References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-7-257-2007

Validation of MIPAS ClONO2 measurements

Höpfner

¹ von Clarmann

¹ Fischer

¹ Funke

² Glatthor

¹ Grabowski

¹ Kellmann

¹ Kiefer

¹ Linden

¹ Milz

¹ Steck

¹ Stiller

G. P.

¹ Bernath

³ Blom

C. E.

¹ Blumenstock

Th.

¹ Boone

³ Chance

⁴ Coffey

M. T.

⁵ Friedl-Vallon

¹ Griffith

⁶ Hannigan

J. W.

⁵ Hase

¹ Jones

⁶ Jucks

K. W.

⁷ Keim

¹ Kleinert

¹ Kouker

¹ Liu

G. Y.

¹ Mahieu

⁸ Mellqvist

⁹ Mikuteit

¹ Notholt

¹⁰ Oelhaf

¹ Piesch

¹ Reddmann

¹ Ruhnke

¹ Schneider

¹ Strandberg

⁹ Toon

¹¹ Walker

K. A.

³ Warneke

¹⁰ Wetzel

¹ Wood

¹² Zander

⁸

Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany

Instituto de Astrof{í}sica de Andaluc{í}a, Granada, Spain

Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Cambridge, MA, USA

Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Australia

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division, Cambridge, MA, USA

Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium

Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden

Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Bremen, Germany

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New-Zealand

18 01 2007

7 1 257 281

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/257/2007/acp-7-257-2007.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/257/2007/acp-7-257-2007.pdf

Altitude profiles of ClONO2 retrieved with the IMK (Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung) science-oriented data processor from MIPAS/Envisat (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on Envisat) mid-infrared limb emission measurements between July 2002 and March 2004 have been validated by comparison with balloon-borne (Mark IV, FIRS2, MIPAS-B), airborne (MIPAS-STR), ground-based (Spitsbergen, Thule, Kiruna, Harestua, Jungfraujoch, Izaña, Wollongong, Lauder), and spaceborne (ACE-FTS) observations. With few exceptions we found very good agreement between these instruments and MIPAS with no evidence for any bias in most cases and altitude regions. For balloon-borne measurements typical absolute mean differences are below 0.05 ppbv over the whole altitude range from 10 to 39 km. In case of ACE-FTS observations mean differences are below 0.03 ppbv for observations below 26 km. Above this altitude the comparison with ACE-FTS is affected by the photochemically induced diurnal variation of ClONO2. Correction for this by use of a chemical transport model led to an overcompensation of the photochemical effect by up to 0.1 ppbv at altitudes of 30–35 km in case of MIPAS-ACE-FTS comparisons while for the balloon-borne observations no such inconsistency has been detected. The comparison of MIPAS derived total column amounts with ground-based observations revealed no significant bias in the MIPAS data. Mean differences between MIPAS and FTIR column abundances are 0.11±0.12×1014 cm−2 (1.0±1.1%) and −0.09±0.19×1014 cm−2 (−0.8±1.7%), depending on the coincidence criterion applied. χ2 tests have been performed to assess the combined precision estimates of MIPAS and the related instruments. When no exact coincidences were available as in case of MIPAS – FTIR or MIPAS – ACE-FTS comparisons it has been necessary to take into consideration a coincidence error term to account for χ2 deviations. From the resulting χ2 profiles there is no evidence for a systematic over/underestimation of the MIPAS random error analysis.

References 1

Bernath, P F., McElroy, C T., Abrams, M C., Boone, C D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., DeMazière, M., Drummond, J R., Dufour, D., Evans, W F J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D E., Llewellyn, E J., Lowe, R P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C P., Rochon, Y J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.

Blom, C E., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Gulde, T., Höpfner, M., and Piesch, C.: Spatial and temporal variability of ClONO2, HNO3 and O3 in the Arctic winter of 1992/1993 as obtained by airborne infrared emission spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9101–9114, 1995.

Boone, C D., Nassar, R., Walker, K A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S D., Rinsland, C P., and Bernath, P F.: Retrievals for the atmospheric chemistry experiment Fourier-transform spectrometer, Appl. Opt., 44, 7218–7231, 2005.

Brasseur, G P. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, 3rd revised and enlarged edition, Springer, 2005.

Douglass, A R., Schoeberl, M R., Stolarski, R S., Waters, J W., Russell III, J M., Roche, A E., and Massie, S T.: Interhemispheric differences in springtime production of HCl and ClONO2 in the polar vortices, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13967–13978, 1995.

Farmer, C B., Toon, G C., Schaper, P W., Blavier, J.-F., and Lowes, L L.: Stratospheric trace gases in the spring 1986 Antarctic atmosphere, Nature, 329, 126–130, 1987.

Friedl-Vallon, F., Maucher, G., Kleinert, A., Lengel, A., Keim, C., Oelhaf, H., Fischer, H., Seefeldner, M., and Trieschmann, O.: Design and characterisation of the balloon–borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS–B2), Appl. Opt., 43, 3335–3355, 2004.

Grooss, J.-U.,Pierce, R B., Crutzen, P J., Grose, W L., and Russell III, J M.: Re-formation of chlorine reservoirs in southern hemisphere polar spring, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13141–13152, 1997.

Hase, F., Hannigan, J W., Coffey, M T., Goldman, A., Höpfner, M., Jones, N B., Rinsland, C P., and Wood, S W.: Intercomparison of retrieval codes used for the analysis of high-resolution, ground-based FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 25–52, 2004.

Höpfner, M., Blom, C E., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Gulde, T., Hase, F., Keim, C., Kimmig, W., Lessenich, K., Piesch, C., Sartorius, C., and Stiller, G P.: MIPAS–STR data analysis of APE–GAIA measurements, in IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by: Smith, W L. and Timofeyev, Y M., 1136–1139, A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, USA, 2001.

Höpfner, M., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G P., Wang, D.-Y., and Funke, B.: First spaceborne observations of Antarctic stratospheric ClONO2 recovery: Austral spring 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11308, doi:10.1029/2004JD004609, 2004.

Johnson, D G., Jucks, K W., Traub, W A., and Chance, K V.: Smithsonian stratospheric far-infrared spectrometer and data-reduction system, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3091–3106, 1995.

Johnson, D G., Orphal, J., Toon, G C., Chance, K V., Traub, W A., Jucks, K W., Guelachvili, G., and Morillon-Chapey, M.: Measurement of chlorine nitrate in the stratosphere using the $\nu_4$ and $\nu_5$ bands, Gephys. Res. Lett., 23, 1745–1748, 1996.

Keim, C., Blom, C E., von~der Gathen, P., Gulde, T., Höpfner, M., Liu, G Y., Oulanovski, A., Piesch, C., Ravegnani, F., Sartorius, C., Schlager, H., and Volk, C M.: Validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT by correlative measurements of MIPAS-STR, in Proc. ACVE-2 Validation Workshop, 3–7 May, 2004, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, Vol SP-562, ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2004.

Kouker, W., Langbein, I., Reddmann, T., and Ruhnke, R.: The Karlsruhe simulation model of the middle atmosphere (KASIMA), version 2, vol. FZKA 6278 of Wissenschaftliche Berichte, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 1999.

Mahieu, E., Zander, R., Duchatelet, P., Hannigan, J W., Coffey, M T., Mikuteit, S., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Wiacek, A., Strong, K., Taylor, J R., Mittermeier, R L., Fast, H., Boone, C D., McLeod, S D., Walker, K A., Bernath, P F., and Rinsland, C P.: Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric HCl and ClONO2 loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S08, doi:10.1029/2005GL022396, 2005.

Marcy, T P., Gao, R., Northway, M J., Popp, P J., Stark, H., and Fahey, D.: Using chemical ionization mass spectrometry for detection of HNO3, HCl, and ClONO2 in the atmosphere, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 243, 63–70, 2005.

Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Yashcov, D., Notholt, J., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Toon, G C., and Chipperfield, M P.: Ground-based FTIR observations of chlorine activation and ozone depletion inside the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 6–1, 2002.

Mergenthaler, J L., Kumer, J B., Roche, A E., Nightingale, R W., Potter, J F., Gille, J C., Massie, S T., Bailey, P L., Edwards, D., Connell, P S., Kinnison, D E., Gunson, M R., Abrams, M C., Toon, G C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Murcray, D G., Murcray, F J., and Goldman, A.: Validation of CLAES ClONO2 measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9603–9620, 1996.

Michelsen, H A., Webster, C R., Manney, G L., Scott, D C., Margitan, J J., May, R D., Irion, F W., Gunson, M R., Russell III, J M., and Spivakovsky, C M.: Maintenace of high HCl/Cly and NOx/NOy in the Antarctic vortex: A chemical signature of confinement during spring, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26 419–26 436, 1999.

Mickley, L J., Abbatt, J P D., Frederick, J E., and Russell III, J M.: Evolution of chlorine and nitrogen species in the lower stratosphere during Antarctic spring: Use of tracers to determine chemical change, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21 479–21 491, 1997.

Murcray, D G., Goldman, A., Murcray, F H., Murcray, F J., and Williams, W J.: Stratospheric Distribution of ClONO2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 857–859, 1979.

Nakajima, H., Sugita, T., Irie, H., Saitoh, N., Kanzawa, H., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Toon, G C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Traub, W A., Jucks, K., Johnson, D G., Yokota, T., and Sasano, Y.: Measurements of ClONO2 by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) in high-latitude stratosphere: New products using version 6.1 data processing algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S01, doi:10.1029/2005JD006441, 2006.

Nash, E R., Newmann, P A., Rosenfield, J E., and Schoeberl, M R.: An objective determination of the polar vortex using Ertel's potential vorticity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9471–9478, 1996.

Norton, H. and Beer, R.: New apodizing functions for Fourier spectrometry, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 259–264, (Errata J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, 419, 1977), 1976.

Oelhaf, H., Clarmann, T V., Fischer, H., Friedl-Vallon, F., Fritzsche, C., Linden, A., Piesch, C., Seefeldner, M., and Völker, W.: Stratospheric ClONO2 and HNO3 profiles inside the Arctic vortex from MIPAS-B limb emission spectra obtained during EASOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1263–1266, 1994.

Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Höpfner, M., Friedl-Vallon, F., Glatthor, N., Maucher, G., Stiller, G., Trieschmann, O., von Clarmann, T., Birk, M., and Wagner, G.: Interconsistency Checks of ClONO2 Retrievals from MIPAS–B Spectra by using different Bands and spectroscopic Parameter Sources, in: IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by: Smith, W L. and Timofeyev, Y M., A. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, USA, 615–618, 2001.

Oelhaf, H., Friedl-Vallon, F., Kleinert, A., Lengel, A., Maucher, G., Nordmeyer, H., Wetzel, G., Zhang, G., and Fischer, H.: ENVISAT validation with MIPAS–B, in: Proc. ENVISAT Validation Workshop, 9–13 December, 2002, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, CD-ROM, Vol SP-531, ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2003.

Reisinger, A R., Jones, N B., Matthews, W A., and Rinsland, C P.: Southern hemisphere midlatitude ground-based measurements of ClONO2: Method of analysis, seasonal cycle and long term-trend, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23 183–23 193, 1995.

Riese, M., Küll, V., Brasseur, G., Offermann, D., Lehmacher, G., and Franzen, A.: Modeling of nitrogen species measured by CRISTA, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2221–2224, doi:10.1029/1999GL011136, 2000.

Rinsland, C P., Goldman, A., Murcray, D G., Murcray, F J., and Malathy Devi, V.: Tentative identification of the 780 cm−1 $\nu_4$ band Q branch of chlorine nitrate in high-resolution solar absorption spectra of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7931–7943, 1985.

Rinsland, C P., Gunson, M R., Abrams, M C., Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Goldman, A., Ko, M K W., Rodriguez, J M., and Sze, N D.: Profiles of stratospheric chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) from atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy/ATLAS 1 infrared solar occultation spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18 895–18 900, 1994.

Rinsland, C P., Gunson, M R., Abrams, M C., Lowes, L L., Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Goldman, A., and Irion, F W.: April 1993 Arctic profiles of stratospheric HCl, ClONO2, and CCl2F2 from atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy/ATLAS 2 infrared solar occultation spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14 019–14 028, 1995.

Rinsland, C P., Gunson, M R., Salawitch, R J., Michelsen, H A., Zander, R., Newchurch, M J., Abbas, M M., Abrams, M C., Manney, G L., Chang, A Y., Irion, F W., Goldman, A., and Mahieu, E.: ATMOS/ATLAS-3 measurements of stratospheric chlorine and reactive nitrogen partitioning inside and outside the November 1994 Antarctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2365–2368, 1996.

Rinsland, C P., Mahieu, E., Zander, R., Jones, N B., Chipperfield, M P., Goldman, A., Anderson, J., Russell III, J M., Demoulin, P., Notholt, J., Toon, G C., Blavier, J.-F., Sen, B., Sussmann, R., Wood, S W., Meier, A., Griffith, D. W T., Chiou, L S., Murcray, F J., Stephen, T M., Hase, F., Mikuteit, S., Schulz, A., and Blumenstock, T.: Long–term trends of inorganic chlorine from ground–based infrared solar spectra: Past increases and evidence for stabilization, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4252, doi:10.1029/2002JD003001, 2003.

Roche, A E., Kumer, J B., and Mergenthaler, J L.: CLAES observations of ClONO2 and HNO3 in the antarctic stratosphere, between June 15 and September 17, 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1223–1226, 1993.

Roche, A E., Kumer, J B., Mergenthaler, J L., Nightingale, R W., Uplinger, W G., Ely, G A., Potter, J F., Wuebbles, D J., Connell, P S., and Kinnison, D E.: Observations of Lower-Stratospheric CIONO2, HNO3, and Aerosol by the UARS CLAES Experiment between January 1992 and April 1993., J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2877–2902, 1994.

Rodgers, C D.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, vol 2 of Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, edited by: Taylor, F. W., World Scientific, 2000.

Rodgers, C D. and Connor, B J.: Intercomparison of remote sounding instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4116, doi:10.1029/2002JD002299, 2003.

Sen, B., Toon, G C., Osterman, G B., Blavier, J.-F., Margitan, J J., Salawitch, R J., and Yue, G K.: Measurements of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3571–3586, 1998.

Solomon, S.: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: A Review of Concepts and History, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–315, 1999.

Stiller, G P. (Ed.): The Karlsruhe Optimized and Precise Radiative Transfer Algorithm (KOPRA), vol. FZKA 6487 of Wissenschaftliche Berichte, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2000.

Stimpfle, R M., Cohen, R C., Bonne, G P., Voss, P B., Perkins, K K., Koch, L C., Anderson, J G., Salawitch, R J., Lloyd, S A., Gao, R S., DelNegro, L A., Keim, E R., and Bui, T P.: The coupling of ClONO2, ClO, and NO2 in the lower stratosphere from in situ observations using the NASA ER–2 aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26 705–26 714, 1999.

Toon, G C.: The JPL MkIV Interferometer, Opt. Photonics News, 2, 19–21, 1991.

von Clarmann, T.: Validation of remotely sensed profiles of atmospheric state variables: strategies and terminology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4311–4320, 2006.

von Clarmann, T. and Grabowski, U.: Elimination of hidden a priori information from remotely sensed profile data, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 6723–6751, 2006.

von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Friedl-Vallon, F., Linden, A., Oelhaf, H., Piesch, C., Seefeldner, M., and Völker, W.: Retrieval of stratospheric O3, HNO3, and ClONO2 profiles from 1992 MIPAS-B limb emission spectra: method, results, and error analysis, J. Geopyhs. Res., 98, 20 495–20 506, 1993.

von Clarmann, T., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G P., Wang, D Y., Fischer, H., Funke, B., Gil-López, S., and López-Puertas, M.: Retrieval of temperature and tangent altitude pointing from limb emission spectra recorded from space by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4736, doi:10.1029/2003JD003602, 2003.

Wagner, G. and Birk, M.: New spectroscopic database for chlorine nitrate, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 82, 381–407, 2003.

Wetzel, G., Oelhaf, H., Friedl-Vallon, F., Kleinert, A., Lengel, A., Maucher, G., Nordmeyer, H., Ruhnke, R., Nakajima, H., Sasano, Y., Sugita, T., and Yokota, T.: Intercomparison and validation of ILAS-II version 1.4 target parameters with MIPAS-B measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S06, doi:10.1029/2005JD006287, 2006.

Zander, R. and Demoulin, P.: Spectroscopic evidence for the presence of the $\nu_4$ – Q branch of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) in ground-based infrared solar spectra, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 191–200, 1988.

Zander, R., Rinsland, C P., Farmer, C B., Brown, L R., and Norton, R H.: Observation of several chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) bands in stratospheric infrared spectra, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 757–760, 1986.

Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Gunson, M R., Abrams, M C., Chang, A Y., Abbas, M., Aellig, C., Engel, A., Goldman, A., Irion, F W., Kämpfer, N., Michelsen, H A., Newchurch, M J., Rinsland, C P., Salawitch, R J., Stiller, G P., and Toon, G C.: The 1994 northern midlatitude budget of stratospheric chlorine derived from ATMOS/ATLAS-3 observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2357–2360, 1996.