Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 7 7 2007 10.5194/acp-7-1851-2007 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1851/2007/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1851/2007/acp-7-1851-2007.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1851/2007/acp-7-1851-2007.pdf 1851 1868 2007-04-16 Mesoscale circulations over complex terrain in the Valencia coastal region, Spain – Part 2: Modeling CO₂ transport using idealized surface fluxes G. Pérez-Landa gorkapl@confluencia.biz P. Ciais G. Gangoiti J. L. Palau A. Carrara B. Gioli F. Miglietta M. Schumacher M. M. Millán M. J. Sanz Fundación CEAM. Parque Tecnológico, c/ Charles R. Darwin 14, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/CNRS 1572, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Bilbao, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain IBIMET-CNR, Instituto di Biometeorologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Firenze, Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany Vertical profiles of CO₂ concentration were collected during an intensive summer campaign in a coastal complex-terrain region within the frame of the European Project RECAB (Regional Assessment and Modelling of the Carbon Balance in Europe). The region presents marked diurnal mesoscale circulation patterns. These circulations result in a specific coupling between atmospherically transported CO₂ and its surface fluxes. To understand the effects of this interaction on the spatial variability of the observed CO₂ concentrations, we applied a high-resolution transport simulation to an idealized model of land biotic fluxes. The regional Net Ecosystem Exchange fluxes were extrapolated for different land-use classes by using a set of eddy-covariance measurements. The atmospheric transport model is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, driven by a simulation of the RAMS mesoscale model. Our simulations were able to successfully reproduce some of the processes controlling the mesoscale transport of CO₂. A semi-quantitative comparison between simulations and data allowed us to characterize how the coupling between mesoscale transport and surface fluxes produced CO₂ spatial gradients in the domain. Temporal averages in the simulated CO₂ field show a covariance between flux and transport consisting of: 1) horizontally, a CO₂ deficit over land, mirrored by a CO₂ excess over the sea and 2) vertically, the prevalence of a mean CO₂ depletion between 500 and 2000 m, and a permanent build-up of CO₂ in the lower levels. Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, U., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of European forests: the EUROFLUX methodology, Adv. Ecol. Res., 30, 113–175, 2000. Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Ciais, P., LeQuere, C., Friedlingstein, P., and Tans, P.: Regional Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Land and Oceans Since 1980, Science, 290, 1342–1346, 2000. Caplan, P., Derber, J., Gemmill, W., Hong, S. Y., Pan, H. L., and Parish, D.: Changes to the NCEP operational medium-range forecast model analysis/forecast system, Wea. Forecasting, 12, 581–594, 1997. CEC (Commission of the European Communities): CORINE Land cover, Guide Technique, Brussels, available online: http://reports.eea.eu.int/COR0-landcover/en, 1995. Chevillard, A., Karstens, U., Ciais, P., Lafont, S., and Heimann, M.: Simulation of atmospheric CO₂ over Europe and Siberia using the regional scale model REMO, Tellus, 54B, 872–894, 2002. Ciais, P., Tans, P. P., Trolier, M., White, J. W. C., and Francey, R. J.: A large northern hemisphere terrestrial CO₂ sink indicated by the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO₂, Science, 269, 1098–1102, 1995. Crawford, T. L. and Dobosy, R. J.: A sensitive fast response probe to measure turbulence and heat flux from any airplane. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 59, 257–278, 1992. De Wekker, S. F. J., Steyn, D. G., and Nyeki, S.: A comparison of aerosol layer- and convective boundary layer structure over a mountain range during STAAARTE '97, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 113, 249–271, 2004. Denning, A. S., Collatz, J. G., Zhang, C., Randall, D. A., Berry, J. A., Sellers, P. J., Colello, G. D., and Dazlich, D. A.: Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO₂ in a general circulation model, Part 1: Surface carbon fluxes, Tellus, 48B, 521–542, 1996. Denning, S.: Investigations of the transport, sources and sinks of atmospheric CO₂ using a general circulation model, PhD Thesis, Colorado State University, 1994. Falge, E., Baldocchi, D. D., Olson, R. J., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross, P., Grünwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N. O., Katul, G., Keronen, P., Kowalski, A. S., Ta Lai, C., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J. W., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, U., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen, J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agric. For. Meteorol., 107, 43–69, 2001. Fan, S., Gloor, M., Mahlman, J., Pacala, S., Sarmiento, J., Takahashi, T., and Tans, P.: A large terrestrial carbon sink in North America implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models, Science, 282, 442–446, 1998. FAO: World reference base for soil resources, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, available online at http://www.itc.nl/~rossiter/Docs/WRB/wsrr84e.pdf, 1998. Gangoiti, G., Alonso, L., Navazo, M., Albizuri, A., Pérez-Landa, G., Matabuena, M., Valdenebro, V., Maruri, M., García J. A., and Millán M. M.: Regional transport of pollutants over the Bay of Biscay: analysis of an ozone episode under a blocking anticyclone in west-central Europe, Atmos. Environ., 36(8) 1349–1361, 2002. Gangoiti, G., Millán, M. M., Salvador, R., and Mantilla E.: Long-range transport and re-circulation of pollutants in the western Mediterranean, during the project Regional Cycles of Air Pollution in the West-Central Mediterranean Area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6267–6276, 2001. Gerbig, C., Lin, J. C., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Andrews, A. E., Stephens, B. B., Bakwin, P. S.,and Grainger, C. A.: Towards constraining regional-scale fluxes of CO₂ with atmospheric observations over a continent: 2. Analysis of COBRA data using a receptor-oriented framework, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4757, doi:10.1029/2003JD003770, 2003. Gioli B., Miglietta, F., De Martino, B., Hutjes, R. W. A., Dolman, H. A. J., Lindroth, A., Schumacher, M., Sanz, M. J., Manca, G., Peressotti, A., and Dumas, E. J.: Comparison between tower and aircraft-based eddy covariance fluxes in five European regions, Agric. For. Meteorol., 127, 1–16, 2004. Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D., Bousquet, P., Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Fan, S., Fung, I. Y., Gloor, M., Heimann, M., Higuchi, K., John, J., Maki, T., Maksyutov, S., Masarie, K., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Pak, B. C., Randerson, J., Sarmiento, J., Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., and Yuen, C.-W: Towards robust regional estimates of CO₂ sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models, Nature, 415, 626–630, 2002. Hutjes, R., van den Bulk, W. C. M., Cosin, S., et al.: Regional Assessment and monitoring of the carbon balance within Europe (RECAB), Final Report. Alterra, PO Box 47, 6700 AC, Wageningen. Netherlands, 2003. Kotroni, V., Kallos, G., Lagouvardos, K., Varinou M., and Walko, R.: Numerical Simulations of the Meteorological and Dispersion Conditions during an Air Pollution Episode over Athens, Greece, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38(4), 432–447, 1999. Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Andrews, A. E., Vay, S. A., and Anderson, B. E.: An Empirical Analysis of the Spatial Variability of Atmospheric CO₂: Implications for Inverse Analyses and Space-borne Sensors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23104, doi:10.1029/2004GL020957, 2004. Lu, L., Denning, A. S., da Silva-Dias, M. A., da Silva-Dias, P., Longo, M., Freitas, S. R., and Saatchi, S.: Mesoscale circulations and atmospheric CO₂ variations in the Tapajós Region, Pará, Brazil, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005757, 2005. Marland, G., Boden, T. A., and Andres, R. J.: Global, regional, and national CO₂ emissions in trends: A compendium of data on global change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA, 2003. Michaelis, L. and Menten, M. L.: Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung, Biochemische Zeitschrift, 49, 333–369, 1913. Millán, M. M., Salvador, R., Mantilla, E., and Kallos, G.: Photooxidants dynamics in the Mediterranean basin in summer: Results from European research projects, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D7), 8811–8823, 1997. Millán, M. M., Artiñano, B., Alonso, L., Castro, M., Fernandez-Patier, R., and Goberna, J.: Meso-Meteorological Cycles of Air Pollution in the Iberian Peninsula, (MECAPIP), Air Pollution Research Report 44, EUR No 14834, European Commission DG XII/E-1, Rue de la Loi, 200, B-1040, Brussels, 1992. Nicholls, M. E., Denning, A. S., Prihodko, L., Vidale, P. L., Davis, K., and Bakwin, P.: A multiple-scale simulation of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide using a coupled biosphere-atmospheric model,. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18117, doi:10.1029/2003JD004482, 2004. Olivier, J. G. J. and Berdowski, J. J. M.: Global emissions sources and sinks, in: The Climate System, edited by: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R., and Heij, B. J., A A Balkema Publishers/Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands, ISBN~90-5809-255-0, 33–78, 2001. Palau, J. L., Pérez-Landa, G., Diéguez, J. J., Monter, C., and Millán, M. M.: The importance of meteorological scales to forecast air pollution scenarios on coastal complex terrain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2771–2785, 2005. Pérez-Landa, G., Ciais, P., Sanz, M. J., Gioli, B., Miglietta, F., Palau, J. L., Gangoiti, G., and Millán, M. M.: Mesoscale circulations over complex terrain in the Valencia coastal region, Spain – Part 1: Simulation of diurnal circulation regimes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1835–1849, 2007. Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G., Francey, R. J., and Langenfelds, R.: Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO₂, $\delta ^13$C, and O₂/N₂ observations, Tellus, 51B, 213–232, 1999. Schumacher, M.: Airborne and ground level flask sampling for regional carbon budgets the potential of multiple tracer and isotope analyses, PhD. thesis, University Hamburg, http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2005/2576/, 2005. Seufert, G., Sanz, M., and Millán, M. M.: Report on the 3rd BEMA measuring campaign at Burriana (Valencia–Spain) July 12–23, 1995, Joint Research Centre Rep. EUR 17305 EN (Available from Office of Official Publications of the European Communities, L-2985, Luxemburg), 140, 1997. Tremback, C. J., Lyons, W. A., Thorson, W. P., and Walko, R. L.: An emergency response and local weather forecasting software system, Preprints, Eighth Joint Conf. on the Applications of Air Pollution, Nashville, TN, Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 219–233, 1994. Walko, R. L., Tremback, C. J., and Bell, M. J.: HYPACT Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport Model, Users Guide, Mission Research Corporation, Fort Collins, Colorado (USA), 2001.