References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-6-4215-2006

Columnar modelling of nucleation burst evolution in the convective boundary layer – first results from a feasibility study <BR> Part II: Meteorological characterisation

Hellmuth

Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Modelling Department, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany

21 09 2006

6 12 4215 4230

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4215/2006/acp-6-4215-2006.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4215/2006/acp-6-4215-2006.pdf

While in Paper I of four papers a revised columnar high-order modelling approach to investigate gas-aerosol-turbulence interactions in the convective boundary layer (CBL) was deduced, in the present Paper II the model capability to predict the evolution of meteorological CBL parameters is demonstrated. Based on a model setup to simulate typical CBL conditions, predicted first-, second- and third-order moments were shown to agree very well with those obtained from in situ and remote sensing turbulence measurements such as aircraft, SODAR and LIDAR measurements as well as with those derived from ensemble-averaged large eddy simulations and wind tunnel experiments. The results show, that the model is able to predict the meteorological CBL parameters, required to verify or falsify, respectively, previous hypothesis on the interaction between CBL turbulence and new particle formation.

References 1

Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Mäkelä, J M., Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C D., Karlsson, H., Hansson, H.-C., Väkevä, M., Koponen, I K., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus, 53B, 344–358, 2001.

Abdella, K. and McFarlane, N.: A new second-order turbulence closure scheme for the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1850–1867, 1997.

André, J C., De Moor, G., Lacarrère, P., Therry, G., and Du Vachat, R.: Modeling the 24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1861–1883, 1978.

Birmili, W. and Wiedensohler, A.: New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(20), 3325–3328, 2000.

Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., and Berresheim, H.: Evolution of newly formed aerosol particles in the continental boundary layer: A case study including $\rmOH$ and $\rmH_2SO_4$ measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(15), 2205–2208, 2000.

Birmili, W., Berresheim, H., Plass-Dülmer, C., Elste, T., Gilge, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Uhrner, U.: The Hohenpeissenberg aerosol formation experiment (HAFEX): A long-term study including size-resolved aerosol, $\rm H_2SO_4$, $\rm OH$, and monoterpenes measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 361–376, 2003.

Bonn, B. and Moortgat, G K.: New particle formation during α- and β-pinene oxidation by $\rmO_3$, $\rmOH$ and $\rmNO_3$, and the influence of water vapour: Particle size distribution studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 183–196, 2002.

Bonn, B. and Moortgat, G K.: Sesquiterpene ozonolysis: Origin of atmospheric new particle formation from biogenic hydrocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(11), 1585, doi:10.1029/2003GL017000, 2003.

Bonn, B., Schuster, G., and Moortgat, G K.: Influence of water vapor on the process of new particle formation during monoterpene ozonolysis, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 2869–2881, 2002.

Bonn, B., v Kuhlmann, R., and Lawrence, M G.: High contribution of biogenic hydroperoxides to secondary organic aerosol formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10108, doi:10.1029/2003GL019172, 2004.

Boy, M.: Nucleation events in the continental planetary boundary layer – physical, chemical and meteorological influences, Report Series in Aerosol Science, No. 60, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, academic dissertation, 2003.

Boy, M. and Kulmala, M.: Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Influence of physical and meteorological parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 1–16, 2002.

Boy, M., Rannik, Ü., Lehtinen, K. E J., Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., and Kulmala, M.: Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Long-term statistical analyses of aerosol relevant characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4667, doi:10.1029/2003JD003838, 2003.

Boy, M., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Rannik, Ü., Rinne, J., Aalto, P., Laaksonen, A., Vaattovaara, P., Joutsensaari, J., Hoffmann, T., Warnke, J., Apostolaki, M., Stephanou, E G., Tsapakis, M., Kouvarakis, A., Pio, C., Carvalho, A., Römpp, A., Moortgat, G., Spirig, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Ciccioli, P., and Kulmala, M.: Overview of the field measurement campaign in Hyytiälä, August 2001 in the framework of the EU project OSOA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 657–678, 2004.

Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Nilsson, D., and Kulmala, M.: Vertical fluxes and micrometeorology during aerosol particle formation events, Tellus, 53B, 394–405, 2001.

Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Aalto, P., dal Maso, M., Nilsson, E D., Lehtinen, K. E J., and Kulmala, M.: On particle formation prediction in continental boreal forest using micrometeorological parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 4377, doi:10.1029/2002JD002850, 2003.

Casadio, S., Di Sarra, A., Fiocco, G., Fu$\grave\rm a$, D., Lena, F., and Rao, M P.: Convective characteristics of the nocturnal urban boundary layer as observed with Doppler sodar and Raman lidar, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 79, 375–391, 1996.

Caughey, S J. and Palmer, S G.: Some aspects of turbulence structure through the depth of the convective boundary layer, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 105, 811–827, 1979.

Clement, C F. and Ford, I J.: Gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere: I. Evidence from empirical atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 33, 475–487, 1999.

Clement, C F., Pirjola, L., dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J M., and Kulmala, M.: Analysis of particle formation bursts observed in Finland, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 217–236, 2001.

Coe, H., Williams, P I., McFiggans, G., Gallagher, M W., Beswick, K M., Bower, K N., and Choularton, T W.: Behavior of ultrafine particles in continental and marine air masses at a rural site in the United Kingdom, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D22), 26 891–26 905, 2000.

Cohn, S A. and Angevine, W M.: Boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness measured by Lidars and wind-profiling Radars, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1233–1247, 2000.

Cuijpers, J. W M. and Holtslag, A. A M.: Impact of skewness and nonlocal effects on scalar and buoyancy fluxes in convective boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 151–162, 1998.

Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P P., and Lehtinen, K. E J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323–336, 2005.

Easter, R C. and Peters, L K.: Binary homogeneous nucleation: Temperature and relative humidity fluctuations, nonlinearity, and aspects of new particle production in the atmosphere, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 775–784, 1994.

Fedorovich, E., Kaiser, R., Rau, M., and Plate, E.: Wind tunnel study of turbulent flow structure in the convective boundary layer capped by a temperature inversion, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1273–1289, 1996.

Garratt, J R.: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Cambridge atmospheric and space science series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1992.

Gaydos, T M., Stanier, C O., and Pandis, S N.: Modeling of in situ ultrafine atmospheric particle formation in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07S12, doi:10.1029/2004JD004683, 2005.

Gerrity Jr., J P.: Modeling the planetary boundary layer: Frictional influence, Office Note 131, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, National Meteorological Center, Development Division, 1976.

Held, A., Nowak, A., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Forkel, R., and Klemm, O.: Observations of particle formation and growth in a mountainous forest region in central Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005346, 2004.

Hess, G D.: Parameterisation of the atmospheric boundary layer: A retrospective look, 16th BMRC Modelling Workshop 2004, Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia, 2004.

Holtslag, A. A M.: Surface fluxes and boundary layer scaling. Models and applications, Scientific Report WR 87-2(FM), Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, 1987.

Hyvönen, S., Junninen, H., Laakso, L., Dal Maso, M., Grönholm, T., Bonn, B., Keronen, P., Aalto, P., Hiltunen, V., Pohja, T., Launiainen, S., Hari, P., Mannila, H., and Kulmala, M.: A look at aerosol formation using data mining techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3345–3356, 2005.

Kulmala, M.: How particles nucleate and grow, Science, 302, 1000–1001, 2003.

Kulmala, M., Toivonen, A., Mäkelä, J M., and Laaksonen, A.: Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode particles observed in boreal forest, Tellus, 50B, 449–462, 1998.

Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J M., Pirjola, L., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P., Miikkulainen, P., Hämeri, K., and O'Dowd, C D.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus, 53B, 479–490, 2001a.

Kulmala, M., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P P., Mäkelä, J M., Pirjola, L., Nilsson, E D., Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Dal Maso, M., Seidl, W., Hoffman, T., Janson, R., Hansson, H.-C., Viisanen, Y., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C D.: Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR), Tellus, 53B, 324–343, 2001b.

Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lehtinen, K. E J., Riipinen, I., Dal Maso, M., Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Hõrrak, U., Vana, M., and Tammet, H.: Initial steps of aerosol growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2553–2560, 2004a.

Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143–176, 2004b.

Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E J., Laakso, L., Mordas, G., and Hämeri, K.: On the existence of neutral atmospheric clusters, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 79–87, 2005.

Mason, P J.: Large-eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1492–1516, 1989.

Moeng, C.-H. and Wyngaard, J C.: Spectral analysis of large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3573–3587, 1988.

Monin, A S. and Obuchow, A M.: Fundamentale Gesetzmäßigkeiten der turbulenten Vermischung in der bodennahen Schicht der Atmosphäre, in: Sammelband zur statistischen Theorie der Turbulenz, mit Beiträgen von A. N. Kolmogorov, A. M. Obuchow, A. M. Jaglom, A. S. Monin, edited by Goering, H., pp. 199–228, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1958.

Monin, A S. and Obukhov, A M.: Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere near the ground, reprinted from Trudy, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Geofizicheskogo Instituta, Vol. 24(151), 163–187 (1954), in: Selected Papers on Turbulence in a Refractive Medium, edited by Andreas, E L., \rm SPIE Milestone Series, Volume MS 25, pp. 300–312, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1990.

Muschinski, A., Sullivan, P P., Wuertz, D B., Hill, R J., Cohn, S A., Lenschow, D H., and Doviak, R J.: First synthesis of wind-profiler signals on the basis of large-eddy simulation data, Radio Science, 34, 1437–1459, 1999.

Nilsson, E D., Rannik, Ü., Paatero, J., Boy, M., O'Dowd, C., Buzorius, G., Laakso, L., and Kulmala, M.: Effects of synoptic weather and boundary layer dynamics on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2000, vol. 31, suppl. 1 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S600–S601, Pergamon, 2000.

Nilsson, E D., Paatero, J., and Boy, M.: Effects of air masses and synoptic weather on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer, Tellus, 53B, 462–478, 2001a.

Nilsson, E D., Rannik, Ü., Kulmala, M., Buzorius, G., and O'Dowd, C D.: Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, turbulence and entrainment, on aerosol formation, Tellus, 53B, 441–461, 2001b.

O'Dowd, C D., Aalto, P P., Yoon, Y J., and Hämeri, K.: The use of the pulse height analyser ultrafine condensation particle counter (PHA-UCPC) technique applied to sizing of nucleation mode particles of differing chemical composition, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 205–216, 2004.

Prandtl, L.: Über die Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung, in: Verhandlgn. d. III. Intern. Math. Kongr., Heidelberg, 8.-13. August 1904, pp. 485–491, B. G. Teubner Verlag, Leipzig, 1905.

Prandtl, L.: Bericht über Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz, Z. angew. Math. Mech., 5, 136–139, 1925.

Siebert, H., Stratmann, F., and Wehner, B.: First observations of increased ultrafine particle number concentrations near the inversion of a continental planetary boundary layer and its relation to ground-based measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09102, doi:10.1029/2003GL019086, 2004.

Sorbjan, Z.: Numerical study of penetrative and "solid lid" nonpenetrative convective boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 101–112, 1996a.

Sorbjan, Z.: Effects caused by varying the strength of the capping inversion based on a large eddy simulation model of the shear-free convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2015–2024, 1996b.

Steinbrecher, R. and the BEWA2000-Team: Regional biogenic emissions of reactive volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from forests: Process studies, modelling and validation experiments (BEWA2000), AFO2000-Newsletter, 8(9-2004), 7–10, unpublished manuscript, 2004.

Stratmann, F., Siebert, H., Spindler, G., Wehner, B., Althausen, D., Heintzenberg, J., Hellmuth, O., Rinke, R., Schmieder, U., Seidel, C., Tuch, T., Uhrner, U., Wiedensohler, A., Wandinger, U., Wendisch, M., Schell, D., and Stohl, A.: New-particle formation events in a continental boundary layer: First results from the SATURN experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1445–1459, 2003.

Stull, R B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997.

Sullivan, P P., McWilliams, J C., and Moeng, C.-H.: A grid nesting method for large-eddy simulation of planetary boundary-layer flows, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 80, 167–202, 1996.

Sullivan, P P., Moeng, C.-H., Stevens, B., Lenschow, D H., and Mayor, S D.: Structure of the entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3042–3064, 1998.

Turner, J S.: Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, Cambridge University Press, 1973.

Uhrner, U., Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., Wilck, M., Ackermann, I J., and Berresheim, H.: Particle formation at a continental background site: Comparison of model results with observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 347–359, 2003.

Verver, G. H L., van Dop, H., and Holtslag, A. A M.: Turbulent mixing of reactive gases in the convective boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 85, 197–222, 1997.

Wulfmeyer, V.: Investigation of turbulent processes in the lower troposphere with water vapor DIAL and radar-RASS, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1055–1076, 1999a.

Wulfmeyer, V.: Investigations of humidity skewness and variance profiles in the convective boundary layer and comparison of the latter with large eddy simulation results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1077–1087, 1999b.

Zilitinkevich, S., Gryanik, V M., Lykossov, V N., and Mironov, D V.: Third-order transport and nonlocal turbulence closures for convective boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3463–3477, 1999.