronto, Canada

Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, USA

Climate Change Research Center/EOS, University of New Hampshire, USA

School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany

17 06 2008

8 11 2999 3014

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2999/2008/acp-8-2999-2008.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2999/2008/acp-8-2999-2008.pdf

We interpret a suite of satellite, aircraft, and ground-based measurements over the North Pacific Ocean and western North America during April–May 2006 as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (INTEX-B) campaign to understand the implications of long-range transport of East Asian emissions to North America. The Canadian component of INTEX-B included 33 vertical profiles from a Cessna 207 aircraft equipped with an aerosol mass spectrometer. Long-range transport of organic aerosols was insignificant, contrary to expectations. Measured sulfate plumes in the free troposphere over British Columbia exceeded 2 μg/m3. We update the global anthropogenic emission inventory in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and use it to interpret the observations. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieved from two satellite instruments (MISR and MODIS) for 2000–2006 are analyzed with GEOS-Chem to estimate an annual growth in Chinese sulfur emissions of 6.2% and 9.6%, respectively. Analysis of aircraft sulfate measurements from the NASA DC-8 over the central Pacific, the NSF C-130 over the east Pacific and the Cessna over British Columbia indicates most Asian sulfate over the ocean is in the lower free troposphere (800–600 hPa), with a decrease in pressure toward land due to orographic effects. We calculate that 56% of the measured sulfate between 500–900 hPa over British Columbia is due to East Asian sources. We find evidence of a 72–85% increase in the relative contribution of East Asian sulfate to the total burden in spring off the northwest coast of the United States since 1985. Campaign-average simulations indicate anthropogenic East Asian sulfur emissions increase mean springtime sulfate in Western Canada at the surface by 0.31 μg/m3 (~30%) and account for 50% of the overall regional sulfate burden between 1 and 5 km. Mean measured daily surface sulfate concentrations taken in the Vancouver area increase by 0.32 μg/m3 per 10% increase in the simulated fraction of Asian sulfate, and suggest current East Asian emissions episodically degrade local air quality by more than 1.5 μg/m3.

References 1

Arellano Jr., A. F., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., and Randerson, J. T.: Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01104, doi:10.1029/2003GL018609, 2004.

Abdou, W. A., Diner, D. J., Martonchik, J. V., Bruegge, C. J., Kahn, R. A., Gaitley, B. J., and Crean, K. A.: Comparison of coincident Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depths over land and ocean scenes containing Aerosol Robotic Network sites, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S07, doi:10.1029/2004JD004693, 2005.

Andreae, M. O., Berresheim, H., and Andreae, T. W., Kritz, M. A., Bates, T. S., and Merrill, J. T.: Vertical distribution of dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, aerosol ions, and radon over the northeast Pacific Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 149–173, 1988.

Bailey, R., Barrie, L. A., Halsall, C. J., Fellin, P., and Muir, D. C. G.: Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides in the western Canadian Arctic: Evidence of transpacific transport, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D9), 11 805–11 811, 2000.

Barrie, L. A., Li, S.-M., Toom, D. L., Landsberger, S., and Sturges, W.: Lower tropospheric measurements of halogens, nitrates, and sulphur oxides during Polar Sunrise Experiment 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D12), 25 453–25 467, 1994.

Benkovitz, C. M., Scholtz, M. T., Pacyna, J., Tarrasón, L., Dignon, J., Voldner, E. C., Spiro, P. A., Logan, J. A., and Graedel, T. E.: Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D22), 29 239–29 253, 1996.

Bertschi, I. T., Jaffe, D. A., Jaeglé, L., Price, H. U., and Dennison, J. B.: PHOBEA/ITCT 2002 airborne observations of transpacific transport of ozone, CO, volatile organic compounds, and aerosols to the northeast Pacific: Impacts of Asian anthropogenic and Siberian boreal fire emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S12, doi:10.1029/2003JD004328, 2004.

Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D., Fiore, A. M., Li, Q., Liu, H. Y., Mickley, L. J., and Schultz, M. G.: Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D19), 23 073–23 095, 2001.

Bowman, K. P.: Comparison of TRMM precipitation retrievals with rain gauge data from ocean buoys, J. Climate, 18, 178–190, 2005.

Brock, C. A., Hudson, P. K., Lovejoy, E. R., Sullivan, A., Nowak, J. B., Huey, L G., Cooper, O. R., Cziczo, D. J., de Gouw, J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Holloway, J. S., Hübler, G., Lafleur, B. G., Murphy, D. M., Neuman, J. A., Nicks Jr., D. K., Orsini, D. A., Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. B., Tanner, D. J., Warneke, C., Weber, R. J., and Wilson, J. C.: Particle characteristics following cloud-modified transport from Asia to North America, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S26, doi:10.1029/2003JD004198, 2004.

Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L. R., Trimborn, A. M., Northway, M. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Kolb, C. E., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185–222, 2007.

Cofer, W. R., Collins, V. G., and Talbot, R. W.: Improved aqueous scrubber for collection of soluble atmospheric trace gases, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 557–560, 1985.

Corbett, J. J., Wang, C., Winebrake, J. J., and Green, E., Allocation and forecasting of global ship emissions, Clean Air Task Force Report, 2007.

DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281–8289, 2006.

Dubovik, O., Lapyonok, T., Kaufman, Y. J., Chin, M., Ginoux, P., and Sinyuk, A.: Retrieving global sources of aerosols from satellites using inverse modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 209–250, 2008.

Eisinger, M. and Burrows, J. P.: Tropospheric sulfur dioxide observed by the ERS-2 GOME instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(22), 4177–4180, 1998.

Fairlie, T. D., Jacob, D. J., and Park, R. J., The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1251–1266, 2007.

Fu., T.-M., Jacob, D. J., Palmer, P. I., Chance, K., Wang, Y. X., Barletta, B., Blake, D. R., Stanton, J. C., and Pilling, M. J.: Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in east and south Asia and implications for ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06312, doi:10.1029/2006JD007853, 2007.

Harner, T, Shoeib, M., Kozma, M., Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Li, S. M.: Hexachlorocyclohexanes and endosulfans in urban, rural and high altitude air samples in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia: Evidence for trans-Pacific transport, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 724–731, 2005.

Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Jones, D. B., Palmer, P. I., Logan, J. A., Streets, D. G., Sachse, G. W., Gille, J. C., Hoffman, R. N., and Nehrkorn, T.: Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MOPITT) and aircraft (TRACE-P) observations to estimate Asian sources of carbon monoxide. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005185, 2004.

Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Russel, L. M., Huebert, B. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Liao, H., and Weber, R.: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models, Geophys. Res. Let., 32, L18809, doi:10.1029/2005GL023831, 2005.

Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Alexander, B., Fairlie, T. D., Yantosca, R. M., and Chu, D. A.: Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14310, doi:10.1029/2005JD006847, 2006.

Huey, L. G., Tanner, D. J., Slusher, D. L., Dibb, J. E., Arimoto, R., Chen, G., Davis, D., Buhr, M. P., Nowak, J. B., Mauldin, R. L. III, Eisele, R. L., and Kosciuch, E.: CIMS measurements of HNO3 and SO2 at the South Pole during ISCAT 2000, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5411–5421, 2004.

Jacob, D. J.: Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131–2159, 2000.

Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Kleb, M. M., Connors, V. S., Bendura, R. J., Raper, J. L., Sachse, G. W., Gille, J. C., Emmons, L., and Heald, C. L.: Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 9000, doi:10.1029/2002JD003276, 2003.

Jaffe, D., Anderson, T., Covert, D., Kotchenruther, R., Trost, B., Danielson, J., Simpson, W., Berntsen, T., Karlsdottir, S., Blake, D., Harris, J., Carmichael, G., and Uno, I.: Transport of Asian air pollution to North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(6), 711–714, 1999.

Jayne, J. T., Leard, D., Zhang, X., Daivovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33(1), 49–70, 2000.

Jaeglé, L., Steinberger, L., Martin, R.V., and Chance, K.: Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: Relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions, Faraday Discuss., 130, 407–423, 2005.

Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., Kolb, C. E., Worsnop, D. R., Yourshaw, I., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Zhang, X., Smith, K. A., Morris, J. W., and Davidovits, P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 8425, doi:10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.

Jordan, C. E., Dibb, J. E., Anderson, B. E., and Fuelberg, H. E.: Uptake of nitrate and sulfate on dust aerosols during TRACE-P, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 8817, doi:10.1029/2002JD003101, 2003.

Kahn, R. A., Gaitley, B. J., Martonchik, J. V., Diner, D. J., and Crean, K. A.: Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD004706, 2005.

Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Remer, L. A., Vermote, E. F., Chu, D. A., and Holben, B. N.: Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over the land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17 051–17 061, 1997.

Khokhar, M. F., Frankenberg, C., Van Roozendael, M., Beirle, S., Kühl, S., Richter, A., Platt, U., and Wagner, R.: Satellite observations of atmospheric SO2 from volcanic eruptions during the time-period of 1996–2002, Adv. Space Res., 36, 879–887, 2005.

Kim, S., Huey, L. G., Stickel, R. E., Tanner, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Olson, J. R., Chen, G., Brune, W. H., Ren, X., Lesher, R., Wooldridge, P. J., Bertram, T. H., Perring, A., Cohen, R. C., Lefer, B., Shetter, R. E., Avery, M., Diskin, G., and Sokolik, I.: Measurement of pernitric acid in the free troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007676, 2007.

Krotkov, N. A., Carn, S. A., Krueger, A. J., Bhartia, P. K., and Yang, K.: Band residual difference algorithm for retrieval of SO/sub 2/ from the aura ozone monitoring instrument (OMI), IEEE Tr. Geosci. Remote, 44(5), 1259–1266, 2006.

Kuhns, H., Knipping, E. M., and Vukovich, J. M.: Development of a United States-Mexico emissions inventory for the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) study, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 55, 677–692, 2005.

Leue, C., Wenig, M., Wagner, T., Klimm, O., Platt, U., and Jahne, B.: Quantitative analysis of NO$\rm_x$ emissions from GOME satellite image sequences, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D6), 5493–5505, 2001.

Levy, R. C., Remer, L. A., Mattoo, S., Vermote, E. F., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Second-generation operational algorithm: Retrieval of aerosol properties over land from inversion of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer spectral reflectance, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13211, doi:10.1029/2006JD007811, 2007.

Liang, Q., Jaeglé, L., Jaffe, D. A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Heckman, A., and Snow, J. A.: Long-range transport of Asian pollution to the northeast Pacific: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S07, doi:1029.2003JD004402, 2004.

Liao, H., Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., Wu, S., and Mickley, L. J.: Biogenic secondary organic aerosol over the United States: Comparison of climatological simulations with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007813, 2007.

Liu, H, Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., and Yantosca, R. M.: Constraints from $^210$ Pb and $^7$ Be on wet deposition and transport in a global three-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by assimilated meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, D11, 12 109–12 128, 2001.

Liu, J., Mauzerall, D. L., and Horowitz, L. W.: Analysis of seasonal and interannual variability in transpacific transport, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005207, 2005.

Liu, P. S. K., Deng, S., Smith, K. A., Williams, L. R., Jayne, J. T., Canagaratna, M. R., Moore, K., Onasch, T. B., Worsnop, D. R., and Deshler, T.: Transmission efficiency of an aerodynamic focusing lens system: Comparison of model calculations and laboratory measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 721–733, 2007.

Liu, J., Mauzerall, D. L., and Horowitz, L. W.: Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 5537–5561, 2008.

Macdonald, A. M., Anlauf, K. G., Leaitch, W. R., and Liu, P. S. K.: Multi-year chemistry of particles and selected traces gases at the Whistler High Elevation Site, EOS Trans., 87(52), AEB-0719, 2006.

Martin, R. V., Jacob, D. J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Palmer, P. I., and Evans, M. J.: Global inventory of nitrogen oxide emissions constrained by space-based observations of NO2 columns, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D17), doi:10.1029/2003JD003453, 2003a.

Martin, R. V., Jacob, D. J., and Yantosca, R. M.: Global and regional decreases in tropospheric oxidants from photochemical effects of aerosols, J. Geophy. Res., 108(D3), 4097, doi:10.1029/2002JD002622, 2003b.

Martonchik, J. V., Diner, D. J., Crean, K. A., and Bull, M. A.: Regional aerosol retrieval results from MISR, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 40(7), 1520–1531, 2002.

Massie, S. T., Torres, O., and Smith, S. J.: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations of increases in Asian aerosol in winter from 1979 to 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18211, doi:10.1029/2004JD004620, 2004.

McKendry, I. G., Hacker, J. P., Stull, R., Sakiyama, S., Mignacca, D., and Reid, K.: Long-range transport of Asian dust to the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18 361–18 370, 2001.

McKendry, I. G., Strawbridge, K. B., O'Neill, N. T., Macdonald, A. M., Liu, P. S. K., Leaitch, W. R., Anlauf, K. G., Jaegle, L., Fairlie, T. D., and Westphal, D. L.: Trans-Pacific transport of Saharan dust to western North America: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01103, doi:10.1029/2006JD007129, 2007.

McKendry, I. G., Macdonald, A M., Leaitch, W. R., van Donkelaar, A., Zhang, Q., Duck, T., and Martin, R. V.: Trans-Pacific dust events observed at Whistler, British Columbia during INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 10 275–10 300, 2008.

McNaughton, C. S., Thornhill, L., Clarke, A. D., Howell, S. G., Pinkerton, M., Anderson, B., Winstead, E., Hudgins, C., Maring, H., Dibb, J. E., and Scheuer, E.: Results from the DC-8 inlet characterization experiment (DICE): Airborne versus surface sampling of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 40, 136–159, 2007.

Mishchenko, M. L. and Geogdzhayer, I. V.: Satellite remote sensing reveals regional tropospheric aerosol trends, Opt. Ex., 15(12), 7423–7438, 2007.

Müller, J.-F. and Stavrakou, T.: Inversion of CO and NO$\rm_x$ emissions using the adjoint of the IMAGES model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1157–1186, 2005.

Olivier, J. G. J., Berdowski, J. J. M., Peters, J. A. H. W., Bakker, J., Visschedijk, A. J. H., and Bloos, J. P. J.:Applications of EDGAR. Including a description of EDGAR 3.2: reference database with trend data for 1970–1995, RIVM, Bilthoven, RIVM report 773301 001/NRP report 410200 051, 2001.

Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., and Kurosu, T. P.: Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D6), 4180, doi:10.1029/2002JD002153, 2003.

Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Chin, M., and Martin, R. V.: Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implications for natural visibility, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), D15204, doi:10.1029/2002JD003190, 2003.

Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Field, B. D., and Yantosca, R. M.: Natural and transboundary pollution influences on sulphate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols in the United States: Implications for policy, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15204, doi:10.1029/2003JD004473, 2004.

Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Palmer, P. I., Clarke, A. D., Weber, R. J., Zondlo, M. A., Eisele, F. L., Bandy, A. R., Thornton, D. C., Sachse, G. W., and Bond, T.: Export efficiency of black carbon aerosol in continental outflow: Global implications, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11205, doi:10.1029/2004JD005432, 2005.

Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., Naresh, K., and Yantosca, R. M.: Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5405–5423, 2006.

Parrish, D. D., Hahn, C. J., Williams, E. J., Norton, R. B., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Singh, H. B., Shetter, J. D., Gandrud, B. W., and Ridley, B. A.: Indications of photochemical histories of Pacific air masses from measurements of atmospheric tracer species at Pt. Arena, California, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15 883–15 901, 1992.

Pétron, G., Granier, C., Khattatov, B., Yudin, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L., Gille, J., and Edwards, D. P.: Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000-2001 MOPITT satellite data, Geophys. Res. Let., 31, L21107, doi:10.1029/2004GL020560, 2004.

Peltier, R. E., Hecobian, A. H., Weber, R. J., Stohl, A., Atlas, E. L., Riemer, D. D., Blake, E., Apel, E., Campos, T., and Karl, T.: Investigating the sources and atmospheric processes of fine particles from Asia and North America measured during INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1835–1853, 2008.

Prospero, J. M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S. E., and Gill, T. E.: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the NIMBUS 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40(1), 1002, doi:10.1029/2000RG000095, 2002.

Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanré, D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D. A., Martins, J. V., Li, R-R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R. C., Kleidman, R. G., Eck, T. F., Vermote, E., and Holben, B. N.: The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products and validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947–973, 2005.

Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Nüß, H., Granier, C., and Niemeier, U.: Increase in Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide levels over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129–132, 2005.

Rupakheti, M., Leaitch, R. W., Lohmann, U., Hayden, K., Brickell, P., Lu, G., Li, S.-M., Toom-Sauntry, D., Bottenheim, J. W., Brook, J. R., Vet, R., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: An intensive study of the size and composition of submicron atmospheric aerosols at a rural site in Ontario, Canada. Aero. Sci. Tech., 39, 722–736, 2005.

Sirois, A., and Barrie, L. A.: Artic lower tropospheric aerosol trends and composition at Alert Canada: 1980–1995, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11 599–11 618, 1999.

Song, C. H., Kim, C. M., Lee, Y. J., Carmichael, G. R., Lee, B. K., and Lee, D. S.: An evaluation of reaction probabilities of sulfate and nitrate precursors onto East Asian dust particles, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18206, doi:10.1029/2006JD008092, 2007.

Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China: SO2, NO$\rm_x$ and CO, Atmos. Environ., 34, 363–374, 2000.

Streets, D. G., Tsai, N. Y., Akimoto, H., and Oka, K.: Sulfur dioxide emissions in Asia in the period 1985–1997, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4413–4424, 2000b.

Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q., Woo, J.-H., and Yarber, K. F.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 8809, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.

Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Wang, L., He, K., Hao, J., Wu, Y., Tang, Y., and Carmichael, G. R.: Revisiting China's CO emissions after the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission: Synthesis of inventories, atmospheric modeling, and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007118, 2006.

van der A, R. J., Peters, D. H. M. U., Eskes, H., Boersma, K. F., van Roozendael, M., De Smedt, I., and Kelder, H. M.: Detection of the trend and seasonal variation in tropospheric NO2 over China, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12317, doi:10.1029/2005JD006594, 2006.

Vestreng, V., Myhre, G., Fagerli, H., Reis, S., and Tarrasón L.: Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission reduction in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3663–3683, 2007.

Weber, R. J., Orsini, D., Daun, Y., Lee, Y.-N., Klotz, P. J., and Brechtel, F.: A particle-into-liquid collector for rapid measurement of aerosol bulk chemical composition, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 35, 718–727, 2001.

Yu., H., Remer, L. A., Chin., M., Bian, H., Kleidman, R. G., and Diehl, T.: A satellite-based assessment of transpacific transport of pollution aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S12, doi:10.1029/2007JD009349, 2008.

Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., He, K., Wang, Y., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Uno, I., Jang, C. J., Chen, D., Yao, Z., and Lei, Y.: NOx emission trends for China, 1995–2004: The view from the ground and the view from space, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22306, doi:10.1029/2007JD008684, 2007.