<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>7</volume_number>
		<issue_number>5</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2007</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-7-1305-2007</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1305/2007/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1305/2007/acp-7-1305-2007.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/1305/2007/acp-7-1305-2007.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1305</start_page>
	<end_page>1312</end_page>
	<publication_date>2007-02-26</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Annual variation of strato-mesospheric carbon monoxide measured by ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometry</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>V. Velazco</name>
			<email>voltaire@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>S. W. Wood</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Sinnhuber</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="3">
			<name>I. Kramer</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="4">
			<name>N. B. Jones</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="5">
			<name>Y. Kasai</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Notholt</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. Warneke</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="9" affiliations="3">
			<name>T. Blumenstock</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="10" affiliations="3">
			<name>F. Hase</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="11" affiliations="6">
			<name>F. J. Murcray</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="12" affiliations="7">
			<name>O. Schrems</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Institute of Environmental Physics University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Lauder New Zealand</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Univ. Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Department of Chemistry University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="5" content_type="html">Global Environment Division National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Tokyo, Japan</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="6" content_type="html">Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="7" content_type="html">Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">We present long-term time-series of strato-mesospheric CO vertical columns
measured from stations located in Antarctica, mid-latitudes and the Arctic,
covering the period from 1997&amp;ndash;2005. The instrument and the measurement
technique allows the separation of tropospheric and strato-mesospheric
contributions to the CO column, therefore providing information on the
chemistry and dynamics both at low and high altitudes. Data from polar
stations show a similar annual variability of strato-mesospheric CO with a
strong maximum in late winter and spring. A small enhancement in late summer
for some stations, which we call the &quot;summer bulge&quot;, can be seen
occasionally. Generally, the mid-latitude stations show no significant
annual variability of strato-mesospheric CO columns. Measurements were
compared with a two-dimensional chemistry-transport model of the middle
atmosphere. The annual and latitudinal variations of CO are reproduced well
by a model run including thermospheric CO. Comparison with two model
scenarios show that the polar winter maximum is due solely to downward
transport of thermospheric CO, while CHO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; chemistry in the stratosphere
could probably contribute to the summer maximum.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Chipperfield, M. P.: Multiannual simulations with a three-dimensional chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1781&amp;ndash;1805, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Chipperfield, M. P. and Feng, W.: Comment on: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion at northern mid-latitudes in the 21st century: The importance of future concentrations of greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1389, doi:10.1029/2002GL016353, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Clancy, R. T., Muhleman, D. O., and Allen, M.: Seasonal variability of CO in the terrestrial mesosophere, J. Geophys. Res., 89(D6), 9673&amp;ndash;9676, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., Hurtmans, D., Barret, B., Carleer, M., Colin, R., Semeniuk, K., McConnell, J. C., Boone, C., and Bernath, P.: Carbon monoxide distribution from ACE-FTS solar occultation measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022394, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Dupuy, \&apos;E., Urban, J., Ricaud, P., et al.: Strato-mesospheric measurements of carbon monoxide with the Odin sub-millimeter radiometer: retrieval and first results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20101, doi:10.1029/2004GL020558, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Farmer C. B., Raper, O. F., Robbins, B. D., Toth, R. A., and Muller, C.: Simultaneous spectroscopic measurements of stratospheric species: O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, CO, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, HCl and HF at northern and southern mid-latitudes., J. Geophys. Res., 86, 5179&amp;ndash;5184, 1980. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Forkman, P., Eriksson, P., and Winnberg, A.: Longest ground-based measurements of mesospheric CO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1532, doi:10.1029/2003GL016931, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Goldsmith, P. F., Litvak, M. M., Plambeck, R. L., and Williams, D. R.: Carbon monoxide mixing ratio in the mesosphere derived from gound based microwave measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 416&amp;ndash;418, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Hase, F.: Inversion von Spurengasprofilen aus hochaufgeloesten bodengebundenen FTIR-Messungen in absorption, Wissenschaftliche Berichte Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, FZKA 6512, ISSN 0947-8620, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Hase, F., Hannigan, J. W., Coffey, M. T., Goldman, A., Hpfner, M., Jones, N. B., Rinsland, C. P., and Wood, S. W.: Intercomparison of retrieval codes used for the analysis of high-resolution, ground-based FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 87, 25&amp;ndash;52, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Jones, N. B., Rinsland, C. P., Ben Liley, J., Rosen, J.: Correlation of aerosol and carbon monoxide at 45&amp;deg; S: Evidence of biomass burning emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(4), 709&amp;ndash;712, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Kanamitsu, M.: Description of the NMC global data assimilation and forecast system, Wea. Forecast., 4, 335&amp;ndash;342, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Kasai, Y., Koshiro, T., Endo, M., Jones, N. B., Murayama, Y.: Ground based measurement of strato-mesospheric CO by a FTIR spectrometer over Poker Flat, Alaska, Adv. Space Res., 35(11), 2024&amp;ndash;2030, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.099, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Kinnersley, J. S.: The climatology of the stratospheric THIN AIR model, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 219&amp;ndash;252, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Künzi, K. F. and Carlson, E. R.: Atmospheric CO mixing ratio profiles determined from ground based measurements of the J=1 $\rightarrow$ 0 and J=2 $\rightarrow$ 1 emission lines, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7235&amp;ndash;7241, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Lopes-Puertas, M., Marks, C. J., and Taylor, F. W.: Global and seasonal variations in the middle atmosphere carbon monoxide from UARS/ISAMS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1247&amp;ndash;1250, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Notholt, J., Toon, G., Stordal, F., Solberg, S., Schmidbauer, N., Becker, E., Meier, A., and Sen, B.: Seasonal variations of trace gases in the high Arctic at 79&amp;deg; N, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D11), 12 855&amp;ndash;12 861, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Rinsland, C. P., Jones, N. B., Connor, B. J., Logan, J. A., Pougatchev, N. S., Goldman, A., Mucray, F. J., Stephen, T. M., Pine, A. S., Zander, R., Mahieu, E., and Demoulin, P.: Northern and southern hemispheric ground-based infrared spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric carbon monoxide and ethane, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D21), 28 197&amp;ndash;28 217, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Rodgers, C.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, Vol 2, Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, World Sci., River Edge N.J., 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Rodgers, C. D. and Connor, B.: Intercomparison of remote sounding instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4116, doi:10.1029/2002JD002299, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Rothman, L., Barbe, A., Benner, D. C., et al.: The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database~: Edition of 2000 including updates through 2001, J. Quant. Spectr. Ra., 82, 5&amp;ndash;44, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Huie, R. E., Orkin, V. L., Moortgat, G. K., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, M. J., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, Evaluation No 14, JPL Publication 02-25, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Sinnhuber, M., Burrows, J., Künzi, K. F., Chipperfield, M. P., Jackman, C. H., Kallenrode, M. B., and Quack, M.: A model study of the impact of magnetic field structure on atmospheric composition during solar proton events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1818, doi:10.1029/2003GL017265, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Olivero, J. J., Bevilacqua, R. M., Schwartz, P. R., Clancy, R. T., and Muhleman, D. O.: Photochemistry and transport of Carbon Monoxide in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 42(10), 1072&amp;ndash;1083, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Velazco, V., Notholt, J., Warneke, T., Lawrence, M., Bremer, H., Drummond, J., Schulz, A., Krieg, J., and Schrems, O.: Latitude and Altitude Variability of Carbon Monoxide in the Atlantic Detected from Ship-borne Fourier Transform Spectrometry, Model and Satellite Data, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005351, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No 47, 498 pp., Geneva, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Zander, R., Leclercq, H., and Kaplan, L. D.: Concentration of carbon monoxide in the upper stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 365&amp;ndash;368, 1981. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

