<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>18</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-7-4709-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4709/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4709/2007/acp-7-4709-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4709/2007/acp-7-4709-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>4709</start_page>
	<end_page>4731</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-09-18</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. C. Barth</name>
			<email>barthm@ucar.edu</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1,11">
			<name>S.-W. Kim</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>C. Wang</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="3,12">
			<name>K. E. Pickering</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="3,12">
			<name>L. E. Ott</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="4">
			<name>G. Stenchikov</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="5,13">
			<name>M. Leriche</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="5">
			<name>S. Cautenet</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="9" affiliations="6">
			<name>J.-P. Pinty</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="10" affiliations="6">
			<name>Ch. Barthe</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="11" affiliations="6">
			<name>C. Mari</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="12" affiliations="7">
			<name>J. H. Helsdon</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="13" affiliations="7">
			<name>R. D. Farley</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="14" affiliations="8,14">
			<name>A. M. Fridlind</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="15" affiliations="8,14">
			<name>A. S. Ackerman</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="16" affiliations="9">
			<name>V. Spiridonov</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="17" affiliations="10">
			<name>B. Telenta</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="5" content_type="html">CNRS/University Blaise-Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="6" content_type="html">CNRS/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="7" content_type="html">South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="8" content_type="html">NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="9" content_type="html">Hydrometeorological Institute, Skopje, Macedonia</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="10" content_type="html">SENES Consultant Ltd., Toronto, Canada</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="11" content_type="html">now at: ESRL/CSD and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="12" content_type="html">now at: NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="13" content_type="html">now at: CNRS/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="14" content_type="html">now at: NASA-GISS, New York City, NY, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Transport and scavenging of chemical constituents in deep convection is
important to understanding the composition of the troposphere and therefore
chemistry-climate and air quality issues. High resolution cloud chemistry
models have been shown to represent convective processing of trace gases
quite well. To improve the representation of sub-grid convective transport
and wet deposition in large-scale models, general characteristics, such as
species mass flux, from the high resolution cloud chemistry models can be
used. However, it is important to understand how these models behave when
simulating the same storm. The intercomparison described here examines
transport of six species. CO and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, which are primarily transported,
show good agreement among models and compare well with observations. Models
that included lightning production
of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; reasonably predict NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; mixing ratios in the anvil compared
with observations, but the NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; variability is much larger than that
seen for CO and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. Predicted anvil mixing ratios of the soluble
species, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and CH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, exhibit significant
differences among models, attributed to different schemes in these models of
cloud processing including the role of the ice phase, the impact of
cloud-modified photolysis rates on the chemistry, and the representation of
the species chemical reactivity. The lack of measurements of these species
in the convective outflow region does not allow us to evaluate the model
results with observations.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ackerman, A. S., Toon, O. B., and Hobbs, P. V.: A model for particle microphysics, turbulent mixing, and radiative-transfer in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary-layer and comparisons with measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1204&amp;ndash;1236, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Allen, D. J., Douglass, A. R., and Rood, R. B.: Applications of a monotonic upstream transport scheme to three-dimensional constituent transport calculations, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 2456&amp;ndash;2464, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Arakawa, A.: Computational design for long term integration of the equations of motion: Two-dimensional incompressible flow, J. Comput. Phys., 1, 119&amp;ndash;143, 1966. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Arteta, J., Cautenet, S., Taghavi, M., and Audiffren, N.: Impact of two chemistry mechanisms fully coupled with mesoscale model on the atmospheric pollutants distribution, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7983&amp;ndash;8001, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Audiffren, N., Renard, M., Buisson, E., and Chaumerliac, N.: Deviations from the Henry&apos;s law equilibrium during cloud events: A numerical approach of the mass transfer between phases and its specific numerical effects, Atmos. Res., 49, 139&amp;ndash;161, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Barth, M. C., Stuart, A. L., and Skamarock, W. C.: Numerical simulations of the July 10 STERAO/Deep Convection storm: Redistribution of soluble tracers, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12 381&amp;ndash;12 400, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Barth, M. C., Hess, P. G., and Madronich, S.: Effect of marine boundary layer clouds on tropospheric chemistry as analyzed in a regional chemistry transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4126, doi:10.1029/2001JD000468, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Barth, M. C., Kim, S.-W., Skamarock, W. C., Stuart, A. L., Pickering, K. E., and Ott, L. E.: Simulations of the redistribution of formaldehyde, formic acid, and peroxides in the July 10, 1996 STERAO deep convection storm, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13310, doi:10.1029/2006JD008046, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Barthe, C., Molinie, G., and Pinty, J.-P.: Description and first results of an explicit electrical scheme in a 3D cloud resolving model, Atmos. Res., 76, 95&amp;ndash;113, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Barthe, C., Pinty, J.-P., and Mari, C.: Lightning-produced NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in an explicit electrical scheme tested in a Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone case study, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007402, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Bott, A.: A positive definite advection scheme obtained by nonlinear renormalization of the advective fluxes, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1006&amp;ndash;1015, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Bott, A.: The monotone area-preserving flux-form advection algorithm: Reducing the time-splitting error in two-dimensional flow fields, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 2637&amp;ndash;2641, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Clark, T. L.: A small-scale dynamic model using a terrain-following coordinate transformation, J. Comput. Phys., 24, 186&amp;ndash;215, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Clark, T. L.: Numerical simulations with a three-dimensional cloud model: Lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2191&amp;ndash;2215, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Clark, T. L. and Farley, R. D.: Severe downslope windstorm calculations in two and three spatial dimensions using anelastic interactive grid nesting: A possible mechanism for gustiness, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 329&amp;ndash;350, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Clark, T. L. and Hall, W. D.: Multi-domain simulations of the time dependent Navier Stokes equation: Benchmark error analyses of nesting procedures, J. Comp Phys., 92, 456&amp;ndash;481, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Cohan, D. S., Schultz, M. G., Jacob, D. J., Heikes, B. G., Blake, D. R.: Convective injection and photochemical decay of peroxides in the tropical upper troposphere: Methyl iodide as a tracer of marine convection, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5717&amp;ndash;5724, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Cotton, W. R., Pielke Sr., R. A., Walko, R. L, Liston, G. E., Tremback, C. J., Jiang, H., McAnelly, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., Nicholls, M. E., Carrio, G. G., and McFadden, J. P.: RAMS 2001: Current status and future directions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 5&amp;ndash;29, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Deardorff, J. W.: The development of boundary layer turbulence models for use in studying the severe storm environment, Proceedings of the SESAME Opening Meeting, Boulder, NOAA-ERL, p. 251&amp;ndash;264, 1975. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> DeCaria, A. J., Pickering, K. E., Stenchikov, G. L., Scala, J. R., Stith, J. L., Dye, J. E., Ridley, B. A., and Laroche, P.: A cloud-scale model study of lightning-generated NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in an individual thunderstorm during STERAO-A, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11 601&amp;ndash;11 616, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> DeCaria, A. J., Pickering, K. E., Stenchikov, G. L., and Ott, L. E.: Lightning-generated NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and its impact on tropospheric ozone production: A 3-D modeling study of a STERAO-A thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14303, doi:10.1029/2004JD005556, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Dye, J. E., Ridley, B. A., Baumann, K., Skamarock, W. C., Barth, M. C., Venticinque, M., Defer, E., Blanchet, P., Thery, C., Laroche, P., Hubler, G., Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T., Trainer, M., Frost, G., Holloway, J. S., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Tuck, A., Matejka, T., Bartels, D., Rutledge, S. A., Lang, T., Stith, J., and Zerr, R.: An Overview of the STERAO&amp;ndash;Deep Convection Experiment with Results for the 10 July Storm, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10 023&amp;ndash;10 045, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Ekman, A., Wang, C., Ström, J., and Wilson, J.: Explicit simulation of aerosol physics in a cloud-resolving model: A sensitivity study based on an observed convective cloud, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 773&amp;ndash;791, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Ekman, A., Wang, C., Ström, J., and Krejci, R.: Explicit simulation of aerosol physics in a cloud-resolving model: Aerosol transport and processing in the free troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 682&amp;ndash;696, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Fridlind, A. M., Ackerman, A. S., Jensen, E. J., Heymsfield, A. J., Poellot, M. R., Stevens, D. E., Wang, D., Miloshevich, L. M., Baumgardner, D., R. Lawson, P., Wilson, J. C., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Jonsson, H. H., VanReken, T. M., Varutbangkul, V., and Rissman, T. A.: Evidence for the predominance of mid-tropospheric aerosols as subtropical anvil cloud nuclei, Science, 304, 718&amp;ndash;722, doi:10.1126/science.1094947, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Fu, Q. and Liou, K. N.: Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008&amp;ndash;2025, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Grabowski, W. W.: Sixth WMO International Cloud Modeling Workshop, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 87, 639&amp;ndash;642, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Helsdon Jr., J. H. and Farley, R. D.: A numerical modeling study of a Montana thunderstorm, 2, Model results vs. observations involving electrical aspects, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5661&amp;ndash;5675, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Helsdon Jr., J. H., Wu, G., and Farley, R. D.: An intracloud lightning parameterization scheme for a storm electrification model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5865&amp;ndash;5884, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Helsdon Jr., J. H., Wojcik, W. A., and Farley, R. D.: An examination of thunderstorm charging mechanisms using a two-dimensional storm electrification model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1165&amp;ndash;1192, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Helsdon Jr., J. H., Gattaleeradapan, S., Farley, R. D., and Waits, C. C.: An examination of the convective charging hypothesis: charge structure, electric fields, and Maxwell currents, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4630, doi:10.1029/2001JD001495, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Hindmarsh, A. C.: ODEPACK, A systematized collection of ODE solvers, in Scientific Computing, edited by: Stepleman, R. S., IMACS/North Holland Publishing Company, New York, 55&amp;ndash;64, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Houze Jr., R. A.: Cloud Dynamics, Academic Press, San Diego, 573 pp, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Jacobson, M. Z.: Computation of global photochemistry with SMVGEAR-II, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2541&amp;ndash;2546, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Jaeglé, L., Jacob, D. J., Wang, Y., Weinheimer, A. J., Ridley, B. A., Campos, T. L., Sachse, G. W., and Hagen, D. E.: Sources and chemistry of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in the upper troposphere over the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1705&amp;ndash;1708, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Jensen E. J., Ackerman, A. S., Stevens, D. E., Toon, O. B., and Minnis, P.: Spreading and growth of contrails in a sheared environment, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 557&amp;ndash;31 567, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Kessler, E.: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations, Meteorol. Monogr., 10(32), 84 pp., 1969. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Klemp, J. B. and Wilhelmson, R. B.: Simulation of 3-dimensional convective storm dynamics, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070&amp;ndash;1096, 1978a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Klemp, J. B. and Wilhelmson, R. B.: Simulations of right- and left-moving storms produced through storm splitting, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1097&amp;ndash;1110, 1978b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Lafore, J.-P., Stein, J., Asencio, N., Bougeault, P., Ducrocq, V., Duron, J., Fischer, C., Héreil, P., Mascart, P., Masson, V., Pinty, J.-P., Redelsperger, J.-L., Richard, E., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: Adiabatic formulation and control simulations, Ann. Geophys., 16, 90&amp;ndash;109, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Lawrence, M. and Rasch, P. J.: Tracer transport in deep convective updrafts: Plume ensemble versus bulk formulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2880&amp;ndash;2894, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Leriche, M., Cautenet, S., Barth, M., and Chaumerliac, N.: Modelling of the July 10 STERAO storm with the RAMS model: Chemical species redistribution including gas phase and aqueous phase chemistry, in: Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVIII, edited by: Borrego, C. and Renner, E., pp. 433&amp;ndash;442, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Lipps, F. B. and Hemler, R. S.: Numerical simulations of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1796&amp;ndash;1816, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Lin, Y-L, Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065&amp;ndash;1092, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> MacGorman, D. R. and Rust, W. D.: The Electrical Nature of Storms, Oxford University Press, 422 pp., 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Madronich, S.: Photodissociation in the atmosphere: 1. Actinic fluxes and the effects of ground reflections and clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9740&amp;ndash;9752, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Madronich S. and Flocke, S.: The role of solar radiation in atmospheric chemistry, in: Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Boule, P., 1&amp;ndash;26, Springer, New York, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Meyers, M. P., Walko, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., and Cotton, W. R.: New RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization. Part II: The two moment scheme, Atmos. Res., 45, 3&amp;ndash;39, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Ovtchinnikov, M. and Ghan, S. J.: Parallel simulations of aerosol influence on clouds using cloud-resolving and single-column models, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S10, doi:10.1029/2004JD005088, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Pickering, K. E., Thompson, A. M., Wang, Y. S., Tao, W. K., McNamara, D. P., Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., Heikes, B. G., Sachse, G. W., Bradshaw, J. D., Gregory, G. L., and Blake, D. R.: Convective transport of biomass burning emissions over Brazil during TRACE A, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23 993&amp;ndash;24 012, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Pickering, K. E., Wang, Y., Tao, W.-K., Price, C., and Müller, J.-F.: Vertical distributions of lightning NO$_x$ for use in regional and global chemical transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 203&amp;ndash;31 212, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Pinty, J.-P. and Jabouille, P.: A mixed-phase cloud parameterization for use in a mesoscale non-hydrostatic model: Simulations of a squall line and of orographic precipitation, in: Conf. On Cloud Physics, Everett, WA, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 217&amp;ndash;220, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Popp, P. J. Gao, R. S., Marcy, T. P., Fahey, D. W., Hudson, P. K., Thompson, T. L., Kärcher, B., Ridley, B. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Baumgardner, D., Garrett, T. J., Weinstock, E. M., Smith, J. B., Sayres, D. S., Pittman, J. V., Dhaniyala, S., Bui, T. P., and Mahoney, M. J.: Nitric acid uptake on subtropical cirrus cloud particles, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06302, doi:10.1029/2003JD004255, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Price, C. and Rind, D.: A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9919&amp;ndash;9933, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Price, C., Penner, J., and Prather, M.: NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; from lightning 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5929&amp;ndash;5941, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Ridley, B. A., Walega, J. G., Dye, J. E., and Grahek, F. E.: Distributions of NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;y&lt;/sub&gt;, and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; to 12 km altitude during the summer monsoon season over New Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25 519&amp;ndash;25 534, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Rutledge, S. A., Hegg, D. A., and Hobbs, P. V.: A numerical model for sulfur and nitrogen scavenging in narrow cold-frontal rainbands, 1, Model description and discussion of microphysical fields, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14 385&amp;ndash;14 402, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Schwartz, S. E.: Mass-transport considerations pertinent to aqueous phase reactions of gases in liquid-water clouds, in: Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, edited by: Jaeschke, W., Springer-Verlag, New York, 415&amp;ndash;471, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Seinfeld, J. H.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 768 pp, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Seifert A. and Weisman, M.: A comparison of bulk microphysical schemes for cloud resolving NWP, in: Proceedings of the 6th WRF/15th MM5 Users&apos; Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/workshops/WS2005/abstracts/Session6/2-Seifert.pdf, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Skamarock, W. C., Powers, J., Barth, M. C., Dye, J. E., Matejka, T., Bartels, D., Baumann, K., Stith, J., Parrish, D. D., and Hubler, G.: Numerical simulations of the 10 July STERAO/Deep Convection Experiment convective system: Kinematics and transport, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19 973&amp;ndash;19 990, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Skamarock, W. C., Dye, J. E., Defer, E., Barth, M. C., Stith, J. L., Ridley, B. A., and Baumann, K.: Observational- and modeling-based budget of lightning-produced NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in a continental thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D10), 4305, doi10.1029/2002JD002163, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Skamarock, W. C, Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Barker, D., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2., Technical Note NCAR/TN-468+STR, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Smolarkiewicz, P. K.: A full multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm with small implicit diffusion, J. Comput. Phys., 65, 325&amp;ndash;363, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Clark, T. L.: The multidimensional positive definite advection transport algorithm. Further development and applications, J. Comput. Phys., 67, 394&amp;ndash;439, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Smolarkiewicz, P. K. and Grabowski, W. W.: The multidimensional positive advection transport algorithm: Nonoscillatory option, J. Comp. Phys., 86, 355&amp;ndash;375, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Snow, J. A., Heikes, B. G., Shen, H., O&apos;Sullivan, D. W., Fried, A., and Walega, J.: Hydrogen peroxide, methyl hydroperoxide, and formaldehyde over North America and the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S07, doi:10.1029/2006JD007746, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Soong, S.-T. and Ogura, Y.: Response of trade wind cumuli to large-scale processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2035&amp;ndash;2050, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Spiridonov, V. and Curic, M.: A three-dimensional numerical simulation of sulfate transport and redistribution, Can. J. Phys., 81, 1067&amp;ndash;1094, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Spiridonov, V. and Curic, M.: The relative importance of scavenging, oxidation, and ice-phase processes in the production and wet deposition of sulfate, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2118&amp;ndash;2135, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Stenchikov, G., Dickerson, R., Pickering, K., Ellis, W., Doddridge, B., Kondragunta, S., Poulida, O., Scala, J., and Tao, W. K.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in a midlatitude mesoscale convective complex .2. Numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6837&amp;ndash;6851, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Stevens D. E. and Bretherton C. S.: A forward-in-time advection scheme and adaptive multilevel flow solver for nearly incompressible atmospheric flow, J. Comp. Phys., 129, 284&amp;ndash;295, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Stickler, A., Fischer, H., Williams, J., de Reus, M., Sander, R., Lawrence, M. G., Crowley, J. N., and Lelieveld, J.: Influence of summertime deep convection on formaldehyde in the middle and upper troposphere over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14308, doi:10.1029/2005JD007001, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Taghavi, M., Cautenet, S., and Foret, G.: Simulation of ozone production in a complex circulation region using nested grids, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 825&amp;ndash;838, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Tao, W.-K. and Simpson, J.: Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description, TAO, 4, 35&amp;ndash;72, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Tao, W.-K., Simpson, J., Baker, D., Braun, S., Chou, M.-D., Ferrier, B., Johnson, D., Khain, A., Lang, S., Lynn, B., Shie, C.-L., Starr, D., Sui, C.-H., Wang, Y., and Wetzel, P.: Microphysics, radiation, and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82, 97&amp;ndash;137, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Taylor, G. R.: Sulfate production and deposition in midlatitude continental cumulus clouds. Part II: Chemistry model formulation and sensitivity analysis, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1991&amp;ndash;2007, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Tost, H., Jockel, P., and Lelieveld, J.: Influence of different convection parameterizations in a GCM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5475&amp;ndash;5493, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Tripoli, G. J. and Cotton, W. R.: The use of ice-liquid water potential temperature as a thermodynamical variable in deep atmospheric models, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 1094&amp;ndash;1102, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Tripoli, G. J. and Cotton, W. R.: The Colorado State University three-dimensional cloud/mesoscale model &amp;ndash; 1982, Part II: An ice phase parameterization, J. Rech. Atmos., 16, 295&amp;ndash;320, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="81" content_type="text"> Wang, C.: A modeling study on the response of tropical deep convection to the increase of CCN concentration. 1. Dynamics and microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21211, doi:10.1029/2004JD005720, 2005a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="82" content_type="text"> Wang, C.: A modeling study on the response of tropical deep convection to the increase of CCN concentration. 2. Radiation and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22204, doi:10.1029/2005JD005829, 2005b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="83" content_type="text"> Wang, C. and Chang, J.: Three-dimensional numerical model of cloud dynamics, microphysics, and chemistry 1. Concepts and formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D8), 14 827&amp;ndash;14 844, 1993a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="84" content_type="text"> Wang, C. and Chang, J.: A three-dimensional numerical model of cloud dynamics, microphysics, and chemistry 3. Redistribution of pollutants, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D9), 16 787&amp;ndash;16 798, 1993b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="85" content_type="text"> Wang, C. and Chang, J.: A three-dimensional numerical model of cloud dynamics, microphysics, and chemistry 4. Cloud chemistry and precipitation chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D9), 16 799&amp;ndash;16 808, 1993c. </reference>
		<reference numeration="86" content_type="text"> Wang, C. and Crutzen, P. J.: Impact of a simulated severe local storm on the redistribution of sulfur dioxide, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D6), 11 357&amp;ndash;11 367, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="87" content_type="text"> Wang, C. and Prinn, R.: On the roles of deep convective clouds in tropospheric chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D17), 22 269&amp;ndash;22 298, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="88" content_type="text"> Wang, C., Prinn, R. G., and Sokolov, A.: A global interactive chemistry and climate model: Formulation and testing, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D3), 3399&amp;ndash;3418, 1998a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="89" content_type="text"> Wang, Y., DeDilva, A. W., Goldenbaum, G. C., and Dickerson, R. R.: Nitric oxide production by simulated lightning: Dependence on current, energy, and pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D15), 19 149&amp;ndash;19 160, doi:10.1029/98JD01356, 1998b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="90" content_type="text"> Wicker, L. J. and Skamarock, W. C.: Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 2088&amp;ndash;2097, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="91" content_type="text"> Xie, S, Xu, K.-M., Cederwall, R. T., Bechtold, P., Genio, A. D. D., Klein, S. A., Cripe, D. G., Ghan, S. J., Gregory, D., Iacobellis, S. F., Krueger, S. K., Lohmann, U., Petch, J. C., Randall, D. A., et al.: Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1095&amp;ndash;1135, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="92" content_type="text"> Zhang, X., Helsdon Jr., J. H., and Farley, R. D.: Numerical modeling of lightning-produced NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three-dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D18), 4580, doi:10.1029/2002JD003225, 2003. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

