<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-7-4229-2007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Mixing between a stratospheric intrusion and a biomass burning plume</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brioude</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cooper</surname>
<given-names>O. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Trainer</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ryerson</surname>
<given-names>T. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holloway</surname>
<given-names>J. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baynard</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Peischl</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Warneke</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Neuman</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>De Gouw</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stohl</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eckhardt</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frost</surname>
<given-names>G. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McKeen</surname>
<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hsie</surname>
<given-names>E.-Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fehsenfeld</surname>
<given-names>F. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nédélec</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Chemical Sciences Division, Earth Science Reasearch Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences,  University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire d&apos;Aérologie, UMR 5560, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>16</issue>
<fpage>4229</fpage>
<lpage>4235</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4229/2007/acp-7-4229-2007.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4229/2007/acp-7-4229-2007.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4229/2007/acp-7-4229-2007.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/4229/2007/acp-7-4229-2007.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Ozone, carbon monoxide, aerosol extinction coefficient, acetonitrile, nitric
acid and relative humidity measured from the NOAA P3 aircraft during the
TexAQS/GoMACCS 2006 experiment, indicate mixing between a biomass burning
plume and a stratospheric intrusion in the free troposphere above eastern
Texas. Lagrangian-based transport analysis and satellite imagery are used to
investigate the transport mechanisms that bring together the tropopause fold
and the biomass burning plume originating in southern California, which may
affect the chemical budget of tropospheric trace gases.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 955&amp;ndash;966, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baynard, T., Garland, R. M., Ravishankara, A. R., Tolbert, M. A., and Lovejoy, E. R.: Key factors influencing the relative humidity dependence of aerosol light scattering, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06813, doi:10.1029/2005GL024898, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cho, J. Y. N., Newell, R. E., Browell, E. V., Grant, W. B., Butler, C. F., and Fenn, M. A.: Observation of pollution plume capping by a tropopause fold, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3243&amp;ndash;3246, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cooper, O. R., Forster, C., Parrish, D., Dunlea, E., Hubler, G., Fehsenfeld, F., Holloway, J., Oltmans, S., Johnson, B., Wimmers, A., and Horowitz, L.: On the life-cycle of a stratospheric intrusion and its dispersion into polluted warm conveyor belts, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S09, doi:10.1029/2003JD004006, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cooper, O. R., Stohl, A., Hubler, G., Hsie, E. Y., Parrish, D. D., Tuck, A. F., Kiladis, G. N., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Shapiro, M., Moody, J. L., and Lefohn, A. S.: Direct transport of midlatitude stratospheric ozone into the lower troposphere and marine boundary layer of the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23310, doi:10.1029/2005JD005783, 2005. %</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> %Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Forster, C., James, P., Mattis, I., Wandinger, U., Beirle, S., and Stohl, A. (2004): Around the world in 17 days – hemispheric-scale transport of forest fire smoke from Russia in May 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1311–1321 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Danielsen, E. F.: Stratospheric-tropospheric exchanges based upon radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502&amp;ndash;518, 1968 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> De Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Parrish, D. D., Holloway, J. S., Trainer, M., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Emission sources and ocean uptake of acetonitrile (CH3CN) in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11), 4329, doi:10.1029/2002JD002897, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> De Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Stohl, A., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Cooper, O. R., Holloway, J. S., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Atlas, E. L., Donnelly, S. G., Stroud, V., and Lueb, A.: Volatile organic compounds composition of merged and aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006175, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> De Gouw, J. and Warneke, C.: Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earths atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26(2), 223&amp;ndash;257, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Esler J. G., Tan, D. G. H., Haynes, P. H., Evans, M. J., Law, K. S., Plantevin, P. H., and Pyle, J. A.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: Chemical sensitivity to mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D5), 4717&amp;ndash;4731, doi:10.1029/2000JD900405, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Frost, G. J., McKeen, S. A., Trainer, M., et al.: Effects of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006354, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Holloway, J. S., Jakoubek, R. O., Parrish, D. D., Gerbig, C., Volz-Thomas, A., Schmitgen, S., Fried, A., Wert, B., B.,, and Drummond, J. R.: Airborne intercomparison of vacuum ultraviolet fluorescence and tunable diode laser absorption measurements of tropospheric carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D19), 24 251&amp;ndash;24 262, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Honrath, R. E., Owen, R. C., Val Martin, M., Reid, J. S., Lapina, K., Fialho, P., Dziobak, M. P., Kleissl, J., and Westphal, D. L.: Regional and hemispheric impacts of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions on summertime CO and O3 in the North Atlantic lower free troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24310, doi:10.1029/2004JD005147, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hoor, P., Fischer, H., Lange, L., Lelieveld, J., and Brunner, D.: Seasonal variations of a mixing layer in the lowermost stratosphere as identified by the CO-O3 correlation from in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D5), 4044, doi:10.1029/2000JD000289, 2002. %</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> %Parrish, D. D., M. Trainer, J. S. Holloway, J. E. Yee, M. S. Warshawsky, F. C. Fehsenfeld, G. L. Forbes, and J. L. Moody (1998), Relationships between ozone and carbon monoxide at surface sites in the North Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D11), 13,357–13,376. %</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> %Neuman, J.A., D.D. Parrish, M. Trainer, T.B. Ryerson, J.S. Holloway, J.B. Nowak, A. Swanson, F. Flocke, J.M. Roberts, S.S. Brown, H. Stark, R. Sommariva, A. Stohl, R. Peltier, R. Weber, A.G. Wollny, D.T. Sueper, G. Hubler and F.C. Fehsenfeld (2006), Reactive nitrogen transport and photochemistry in urban plumes over the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JD007010 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> James, P., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Eckhardt, S., Seibert, P., and Frank, A.: A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 2. Mean climate and seasonal variability, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8522, doi:10.1029/2002JD002639, 2003 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kentarchos, A. S., and G. J. Roelofs: A model study of stratospheric ozone in the troposphere and its contribution to tropospheric OH formation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8517, doi:10.1029/2002JD002598, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McKeen, S. A., Wotawa, G., Parrish, D. D., Holloway, J. S., Buhr, M. P., Hubler, G., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Meagher, J. F.: Ozone production from Canadian wildfires during June and July of 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D14), 4192, doi:10.1029/2001JD000697, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nedelec, P., Cammas, J. -P., Thouret, V., Athier, G., Cousin, J. -M., Legrand, C., Abonnel, C., Lecoeur, F., Cayez, G., and Marizy, C.: An improved infrared carbon monoxide analyser for routine measurements aboard commercial Airbus aircraft: technical validation and first scientific results of the MOZAIC III programme, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1551&amp;ndash;1564, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Neuman, J. A., Huey, L. G., Dissly R. W. et al.: Fast-response airborne in situ measurements of HNO3 during the Texas Air Quality Study, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 4436, doi:10.1029/2001JD001437, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Parrish, D. D., Holloway, J. S., Jakoubek, R., Trainer, M., Ryerson, T. B., Hubler, G., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Moody, J. L., and Cooper, O. R.: Mixing of anthropogenic pollution with stratospheric ozone: A case study from the North Atlantic wintertime troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24 363&amp;ndash;24 374, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Price, J., and G. Vaughan: The potential for stratosphere-troposphere exchange in cut-off-low systems. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 119, 343&amp;ndash;365, 1993 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Reid, H. J. and Vaughan, G.: Convective mixing in a tropopause fold, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.,130, 1195-1221, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sprenger, M., and H. Wernli: A northern hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979–1993), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8521, doi:10.1029/2002JD002636, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sprenger, M., Croci Maspoli, M., and Wernli, H.: Tropopause folds and cross-tropopause transport: A global investigation based upon ECMWF analyses for the time period March 2000 to February 2001, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8518, doi:10.1029/2002JD002587, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stohl, A., Spichtinger-Rakowsky, N., Bonasoni, P., Feldmann, H., Memmesheimer, M., Scheel, H. E., Trickl, T., Hubener, S. H., Ringer, W., and Mandl, M.: The influence of stratospheric intrusions on alpine ozone concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1323&amp;ndash;1354, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461&amp;ndash;2474, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stohl, A., Berg, T., Burkhart, J. E., et al.: Arctic smoke-record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in Eastern Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 511-534, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thouret, V., Marenco, A., Nedelec, P., and Grouhel, C.: Ozone climatologies at 9&amp;ndash;12 km altitude as seen by the MOZAIC airborne program between September 1994 and August 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25 653&amp;ndash;25 679, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Warneke, C., de Gouw J. A. , Stohl, A. et al.: Biomass burning and anthropogenic sources of CO over New England in the summer 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S15, doi:10.1029/2005JD006878, 2006. %</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> %Warneke, C., J.A. deGouw, P.D. Goldan, W.C. Kuster, J.S. Holloway, E.J. Williams, B.M. Lerner, S.A. McKeen, D.D. Parrish, M. Trainer, F.C. Fehsenfeld, S. Kato, E.L. Atlas, A. Baker and D.R. Blake (2006) Determination of urban VOC emissions ratios and comparison with inventories, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10.1029/2005JD006878 %Warneke,2006 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wotawa, G. and Trainer, M.: The influence of Canadian forest fires on pollutant concentrations in the United States, Science, 288, 324&amp;ndash;328, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>