References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-8-171-2008

Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry

Domine

¹ Albert

² Huthwelker

³ Jacobi

H.-W.

⁴ ⁸ Kokhanovsky

A. A.

⁵ Lehning

⁶ Picard

¹ Simpson

W. R.

⁷

Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS et Université Joseph Fourier, BP96, 54 rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France

Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755-1290, USA

Paul Scherer Institute, Laboratory for Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany

Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen University, O. Hahn Allee 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany

WSL, Eidg. Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, SLF Davos, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland

Department of Chemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160, USA

now at: Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, CNRS et Université Joseph Fourier, BP96, 54 rue Molière, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France

16 01 2008

8 2 171 208

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Snow on the ground is a complex multiphase photochemical reactor that dramatically modifies the chemical composition of the overlying atmosphere. A quantitative description of the emissions of reactive gases by snow requires knowledge of snow physical properties. This overview details our current understanding of how those physical properties relevant to snow photochemistry vary during snow metamorphism. Properties discussed are density, specific surface area, thermal conductivity, permeability, gas diffusivity and optical properties. Inasmuch as possible, equations to parameterize these properties as functions of climatic variables are proposed, based on field measurements, laboratory experiments and theory. The potential of remote sensing methods to obtain information on some snow physical variables such as grain size, liquid water content and snow depth are discussed. The possibilities for and difficulties of building a snow photochemistry model by adapting current snow physics models are explored. Elaborate snow physics models already exist, and including variables of particular interest to snow photochemistry such as light fluxes and specific surface area appears possible. On the other hand, understanding the nature and location of reactive molecules in snow seems to be the greatest difficulty modelers will have to face for lack of experimental data, and progress on this aspect will require the detailed study of natural snow samples.

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