ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-7-1313-2007 Stratospheric dryness: model simulations and satellite observations Lelieveld J. 1 Brühl C. 1 Jöckel P. 1 Steil B. 1 Crutzen P. J. 1 2 Fischer H. 1 Giorgetta M. A. 3 Hoor P. 1 Lawrence M. G. 1 Sausen R. 4 Tost H. 1 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, J. J. Becherweg 27, 55128 Mainz, Germany Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221, USA Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany DLR-Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany 27 02 2007 7 5 1313 1332 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1313/2007/acp-7-1313-2007.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1313/2007/acp-7-1313-2007.pdf

The mechanisms responsible for the extreme dryness of the stratosphere have been debated for decades. A key difficulty has been the lack of comprehensive models which are able to reproduce the observations. Here we examine results from the coupled lower-middle atmosphere chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy1 together with satellite observations. Our model results match observed temperatures in the tropical lower stratosphere and realistically represent the seasonal and inter-annual variability of water vapor. The model reproduces the very low water vapor mixing ratios (below 2 ppmv) periodically observed at the tropical tropopause near 100 hPa, as well as the characteristic tape recorder signal up to about 10 hPa, providing evidence that the dehydration mechanism is well-captured. Our results confirm that the entry of tropospheric air into the tropical stratosphere is forced by large-scale wave dynamics, whereas radiative cooling regionally decelerates upwelling and can even cause downwelling. Thin cirrus forms in the cold air above cumulonimbus clouds, and the associated sedimentation of ice particles between 100 and 200 hPa reduces water mass fluxes by nearly two orders of magnitude compared to air mass fluxes. Transport into the stratosphere is supported by regional net radiative heating, to a large extent in the outer tropics. During summer very deep monsoon convection over Southeast Asia, centered over Tibet, moistens the stratosphere.

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