Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
www.atmos-chem-phys.net
1680-7316
1680-7324
7
10
2007
10.5194/acp-7-2601-2007
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2601/2007/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2601/2007/acp-7-2601-2007.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2601/2007/acp-7-2601-2007.pdf
2601
2615
2007-05-16
HDO measurements with MIPAS
J. Steinwagner
joerg@steinwagner.de
M. Milz
T. von Clarmann
N. Glatthor
U. Grabowski
M. Höpfner
G. P. Stiller
T. Röckmann
Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Research Center Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, The Netherlands
Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
We have used high spectral resolution spectroscopic measurements
from the MIPAS instrument on the Envisat satellite to simultaneously
retrieve vertical profiles of H<sub>2</sub>O and HDO in the
stratosphere and uppermost troposphere. Variations in the deuterium
content of water are expressed in the common δ notation,
where δD is the deviation of the Deuterium/Hydrogen
ratio in a sample from a standard isotope ratio. A thorough error
analysis of the retrievals confirms that reliable δD
data can be obtained up to an altitude of ~45 km. Averaging over
multiple orbits and thus over longitudes further reduces the random
part of the error. The absolute total error of averaged
δD is between 36‰ and 111‰. With values
lower than 42‰ the total random error is significantly
smaller than the natural variability of δD. The data
compare well with previous investigations. The MIPAS measurements
now provide a unique global data set of high-quality
δD data that will provide novel insight into the
stratospheric water cycle.
Carlotti, M.: Global–fit approach to the analysis of limb–scanning atmospheric measurements, Appl. Opt., 27, 3250–3254, 1988.
Coffey, M T., Hannigan, J., and Goldman, A.: Observations of upper troposheric/lower stratospheric water vapor and its isotopes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14313, \doi10.1029/2005JD006093, 2006.
Dessler, A E. and Sherwood, S C.: A model of HDO in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2173–2181, 2003.
Dinelli, B. M., Carli, B., and Carlotti, M.: Measurement of Stratospheric Distributions of H216O, H218O, H217O, and HD16O, from Far Infrared Spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7509–7514, 1991.
Dinelli, B. M., Lepri, G., Carlotti, M., Carli, B., Mencaraglia, F., Ridolfi, M., Nolt, I. G., Ade, P. A. R.: Measurement of the isotopic ratio distribution of HD16O and H216O in the 20–38 km altitude range from far-infrared spectra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24 , 2003–2006, 1997
Echle, G., von Clarmann, T., Dudhia, A., Flaud, J.-M., Funke, B., Glatthor, N., Kerridge, B., Lopez-Puertas, M., Mart\'y'n-Torres, F J., and Stiller, G P.: Optimized Spectral Microwindows for Data Analysis of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on the Environmental Satellite, Appl. Opt., 39, 30, 5531–5540, 2000.
Fischer, H., Blom, C., Oelhaf, H., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., Delbouille, L., Ehhalt, D., Flaud, J.-M., Isaksen, I., Lopez-Puertas, M., McElroy, C. T., and Zander, R.: Envisat-Mipas, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding; An instrument for atmospheric chemistry and climate research, ESA SP-1229, edited by: Readings, C. and Harris, R. A., European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2000.
Fischer, H.: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Trace Gases, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 18, 185–191, 1993.
Flaud, J.-M., Piccolo, C., Carli, B., Perrin, A., Coudert, L H., Teffo, J.-L., and Brown, L R.: Molecular line parameters for the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) experiment, Atmos. Oceanic Opt., 16, 172–182, 2003.
Franz, P. and Röckmann, T.: High-precision isotope measurements of H$_2^16$O, H$_2^17$O, H$_2^18$O, and the D17O-anomaly of water vapor in the southern lowermost stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2949–2959, 2005.
Füglistaler, S. and Haynes, P H.: Control of interannual and longer-term variability of stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24108, \doi10.1029/2005JD006019, 2005.
Holton, J R. and Gettelmann, A.: Horizontal transport and the dehydration of the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(14), 2799–2802, 2001.
Irion, F W., Moyer, E J., Gunson, M R., Rinsland, C P., Michelson, H A., Salawitch, R J., Yung, Y L., Chang, A Y., Newchurch, M J., Abbas, M M., Abrams, M C., and Zander, R.: Stratospheric observations of CH<sub>3</sub>D and HDO from ATMOS infrared solar spectra: Enrichments of deuterium in methane and implications for HD, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2381–2384, 1996.
Johnson, D G., Jucks, K W., Traub, W A., and Chance, K V.: Isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapor: Implications for transport, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D11), 12 219–12 226, 2001a.
Johnson, D G., Jucks, K W., Traub, W A., and Chance, K V.: Isotopic composition of stratospheric water vapor: Measurements and photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D11), 12 211–12 217, 2001b.
Kuang, Z., G C, T., Wenneberg, P O., and Yung, Y L.: Measured \chemHDO/\chemH_2O ratios across the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1372, \doi10.1029/2003GL017023, 2003.
Lautie, N., Urban, J., and Group, O R.: Odin/SMR limb observations of stratospheric water vapor and its isotopes, EGS – AGU – EUG Joint Assembly, Abstracts from the meeting held in Nice, France, 6–11 April 2003, abstract #7320, pp 7320, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA.....7320L, 2003.
Milz, M., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Steck, T., Stiller, G P., Funke, B., López-Puertas, M., and Koukouli, M E.: Water Vapor Distributions Measured with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on board Envisat (MIPAS/Envisat), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24307, doi:10.1029/2005JD005973, 2005
Mote, P W., Rosenlof, K., McIntyre, M., Carr, E S., Gille, J C., Holton, J R., Kinnersley, J S., Pumphrey, H C., Russell III, J. M R., and Waters, J W.: An atmospheric tape recorder: The imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 2989–4006, 1996.
Moyer, E J., Irion, F W., Yung, Y L., and Gunson, M R.: ATMOS stratospheric deuterated water and implications for troposhere-stratosphere transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2385–2388, 1996.
Payne, V., Dudhia, A., and Piccolo, C.: Isotopic Measurements of Water Vapour and Methane from the MIPAS Satellite Instrument, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, pp B733, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.A21B0733P, 2004.
Pollock, W., Heidt, L., Lueb, R., and Ehhalt, D.: High-precision isotope measurements of H216O, H217O, H218O, and the D17O-anomaly of water vapor in the southern lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 5555–5568, 1980.
Randel, W J., Wu, F., Gettelman, A., III, J R., Zawodny, J M., and Oltmans., S J.: Seasonal variation of water vapor in the lower stratosphere observed in Halogen Occultation Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D13), 14 313–14 325, 2001.
Raspollini, P., Belotti, C., Burgess, A., Carli, B., Carlotti, M., Ceccherini, S., Dinelli, B. M., Dudhia, A., Flaud, J.-M., Funke, B., H\"(o)pfner, M., Lopez-Puertas, M., Payne, V., Piccolo, C., Remedios, J. J., Ridolfi, M., and Spang, R.: MIPAS level 2 operational analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5605–5630, 2006.
Remedios, J.: Extreme atmospheric constituent profiles for MIPAS, 1999. Proceedings of ESAMS '99 – European Symposium on Atmospheric Measurements from Space, 779–782, 1999.
Rinsland, C P., Gunson, M R., Foster, J C., Toth, R A., Farmer, C B., and Zander, R.: Stratospheric profiles of heavy water vapor isotopes and \chemCH_3D from analysis of the ATMOS Spacelab-3 infrared solar spectra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 96(D1), 1057–1068, 1991.
Rodgers, C D.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, World Scientific, ISBN 981022740X, 256 pages, Oxford, 2000.
Rosenlof, K H., Chiou, E.-W., Chu, W P., Johnson, D G., Kelly, K K., Michelsen, H A., Nedoluha, G E., Remsberg, E E., Toon, G C., and McCormick, M P.: Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half-century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1195–1198, \doi10.1029/2000GL012502, 2001.
Rothman, L S., Barbe, A., Benner, D C., Brown, L R., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M R., Chance, K., Clerbaux, C., Dana, V., Devi, V M., Fayt, A., Flaud, J.-M., Gamche, R R., Goldman, A., Jacquemart, D., Jucks, K W., Lafferty, W J., Mandin, J.-Y., Massie, S T., Nemtchinov, V., Newnham, D A., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C P., Schroeder, J., Smith, K M., Smith, M. A H., Tang, K., Toth, R A., Vander Auwera, J., Varanasi, P., and Yoshino, K.: The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database: edition of 2000 including updates through 2001, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 82, 5–44, \doi10.1016/S0022-4073(03)00146-8, 2003.
Schneider, M., Hase, F., and Blumenstock, T.: Ground-based remote sensing of HDO/H<sub>2</sub>O ratio profiles: Introduction and validation of an innovative retrieval approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4705–4722, 2006.
Sherwood, S C. and Dessler, A E.: On the control of stratospheric humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(16), 2513–2516, 2000.
Smith, J A., Ackerman, A S., Jensen, E J., and Toon, O B.: Role of deep convection in establishing the isotopic compsition of water vapor in the tropical transition layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06812, doi:10.1029/2005GL024078, 2006.
Stiller, G P.: The Karlsruhe optimized and precise radiative transfer algorithm (KOPRA), Wissenschaftliche Berichte, FZKA 6487, 2000.
Stowasser, M., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Friedl-Vallon, F., Maucher, G., Seefeldner, N., Trieschmann, O., von Clarmann, T., and Fischer, H.: Simultaneous measurements of \chemHDO, \chemH_2O and \chemCH_4 with MIPAS-B: Hydrogen budget and indication of dehydration inside the polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D16), 19 213–19 225, 1999.
Tikhonov, A.: On the solution of incorrectly stated problems and a method of regularization, Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR, 151, 501–504, 1963.
von Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Tsidu, G M., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G P., Wang, D Y., Fischer, H., Funke, B., Gil-López, S., and López-Puertas, M.: Retrieval of temperature and tangent altitude pointing from limb emission spectra recorded from space by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4736, \doi10.1029/2003JD003602, 2003.
Webster, C R. and Heymsfield, A J.: water isotope ratios D/H, O-18/O-16, O-17/O-16 in and out of cloudsmap dehydration pathways, Science, 302(5651), 1742–1745, 2003.
Worden, J R., Bowman, K., and Noone, D.: TES Observations of the Isotopic composition of Tropospheric Water Vapor, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, pp C3, 2005.
Zahn, A.: Constraints on 2-way transport across the Arctic tropopause based on O-3, stratospheric tracer (SF6) ages, and water vapor isotope (D, T) tracers, J. Atmos. Chem, 39, 303–325, 2001.
Zahn, A., Barth, V., Pfeilsticker, K., and Platt, U.: Deuterium, oxygen-18, and tritium as tracers for water vapour transport in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region, J. Atmos. Chem, 30, 25–47, 1998.
Zahn, A., Franz, P., Bechtel, C., Grooss, J.-U., and Röckmann, T.: Modelling the budget of middle atmospheric water vapour isotopes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2073–2090, 2006.