<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-6-5183-2006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes &amp;ndash; Part&amp;nbsp;II: Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude total ozone trends</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hudson</surname>
<given-names>R. D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrade</surname>
<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Follette</surname>
<given-names>M. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frolov</surname>
<given-names>A. D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2425, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Campus Universitario Cota-Cota, Calle 27, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>STG, Inc., 11710 Plaza America Drive, Reston, VA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>5183</fpage>
<lpage>5191</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5183/2006/acp-6-5183-2006.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5183/2006/acp-6-5183-2006.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5183/2006/acp-6-5183-2006.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5183/2006/acp-6-5183-2006.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Previous studies have presented clear evidence that the Northern Hemisphere
total ozone field can be separated into distinct regimes (tropical,
midlatitude, polar, and arctic) the boundaries of which are associated with
the subtropical and polar upper troposphere fronts, and in the winter, the
polar vortex. This paper presents a study of total ozone variability within
these regimes, from 1979&amp;ndash;2003, using data from the TOMS instruments. The
change in ozone within each regime for the period January 1979&amp;ndash;May 1991, a
period of rapid total ozone change, was studied in detail. Previous studies
had observed a zonal linear trend of &amp;minus;3.15% per decade for the latitude
band 25&amp;deg;&amp;ndash;60&amp;deg; N. When the ozone field is separated by regime, linear
trends of &amp;minus;1.4%, 2.3%, and 3.0%, per decade for the tropical,
midlatitude, and polar regimes, respectively, are observed. The changes in
the relative areas of the regimes were also derived from the ozone data. The
relative area of the polar regime decreased by about 20%; the tropical
regime increased by about 10% over this period. No significant change was
detected for the midlatitude regime. From the trends in the relative area
and total ozone it is deduced that 35% of the trend between 25&amp;deg; and
60&amp;deg; N, from January 1979&amp;ndash;May 1991 is due to movement of the upper
troposphere fronts. The changes in the relative areas can be associated with
a change in the mean latitude of the subtropical and polar fronts within the
latitude interval 25&amp;deg; to 60&amp;deg; N. Over the period from January 1979 to
May 1991, both fronts moved northward by 1.1&amp;plusmn;0.2 degrees per decade.
Over the entire period of the study, 1979&amp;ndash;2003, the subtropical front moved
northward at a rate of 1.1&amp;plusmn;0.1 degrees per decade, while the polar
front moved by 0.5&amp;plusmn;0.1 degrees per decade.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="9"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bluestein, H. B.: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes, 448 pp., Oxford University Press, New York, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brasseur, G. and Solomon, S.: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, 441 pp., D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Douglass, A. R., Weaver, C. J., Rood, R. B., and Coy, L.: A three-dimensional simulation of the ozone annual cycle using winds from a data assimilation system, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1463&amp;ndash;1474, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fioletov, V. E., Bodeker, G. E., Miller A. J., McPeters R. M., and Stolarski, R.: Global and zonal total ozone variations estimated from ground-based and satellite measurements: 1964&amp;ndash;2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4647&amp;ndash;4660, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fu, Q., Johanson, C. M., Wallace, J. M., and Reichler, T.: Enhanced mid-latitude upper tropospheric warming in satellite measurements, Science, 312, 1179, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fusco, A. C. and Salby, M. L.: Interannual variations of total ozone and their relationship to variations of planetary wave activity, J. Climate, 12, 1619&amp;ndash;1629, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Graf, H.-F., Kirchner, I., and Perlwitz, J.: Changing lower stratospheric circulation: The role of ozone and greenhouse gases, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11 251&amp;ndash;11 262, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hadjinicolaou, P., Pyle, J. A., and Harris, N. R. P.: The recent turnaround in stratospheric ozone over the northern middle latitudes: A dynamical modeling perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12821, doi:10.1029/2005GL022476, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Harris, N. R. P., Ancellet, J., Bishop, L., Hofmann, D. J., Kerr, J. B., McPeters, R. D., Prendez, M., Randell, W. J., Staehelin, J., Subkharaya, R. H., Volz-Thomas, A., Zawodny, J., and Zerefos, C.: Trends in stratospheric and free tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1571&amp;ndash;1590, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Harris, N. R. P., Hudson, R. D., and Phillips, C. (Eds.): Assessment of trends in the vertical distribution of ozone, SPARC/IOC/GAW Report No. 1, 289 pp., World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Rep. 43, Geneva, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hood, L., Rossi, S., and Beulen, M.: Trends in lower stratospheric zonal winds, Rossby wave breaking behavior, and column ozone at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys Res., 104, 24 321&amp;ndash;24 340, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hood, L. L. and Soukharev, B. E.: Interannual variations of total ozone at northern midlatitudes correlated with stratospheric EP flux and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3724&amp;ndash;3740, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hudson, R. D., Frolov, A., Andrade, M., and Follette, M. B.: The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes. Part I: Defining the regimes, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1669&amp;ndash;1677, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G.,Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437&amp;ndash;471, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Koch, G., Wernli, H., Staehelin, J., and Peter, T.: A lagrangian analysis of stratospheric ozone variability and long term trends above Payerne (Switzerland) during 1970&amp;ndash;2001, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4373&amp;ndash;4386, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Krzyscin, J. W., Degorska, M., and Rajewska-Wiech, B.: Impact of interannual meteorological variability on total ozone in northern middle latitudes: A statistical approach, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17 953&amp;ndash;17 960, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McPeters, R. D., Bhartia, P. K., Krueger, A. J., Herman, J. R., Schlesinger, B. M., Wellemeyer, C. G., Seftor, C. J., Jaros, G., Taylor, S. L., Swissler, T., Torres, O., Labow, G., Byerly, W., and Cebula, R. P.: Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data products user&apos;s guide, NASA Reference Publication 1384, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Reinsel, G. C., Miller, A. J., Weatherhead, E. C., Flynn, L. E., Nagatani, R. M., Tiao, G. C., and Wuebbles, D. J.: Trend analysis of total ozone data for turnaround and dynamical contributions, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16306, doi:10.1029/2004JD004662, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Salby, M. L. and Callaghan, P. F.: Fluctuations of total ozone and their relationship to stratospheric air motions, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2715&amp;ndash;2727, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Salby, M. L. and Callaghan, P. F.: Interannual changes of the stratospheric circulation: relationship to ozone and tropospheric structure, J. Climate, 15, 3673&amp;ndash;3685, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Solomon, S., Portmann, R. W., Garcia, R. R., Thomason, L. W., Poole, L. R., and McCormick, M. P.: The role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6713&amp;ndash;6727, 1996.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Solomon, S., Portmann, R. W., Garcia, R. R., Randel, W. F., Wu, F., Nagatani, R., Gleason, J., Thomason, L. W., Poole, L. R., and McCormick, M. P.: Ozone depletion at mid-latitudes: Coupling of volcanic aerosols and temperature variability to anthropogenic chlorine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1871&amp;ndash;1874, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Staehelin, J. N., Harris, R. P., Appenzeller, C., and Eberhard, J.: Ozone trends: A review, Rev. Geophys., 39, 231&amp;ndash;290, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stolarski, R. S. and Frith, S. M.: Search for evidence of trends slow-down in the long-term TOMS/SBUV total ozone data record: the importance of instrument drift uncertainty, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4057&amp;ndash;4065, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wellemeyer, C. G., Bhartia, P. K., McPeters, R. D., Taylor, S. L., and Ahn, Ch.: A new release of data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), available at http://www.aero.jussieu.fr/&amp;nbsp;sparc, SPARC Newsletter, 22, 37&amp;ndash;38, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wohltmann, I., Rex, M., Brunner, D., and Mader, J.: Integrated equivalent latitude as a proxy for dynamical changes in ozone column, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09811, doi:10.1029/2005GL022497, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> World Meteorological Organization: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1998, 496 pp., Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 44, Geneva., 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> World Meteorological Organization: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2002, 498 pp., Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 47, Geneva., 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>