Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 7 12 2007 10.5194/acp-7-3195-2007 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/3195/2007/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/3195/2007/acp-7-3195-2007.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/3195/2007/acp-7-3195-2007.pdf 3195 3210 2007-06-21 Distribution of lead in single atmospheric particles D. M. Murphy daniel.m.murphy@noaa.gov P. K. Hudson D. J. Cziczo S. Gallavardin K. D. Froyd M. V. Johnston A. M. Middlebrook M. S. Reinard D. S. Thomson T. Thornberry A. S. Wexler Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80305, USA Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO 80309, USA now at Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Institute for Atmosphere and Climate Science, ETH, Zurich 8092, Switzerland Department of Chemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Departments of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Three independent single particle mass spectrometers measured Pb in individual aerosol particles. These data provide unprecedented sensitivity and statistical significance for the measurement of Pb in single particles. This paper explores the reasons for the frequency of Pb in fine particles now that most gasoline is unleaded. Trace amounts of Pb were found in 5 to 25% of 250 to 3000 nm diameter particles sampled by both aircraft and surface instruments in the eastern and western United States. Over 5% of particles at a mountain site in Switzerland contained Pb. Particles smaller than 100 nm with high Pb content were also observed by an instrument that was only operated in urban areas. Lead was found on all types of particles, including Pb present on biomass burning particles from remote fires. Less common particles with high Pb contents contributed a majority of the total amount of Pb. Single particles with high Pb content often also contained alkali metals, Zn, Cu, Sn, As, and Sb. The association of Pb with Zn and other metals is also found in IMPROVE network filter data from surface sites. Sources of airborne Pb in the United States are reviewed for consistency with these data. 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