Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 7 3 2007 10.5194/acp-7-815-2007 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/815/2007/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/815/2007/acp-7-815-2007.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/815/2007/acp-7-815-2007.pdf 815 838 2007-02-14 Remote sensed and in situ constraints on processes affecting tropical tropospheric ozone B. Sauvage bsauvage@fizz.phys.dal.ca R. V. Martin A. van Donkelaar X. Liu K. Chance L. Jaeglé P. I. Palmer S. Wu T.-M. Fu Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate the consistency of satellite measurements of lightning flashes and ozone precursors with in situ measurements of tropical tropospheric ozone. The measurements are tropospheric O₃, NO₂, and HCHO columns from the GOME satellite instrument, lightning flashes from the OTD and LIS satellite instruments, profiles of O₃, CO, and relative humidity from the MOZAIC aircraft program, and profiles of O₃ from the SHADOZ ozonesonde network. We interpret these multiple data sources with our model to better understand what controls tropical tropospheric ozone. Tropical tropospheric ozone is mainly affected by lightning NO_x and convection in the upper troposphere and by surface emissions in the lower troposphere. Scaling the spatial distribution of lightning in the model to the observed flashes improves the simulation of O₃ in the upper troposphere by 5–20 ppbv versus in situ observations and by 1–4 Dobson Units versus GOME retrievals of tropospheric O₃ columns. A lightning source strength of 6±2 Tg N/yr best represents in situ observations from aircraft and ozonesonde. Tropospheric NO₂ and HCHO columns from GOME are applied to provide top-down constraints on emission inventories of NO_x (biomass burning and soils) and VOCs (biomass burning). The top-down biomass burning inventory is larger than the bottom-up inventory by a factor of 2 for HCHO and alkenes, and by a factor of 2.6 for NO_x over northern equatorial Africa. These emissions increase lower tropospheric O₃ by 5–20 ppbv, improving the simulation versus aircraft observations, and by 4 Dobson Units versus GOME observations of tropospheric O₃ columns. Emission factors in the a posteriori inventory are more consistent with a recent compilation from in situ measurements. The ozone simulation using two different dynamical schemes (GEOS-3 and GEOS-4) is evaluated versus observations; GEOS-4 better represents O₃ observations by 5–15 ppbv, reflecting enhanced convective detrainment in the upper troposphere. Heterogeneous uptake of HNO₃ on aerosols reduces simulated O₃ by 5–7 ppbv, reducing a model bias versus in situ observations over and downwind of deserts. Exclusion of HO₂ uptake on aerosols increases O₃ by 5 ppbv in biomass burning regions, reducing a model bias versus MOZAIC aircraft measurements. Aghebo, A. M., Schultz, M. G., and Rast, S.: The influence of African air pollution on regional and global tropospheric chemistry, Atm. Chem. Phys. 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