<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>GÃ¶ttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-8-2469-2008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>SALSA &amp;ndash; a Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale   Applications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kokkola</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Korhonen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lehtinen</surname>
<given-names>K. E. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Makkonen</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Asmi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>JÃ¤rvenoja</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anttila</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Partanen</surname>
<given-names>A.-I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kulmala</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>JÃ¤rvinen</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Laaksonen</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kerminen</surname>
<given-names>V.-M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio Unit, P.O.Box 1627,   FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O.Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1672,   FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physical Sciences, P.O.Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Deceased 16 October 2007</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>08</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>2469</fpage>
<lpage>2483</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2469/2008/acp-8-2469-2008.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2469/2008/acp-8-2469-2008.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2469/2008/acp-8-2469-2008.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/2469/2008/acp-8-2469-2008.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The sectional aerosol module SALSA is introduced.
The model has been designed to be implemented in large
scale climate models, which require both accuracy and computational
efficiency. We have used multiple methods to reduce the computational
burden of different aerosol processes to optimize the model
performance without losing physical features relevant to problematics of
climate importance. The optimizations include limiting the chemical compounds
and physical processes available in different size sections of aerosol particles;
 division of the size distribution into size sections
 using size sections of variable width depending on the sensitivity of
 microphysical processing to the particles sizes; the total amount of size sections
to describe the size distribution is kept to the minimum; furthermore, only
the relevant microphysical processes affecting each size section are
calculated. The ability of the module to describe different
microphysical processes was evaluated against explicit microphysical
models and several microphysical models used in air quality
models. The results from the current module show good consistency when
compared to more explicit models. Also, the module was used to simulate a
new particle formation event typical in highly polluted conditions
with comparable results to more explicit
model setup.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="15"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation 3. Sectional representation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000483, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Abdul-Razzak, H., Ghan, S J., and Rivera-Carpio, C.: A parameterization of aerosol activation 1. Single aerosol type, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6123&amp;ndash;6131, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ackermann, I J., Hass, H., Memmesheimer, M., E A., Binkowski, F S., and Shankar, U.: Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe: Development and First Applications, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2981&amp;ndash;2999, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Adams, P J. and Seinfeld, J H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4&amp;ndash;1, doi:10.1029/2001JD001010, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Alfaro, S C. and Gomes, L.: Modeling mineral aerosol production by wind erosion: Emission intensities and aerosol size distributions in source areas, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18 075&amp;ndash;18 084, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Binkowski, F S. and Roselle, S J.: Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component 1. Model description., J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4183, doi:10.1029/2001JD001409, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Binkowski, F. S. and Shankar, U.: The Regional Particulate Matter Model. 1. Model Description and Preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26 191&amp;ndash;26 209, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bohren, C F. and Huffman, D R.: Absorption and scattering of light by small particles, John Wiley &amp; Sons inc., 1983. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Boucher, O. and Anderson, T L.: General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26 117&amp;ndash;26 134, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cantrell, C. and Heymsfield, A.: Production of ice in tropospheric clouds: A review, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 795&amp;ndash;807, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chang, M.-C., Chow, J C., Watson, J G., Hopke, P K., Yi, S.-M., and England, G C.: Measurement of ultrafine particle size distributions from coal-, oil-, and gas-fires stationary combustion sources, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 54, 1494&amp;ndash;1505, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chen, Y. and Penner, J. E.: Uncertainty analysis for estimates of the first indirect aerosol effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 4507&amp;ndash;4543, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Croft, B., Lohmann, U., and von Salzen, K.: Black carbon ageing in the Canadian Centre for Climate modelling and analysis atmospheric general circulation model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1931&amp;ndash;1949, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dusek, U., Frank, G P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M O.: Size Matters More Than Chemistry for Cloud-Nucleating Ability of Aerosol Particles, Science, 312, 1375&amp;ndash;1378, doi:10.1126/science.1125261, http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5778/1375, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ferron, G A., Karg, E., Busch, B., and Heyder, J.: Ambient particles at an urban, semi-urban and rural site in Central Europe: hygroscopic properties, Atmos. Environ., 39, 343&amp;ndash;352, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ghan, S., Laulainen, N., Easter, R., Wagener, R., Nemesure, S., Chapman, E., Zhang, Y., and Leung, R.: Evaluation of aerosol direct radiative forcing in MIRAGE, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5295&amp;ndash;5316, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grini, A. and Zender, C S.: Roles of saltation, sandblasting, and wind speed variability on mineral dust aerosol size distribution during the Puerto Rican Dust Experiment (PRIDE), J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2003JD004233, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Mikkonen, S., Sogacheva, L., Maso, M D., Kulmala, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Nucleation and growth of new particles in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 355&amp;ndash;376, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Henning, S., Weingartner, E., Schmidt, S., Wendisch, M., GÃ¤ggeler, H W., and Baltensberger, U.: Size-dependent aerosol activation at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Tellus, 54B, 82&amp;ndash;95, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Iinuma, Y., BrÃ¼ggemann, E., Gnauk, T., MÃ¼ller, K., Andreae, M O., Helas, G., Parmar, R., and Herrmann, H.: Source characterization of biomass burning particles: The combustion of selected European conifers, African hardwood, savanna grass, and German and Indonesian peat, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08209, doi:10.1029/2006JD007120, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: Developing, coupling and applying a gas, aerosol, transport and radiation model to study urban and regional air pollution, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: Numerical techniques to solve condensational and dissolutional growth equations when growth is coupled to reversible reactions, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 491&amp;ndash;498, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: Studying the effects of calcium and magnesium on size-distributed nitrate and ammonium with EQUISOLV II, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3635&amp;ndash;3649, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: A Physically-Based Treatment of Elemental Carbon Optics: Implications for Global Direct Forcing of Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 217&amp;ndash;220, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: GATOR-GCMM: A global through urban scale air pollution and weather forecast model. 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow., J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5385&amp;ndash;5402, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4366, doi:10.1029/2001JC002044, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacobson, M Z.: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jaenicke, R.: Aerosol-cloud-climate interactions, chap. Tropospheric aerosols, pp. 1&amp;ndash;31, Academic Press, San Diego, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jaffrezo, J. L., Aymoz, G., and Cozic, J.: Size distribution of EC and OC in the aerosol of Alpine valleys during summer and winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2915&amp;ndash;2925, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kerminen, V.-M. and Kulmala, M.: Analytical formulae connecting the &quot;real&quot; and the &quot;apparent&quot; nucleation rate and the nuclei number concentration for atmospheric nucleation events, J. Aerosol Science, 33, 609&amp;ndash;622, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V M., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06204, doi:10.1029/2004JD00520, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Korhonen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: CCN activation and cloud processing in sectional aerosol models with low size resolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2561&amp;ndash;2570, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kulmala, M., Vehkamaki, H., Petaja, T., Maso, M D., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, J. Aerosol Science, 35, 143&amp;ndash;176, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787&amp;ndash;793, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lehtinen, K. E J., Rannik, U., Kulmala, M., and Hari, P.: Nucleation rate and vapour concentration estimations using a least squares aerosol dynamics method, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2004JD004893, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J.: Global impacts of gas-phase chemistry-aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18208, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD005907, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Liu, H Q., Pinker, R T., and Holben, B N.: A global view of aerosols from merged transport models, satellite, and ground observations, J. Geophys. Res., 110,D10S15, doi:10.1029/2004JD004695, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McFiggans, G., Artaxo, P., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Facchini, M. C., Feingold, G., Fuzzi, S., Gysel, M., Laaksonen, A., Lohmann, U., Mentel, T. F., Murphy, D. M., O&apos;Dowd, C. D., Snider, J. R., and Weingartner, E.: The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2593&amp;ndash;2649, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McGraw, R.: Description of aerosol dynamics by the quadrature method of moments, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 27, 255&amp;ndash;265, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mertes, S., Lehman, K., Nowak, A., Massling, A., and Wiedensohler, A A.: Link between aerosol hygroscopic growth and droplet activation observed for hill-capped clouds at connected flow conditions during FEBUKO, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4247&amp;ndash;4256, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Komazaki, Y., Kurata, G., Shirai, T., Blake, D R., R., Miyakawa, T., and Koike, M.: Evolution of mixing state of black carbon particles: Aircraft measurements over the western Pacific in March, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11803, doi:10.1029/2006GL028943, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Myhre, G., Stordahl, F., Berglen, T., Sundet, J., and Isaksen, I.: Uncertainties in the radiative forcing due to sulphate aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 485&amp;ndash;498, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Napari, I., Noppel, M., Vehkamaki, H., and Kulmala, M.: An improved model for ternary nucleation of sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;ammonia&amp;ndash;water, J. Chem. Phys., 116, 4221&amp;ndash;4227, http://link.aip.org/link/?JCP/116/4221/1, 2002a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Napari, I., Noppel, M., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: Parameterization of ternary nucleation rates for H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;ndash; NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;ndash; H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O vapors., J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4381, doi:10.1029/2002JD002132, 2002b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Reddy, M S., Boucher, O., Bellouin, N., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Dufresne, J. L., and Pham, M.: Estimates of global multicomponent aerosol optical depth and direct radiative perturbation in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S16, doi:10.1029/2004JD004757, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riemer, N., Vogel, H., and Vogel, B.: Soot aging time scales in polluted regions during day and night, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1885&amp;ndash;1893, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Arnold, F., Maso, M D., Birmili, W., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III, IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1899&amp;ndash;1914, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rodriguez, M. and Dabdub, D. J.: IMAGES-SCAPE2: A modeling study of size and chemically resolved aerosol thermodynamics in a global chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 109,D22S04, doi:10.1029/2003JD003639, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Roeckner, E., Bäuml, G., Bonaventura, L., Brokopf, R., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Hagemann, S., Kirchner, I., Kornblueh, L., Manzini, E., Rhodin, A., Schlese, U., Schulzweida, U., and Tompkins, A.: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. PART I: Model description, MPI-Report, 349, 127 pp., 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sakurai, H., Fink, M A., McMurry, P H., Mauldin, L., Moore, K F., Smith, J N., and Eisele, F. L. F L.: Hygroscopicity and volatility of 4-10 nm particles during summertime atmospheric nucleation events in urban Atlanta, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22S04, doi:10.1029/2005JD005918, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schnaiter, M., Linke, C., MÃ¶hler, O., Naumann, K.-H., Saathoff, H., Wagner, R., Schurath, U., and Wehner, B.: Absorption amplification of black carbon internally mixed with secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19204, doi:10.1029/2005JD006046, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schwarz, J P., Spackman, J R., Fahey, D W., Gao, R S., Lohmann, U., Stier, P., Watts, L A., Thomson, D S., Lack, D A., Pfister, L., Mahoney, M J., Baumgardner, D., Wilson, J C., and Reeves, J M.: Coatings and their enhancement of black carbon light absorption in the tropical atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03203, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley &amp; Sons inc., 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Maso, M D., PetÃ¤jÃ¤, T., Riipinen, I., Korhonen, H., Arnold, F., Janson, R., Boy, M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4079&amp;ndash;4091, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sokolik, I N., Winker, D M., Bergametti, G., Gillette, D A., Carmichael, G., Kaufman, Y J., Gomes, L., Schuetz, L., and Penner, J E.: Introduction to special section: Outstanding problems in quantifying the radiative impacts of mineral dust, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18 015&amp;ndash;18 027, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spracklen, D. V., Springle, K. S., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3233&amp;ndash;3250, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Mann, G. W., and Sihto, S. L.: The contribution of boundary layer nucleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5631&amp;ndash;5648, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, I., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125&amp;ndash;1156, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stier, P., Seinfeld, J H., Kinne, S., and Boucher, O.: Aerosol absorption and radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5237&amp;ndash;5261, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stokes, R H. and Robinson, R A.: Interactions in aqueous nonelectrolyte solutions. I. Solute-solvent equilibria, J. Phys. Chem., 70, 2126&amp;ndash;2130, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tang, I N.: Thermodynamic and optical properties of mixed-salt aerosols of atmospheric importance, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1883&amp;ndash;1893, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> VehkamÃ¤ki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K. E J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M., and Laaksonen, A.: An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid-water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4622, doi:10.1029/2002JD002184, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vignati, E., Wilson, J., and Stier, P.: M7: An efficient size-resolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 109,D22202, doi:10.1029/2003JD004485, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> VÃ¤kevÃ¤, M., Kulmala, M., Stratmann, F., and H|&quot;ameri, K.: Field measurements of hygroscopic properties and state of mixing of nucleation mode particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 55&amp;ndash;66, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wehner, B., Philippin, S., Wiedensohler, A., Scheer, V., and Vogt, R.: Variability of non-volatile fractions of atmospheric aerosol particles with traffic influence, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6081&amp;ndash;6090, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Weisenstein, D. K., Penner, J. E., Herzog, M., and Liu, X.: Global 2-D intercomparison of sectional and modal aerosol modules, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2339&amp;ndash;2355, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wilson, J., Cuvelier, C., and Raes, F.: A modeling study of global mixed aerosol fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 34 081&amp;ndash;34 108, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, Y., Seigneur, C., Seinfeld, J H., Jacobson, M Z., and Binkowski, F S.: Simulation of Aerosol Dynamics: A Comparative Review of Algorithms Used in Air Quality Models, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 31, 487&amp;ndash;514, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zuberi, B., Johnson, K S., Aleks, G K., Molina, L T., and Molina, M J.: Hydrophilic properties of aged soot, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01807, doi:10.1029/2004GL021496, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>