<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>12</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2006</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-6-4175-2006</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4175/2006/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4175/2006/acp-6-4175-2006.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4175/2006/acp-6-4175-2006.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>4175</start_page>
	<end_page>4214</end_page>
	<publication_date>2006-09-21</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Columnar modelling of nucleation burst evolution in the  convective boundary layer &amp;ndash; first results from a feasibility study &lt;BR&gt;  Part I: Modelling approach</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>O. Hellmuth</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Modelling Department, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A high-order modelling approach to interpret &quot;continental-type&quot;
particle formation bursts in the anthropogenically influenced
convective boundary layer (CBL) is proposed. The model considers
third-order closure for
planetary boundary layer turbulence, sulphur and ammonia
chemistry as well as aerosol dynamics. In Paper I of four papers,
previous observations of ultrafine particle
evolution are reviewed, model equations are derived,
the model setup for a conceptual study on binary and ternary homogeneous
nucleation is defined and
shortcomings of process parameterisation are discussed. In the subsequent
Papers II, III and IV simulation results, obtained
within the framework of a conceptual study
on the CBL evolution and new particle formation (NPF),
will be presented and compared with observational findings.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Mäkelä, J M., Hoell, C., O&apos;Dowd, C D., Karlsson, H., Hansson, H.-C., Väkevä, M., Koponen, I K., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus, 53B, 344&amp;ndash;358, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Abdella, K. and McFarlane, N.: A new second-order turbulence closure scheme for the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1850&amp;ndash;1867, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Abdella, K. and McFarlane, N.: Reply, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3482&amp;ndash;3483, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Abdella, K. and McFarlane, N.: Modelling boundary-layer clouds with a statistical cloud scheme and a second-order turbulence closure, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 98, 387&amp;ndash;410, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> André, J C. and Lacarrère, P.: Mean and turbulent structures of the oceanic surface layer as determined from one-dimensional, third-order simulations, J. Phys. Oceanography, 15, 121&amp;ndash;132, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> André, J C., De Moor, G., Lacarrère, P., and Du Vachat, R.: Turbulence approximation for inhomogeneous flows: Part I. The clipping approximation, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 476&amp;ndash;481, 1976a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> André, J C., De Moor, G., Lacarrère, P., and Du Vachat, R.: Turbulence approximation for inhomogeneous flows: Part II. The numerical simulation of a penetrative convection experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 482&amp;ndash;491, 1976b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> André, J C., De Moor, G., Lacarrère, P., Therry, G., and Du Vachat, R.: Modeling the 24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1861&amp;ndash;1883, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> André, J C., Lacarrère, P., and Traoré, K.: Pressure effects on triple correlations in turbulent convective flows, Turbulent Shear Flows, Springer Verlag, 3, 243&amp;ndash;252, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Andronache, C., Chameides, W L., Davis, D D., Anderson, B E., Pueschel, R F., Bandy, A R., Thornton, D C., Talbot, R W., Kasibhatla, P., and Kiang, C S.: Gas-to-particle conversion of tropospheric sulfur as estimated from observations in the western North Pacific during PEM-West B, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D23), 28 511&amp;ndash;28 538, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Ansari, A S. and Pandis, S N.: Prediction of multicomponent inorganic atmospheric aerosol behavior, Atmos. Environ., 33, 745&amp;ndash;757, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Atkinson, R., Baulch, D L., Cox, R A., Hampson, R F., Kerr, J A., Rossi, M J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement VI. IU-PAC subcommittee on gas kinetic data evaluation for atmospheric chemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1329&amp;ndash;1499, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Ayotte, K W., Sullivan, P P., Andrén, A., Doney, S C., Holtslag, A. A M., Large, W G., McWilliams, J C., Moeng, C.-H., Otte, M J., Tribbia, J J., and Wyngaard, J C.: An evaluation of neutral and convective planetary boundary-layer parameterizations relative to large eddy simulations, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 79, 131&amp;ndash;175, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Berndt, T., Böge, O., Stratmann, F., Heintzenberg, J., and Kulmala, M.: Rapid formation of sulfuric acid particles at near-atmospheric conditions, Science, 307, 698&amp;ndash;700, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Bernhardt, K.: Zur Definition der turbulenzbedingten Austauschströme, insbesondere des Turbulenzwärmestroms, Z. Meteorol., 17(3/4), 95&amp;ndash;108, 1964. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Bernhardt, K.: Nochmals zur Definition des Turbulenzwärmestroms in der Wärmehaushaltsgleichung der Atmosphäre, Z. Meteorol., 23(3/4), 65&amp;ndash;75, 1972. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Bernhardt, K. and Piazena, H.: Zum Einfluß der turbulenzbedingten Dichteschwankungen auf die Bestimmung turbulenter Austauschströme in der Bodenschicht, Z. Meteorol., 38(4), 234&amp;ndash;245, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Bigg, E K.: A mechanism for the formation of new particles in the atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 43, 129&amp;ndash;137, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Birmili, W.: On the formation and growth of new atmospheric particles in continental atmospheres, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2001, vol. 32, suppl. 1 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S321&amp;ndash;S322, Pergamon, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Birmili, W. and Wiedensohler, A.: New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(20), 3325&amp;ndash;3328, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., and Berresheim, H.: Evolution of newly formed aerosol particles in the continental boundary layer: A case study including $\rmOH$ and $\rmH_2SO_4$ measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(15), 2205&amp;ndash;2208, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Birmili, W., Berresheim, H., Plass-Dülmer, C., Elste, T., Gilge, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Uhrner, U.: The Hohenpeissenberg aerosol formation experiment (HAFEX): A long-term study including size-resolved aerosol, $\rm H_2SO_4$, $\rm OH$, and monoterpenes measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 361&amp;ndash;376, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Bohren, C F. and Albrecht, B A.: Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Bougeault, P.: Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: Testing the ensemble cloud relations against numerical data, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2414&amp;ndash;2428, 1981a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Bougeault, P.: Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part II: A high-order one-dimensional model, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2429&amp;ndash;2439, 1981b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Bougeault, P.: The diurnal cycle of the marine stratocumulus layer: A high-order model study, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2826&amp;ndash;2843, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Bougeault, P. and André, J C.: On the stability of the third-order turbulence closure for the modeling of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1574&amp;ndash;1581, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Bougeault, P. and Lacarrère, P.: Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a mesobeta-scale model, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1872&amp;ndash;1890, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Boy, M. and Kulmala, M.: Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Influence of physical and meteorological parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 1&amp;ndash;16, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Boy, M., Nilsson, D., and Kulmala, M.: BLMARC - A 1-dimensional model for the prediction of the aerosol evolution in the continental boundary layer, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2003, vol. 34, suppl. 2 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S821&amp;ndash;S822, Pergamon, 2003a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Boy, M., Rannik, Ü., Lehtinen, K. E J., Tarvainen, V., Hakola, H., and Kulmala, M.: Nucleation events in the continental boundary layer: Long-term statistical analyses of aerosol relevant characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4667, doi:10.1029/2003JD003838, 2003b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Boy, M., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Rannik, Ü., Rinne, J., Aalto, P., Laaksonen, A., Vaattovaara, P., Joutsensaari, J., Hoffmann, T., Warnke, J., Apostolaki, M., Stephanou, E G., Tsapakis, M., Kouvarakis, A., Pio, C., Carvalho, A., Römpp, A., Moortgat, G., Spirig, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Ciccioli, P., and Kulmala, M.: Overview of the field measurement campaign in Hyytiälä, August 2001 in the framework of the EU project OSOA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 657&amp;ndash;678, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Ruuskanen, T M., Pihlatie, M., Reissell, A., Aalto, P P., Keronen, P., Dal Maso, M., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Jansson, R., Hanke, M., and Arnold, F.: Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 863&amp;ndash;878, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Brasseur, G P., Prinn, R G., and Pszenny, A. A P., eds.: Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Brown, A R.: Evaluation of parametrization schemes for the convective boundary layer using large-eddy simulation results, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 81, 167&amp;ndash;200, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Brown, A R. and Grant, A. L M.: Non-local mixing of momentum in the convective boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 84, 1&amp;ndash;22, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Nilsson, D., and Kulmala, M.: Vertical fluxes and micrometeorology during aerosol particle formation events, Tellus, 53B, 394&amp;ndash;405, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Aalto, P., dal Maso, M., Nilsson, E D., Lehtinen, K. E J., and Kulmala, M.: On particle formation prediction in continental boreal forest using micrometeorological parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 4377, doi:10.1029/2002JD002850, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Carlson, M A. and Stull, R B.: Subsidence in the nocturnal boundary layer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1088&amp;ndash;1099, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Carson, D J. and Richards, P. J R.: Modelling surface turbulent fluxes in stable conditions, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 14, 67&amp;ndash;81, 1978. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Charlson, R J., Lovelock, J E., Andreae, M O., and Warren, S G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655&amp;ndash;661, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Cheng, A., Xu, K.-M., and Golaz, J.-C.: The liquid water oscillation in modeling boundary layer cumuli with third-order turbulence closure models, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1621&amp;ndash;1629, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Clarke, A D., Eisele, F., Kapustin, V N., Moore, K., Tanner, D., Mauldin, L., Litchy, M., Lienert, B., Carroll, M A., and Albercook, G.: Nucleation in the equatorial free troposphere: Favorable environments during PEM-Tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D5), 5735&amp;ndash;5744, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Clement, C F. and Ford, I J.: Gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere: I. Evidence from empirical atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 33, 475&amp;ndash;487, 1999a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Clement, C F. and Ford, I J.: Gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere: II. Analytical models of nucleation bursts, Atmos. Environ., 33, 489&amp;ndash;499, 1999b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Clement, C F., Kulmala, M., and Vesala, T.: Theoretical consideration on sticking probabilities, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 869&amp;ndash;882, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Clement, C F., Pirjola, L., dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J M., and Kulmala, M.: Analysis of particle formation bursts observed in Finland, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 217&amp;ndash;236, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Coe, H., Williams, P I., McFiggans, G., Gallagher, M W., Beswick, K M., Bower, K N., and Choularton, T W.: Behavior of ultrafine particles in continental and marine air masses at a rural site in the United Kingdom, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D22), 26 891&amp;ndash;26 905, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E J., Mäkelä, J M., Aalto, P., and O&apos;Dowd, C D.: Condensation and coagulation sinks and formation of nucleation mode particles in coastal and boreal forest boundary layers, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8097, doi:10.1029/2001JD001053, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P P., and Lehtinen, K. E J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323&amp;ndash;336, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Davidovits, P., Hu, J H., Worsnop, D R., Zahniser, M S., and Kolb, C E.: Entry of gas molecules into liquids, Faraday Discuss., 100, 65&amp;ndash;81, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> de Reus, M., Ström, J., Kulmala, M., Pirjola, L., Lelieveld, J., Schiller, C., and Zöger, M.: Airborne aerosol measurements in the tropopause region and the dependence of new particle formation on preexisting particle number concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D23), 31 255&amp;ndash;31 263, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> de Reus, M., Ström, J., Hoor, P., Lelieveld, J., and Schiller, C.: Particle production in the lowermost stratosphere by convective lifting of the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D19), 23 935&amp;ndash;23 940, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Degrazia, G A., Campos Velho, H F., and Carvalho, J C.: Nonlocal exchange coefficients for the convective boundary layer derived from spectral properties, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 70, 57&amp;ndash;64, 1997a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Degrazia, G A., Rizza, U., Mangia, C., and Tirabassi, T.: Validation of a new turbulent parameterization for dispersion models in convective conditions, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 85, 243&amp;ndash;254, 1997b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Degrazia, G A., Mangia, C., and Rizza, U.: A comparison between different methods to estimate the lateral dispersion parameter under convective conditions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 227&amp;ndash;231, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Degrazia, G A., Moreira, D M., and Vilhena, M T.: Derivation of an eddy diffusivity depending on source distance for vertically inhomogeneous turbulence in a convective boundary layer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1233&amp;ndash;1240, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> DeMore, W B., Sander, S P., Golden, D M., Hampson, R F., Huie, R E., Kurylo, M J., Howard, C J., Ravishankara, A R., Kolb, C J., and Molina, M J.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, evaluation number 11, JPL Publication, 94-26, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> DeMore, W B., Sander, S P., Golden, D M., Hampson, R F., Kurylo, M J., Howard, C J., Ravishankara, A R., Kolb, C E., and Molina, M J.: Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, evaluation number 12, JPL Publication, 97-4, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Donaldson, C.: Construction of a dynamic model of the production of atmospheric turbulence and the dispersal of atmospheric pollutants, in: Workshop on Micrometeorology, edited by Haugen, D A., pp. 313&amp;ndash;392, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Durran, D R.: Numerical Methods for Wave Equations in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Texts in Applied Mathematics, 32, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Dyer, A J. and Hicks, B B.: Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 715&amp;ndash;721, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Easter, R C. and Peters, L K.: Binary homogeneous nucleation: Temperature and relative humidity fluctuations, nonlinearity, and aspects of new particle production in the atmosphere, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 775&amp;ndash;784, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Ebert, E E., Schumann, U., and Stull, R B.: Nonlocal turbulent mixing in the convective boundary layer evaluated from large-eddy simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2178&amp;ndash;2207, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Eichkorn, S., Wilhelm, S., Aufmhoff, H., Wohlfrom, K H., and Arnold, F.: Cosmic ray-induced aerosol-formation: First observational evidence from aircraft-based ion mass spectrometer measurements in the upper troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 1698, doi:10.1029/2002GL015044, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Elperin, T., Kleeorin, N., and Rogachevskii, I.: Mechanisms of formation of aerosol and gaseous inhomogeneities in the turbulent atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 53, 117&amp;ndash;129, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="67" content_type="text"> Ervens, B.: Troposphärische Multiphasenchemie: Modellrechnungen und kinetische Untersuchungen von Reaktionen des OH-Radikals in wäßriger Lösung, Ph.D. thesis, Universität Leipzig, Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, 232 pp., 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="68" content_type="text"> Ervens, B., George, C., Williams, J E., Buxton, G V., Salmon, G A., Bydder, M., Wilkinson, F., Dentener, F., Mirabel, P., Wolke, R., and Herrmann, H.: CAPRAM 2.4 (MODAC mechanism): An extended and condensed tropospheric aqueous phase mechanism and its application, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4426, doi:10.1029/2002JD002202, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="69" content_type="text"> Ferrero, E. and Racca, M.: The role of the nonlocal transport in modeling the shear-driven atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1434&amp;ndash;1445, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="70" content_type="text"> Foken, T.: Anmerkungen zur Problematik möglicher Fehler bei der Bestimmung turbulenter Austauschströme nach der Flux-Methode, Z. Meteorol., 39(2), 112&amp;ndash;113, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="71" content_type="text"> Frech, M. and Mahrt, L.: A two-scale mixing formulation for the atmospheric boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 73, 91&amp;ndash;104, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="72" content_type="text"> Fuchs, N A. and Sutugin, A G.: Highly dispersed aerosols, in: Topics in Current Aerosol Research, edited by Hidy, G M. and Brock, J R., pp. 1&amp;ndash;60, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971. </reference>
		<reference numeration="73" content_type="text"> Galmarini, S., Vilà-Guerau~De Arellano, J., and Duynkerke, P G.: Scaling the turbulent transport of chemical compounds in the surface layer under neutral and stratified conditions, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 223&amp;ndash;242, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="74" content_type="text"> Gaydos, T M., Stanier, C O., and Pandis, S N.: Modeling of in situ ultrafine atmospheric particle formation in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07S12, doi:10.1029/2004JD004683, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="75" content_type="text"> Hämeri, K. and Laaksonen, A., eds.: Quantification of aerosol nucleation in the European boundary layer (QUEST 2002-2004), ACP - Special Issue, Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="76" content_type="text"> Held, A., Nowak, A., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Forkel, R., and Klemm, O.: Observations of particle formation and growth in a mountainous forest region in central Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005346, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="77" content_type="text"> Hellmuth, O. and Helmert, J.: Parameterization of turbulence-enhanced nucleation in large scale models: Conceptual study, in: Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XV, edited by Borrego, C. and Schayes, G., pp. 295&amp;ndash;304, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="78" content_type="text"> Hermann, M., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Zahn, A., Heinrich, G., and Brenninkmeijer, C. A M.: Meridional distributions of aerosol particle number concentrations in the upper and lower stratosphere obtained by civil aircraft for regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrument container (CARIBIC) flights, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4114, doi:10.1029/2001JD001077, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="79" content_type="text"> Holtslag, A. A M.: Surface fluxes and boundary layer scaling, Scientific Report WR 87-2(FM), Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="80" content_type="text"> Holtslag, A. A M. and Moeng, C.-H.: Eddy diffusivity and countergradient transport in the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1690&amp;ndash;1698, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="81" content_type="text"> Holtslag, A. A M., van Meijgaard, E., and de Rooy, W C.: A comparison of boundary layer diffusion schemes in unstable conditions over land, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 76, 69&amp;ndash;95, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="82" content_type="text"> Hõrrak, U., Salm, J., and Tammet, H.: Bursts of intermediate ions in atmospheric air, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D12), 13 909&amp;ndash;13 915, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="83" content_type="text"> Housiadas, C., Drossinos, Y., and Lazaridis, M.: Effect of small-scale turbulent fluctuations on rates of particle formation, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 545&amp;ndash;559, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="84" content_type="text"> Hyvönen, S., Junninen, H., Laakso, L., Dal Maso, M., Grönholm, T., Bonn, B., Keronen, P., Aalto, P., Hiltunen, V., Pohja, T., Launiainen, S., Hari, P., Mannila, H., and Kulmala, M.: A look at aerosol formation using data mining techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3345&amp;ndash;3356, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="85" content_type="text"> IPCC: IPCC Third Assessment Report. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Tech. rep., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="86" content_type="text"> Itoh, M.: Theoretical prediction of sticking probability of $\rm H_2O$ and $\rm H_2SO_4$ systems by free angle ratio, in: Aerosols: Science, Industry, Health and Environment, edited by Masuda, S. and Takahashi, K., vol I of \em Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Kyoto, Japan\/, pp. 197&amp;ndash;200, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="87" content_type="text"> Jaecker-Voirol, A. and Mirabel, P.: Nucleation rate in a binary mixture of sulfuric acid and water vapor, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 3518&amp;ndash;3521, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="88" content_type="text"> Jaecker-Voirol, A. and Mirabel, P.: Heteromolecular nucleation in the sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;water system, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2053&amp;ndash;2057, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="89" content_type="text"> Jaecker-Voirol, A., Mirabel, P., and Reiss, H.: Hydrates in supersaturated binary sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;water vapor: A reexamination, J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4849&amp;ndash;4852, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="90" content_type="text"> Jaenisch, V., Stratman, F., Nilsson, D., and Austin, P H.: Influence of turbulent mixing processes on new particle formation, in: Abstracts of the 5th International Aerosol Conference 1998, vol. 29, suppl. 1, part 2 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S1063&amp;ndash;S1064, Pergamon, 1998a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="91" content_type="text"> Jaenisch, V., Stratman, F., and Wilck, M.: Particle nucleation and condensational growth during turbulent mixing processes, in: Abstracts of the 5th International Aerosol Conference 1998, vol. 29, suppl. 1, part 2 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S1161&amp;ndash;S1162, Pergamon, 1998b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="92" content_type="text"> Jefferson, A., Eisele, F L., Ziemann, P J., Weber, R J., Marti, J J., and McMurry, P H.: Measurements of the $\rm H_2SO_4$ mass accommodation coefficient onto polydisperse aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D15), 19 021&amp;ndash;19 028, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="93" content_type="text"> Katoshevski, D., Nenes, A., and Seinfeld, J H.: A study of processes that govern the maintenance of aerosols in the marine boundary layer, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 503&amp;ndash;532, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="94" content_type="text"> Kerminen, V.-M. and Kulmala, M.: Analytical formulae connecting the &quot;real&quot; and the &quot;apparent&quot; nucleation rate and the nuclei number concentration for atmospheric nucleation events, J. Aerosol Sci., 33, 609&amp;ndash;622, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="95" content_type="text"> Kerminen, V.-M. and Wexler, A S.: Enhanced formation and development of sulfate particles due to marine boundary layer circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D11), 23 051&amp;ndash;23 062, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="96" content_type="text"> Kerminen, V.-M. and Wexler, A S.: Growth behavior of the marine submicron boundary layer aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D15), 18 813&amp;ndash;18 825, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="97" content_type="text"> Khosrawi, F. and Konopka, P.: Enhanced particle formation and growth due to mixing processes in the tropopause region, Atmos. Environ., 37, 903&amp;ndash;910, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="98" content_type="text"> Köhler, H.: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, Trans. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152&amp;ndash;1161, 1936. </reference>
		<reference numeration="99" content_type="text"> Komppula, M., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Aalto, P P., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Comparison of new particle formation events at two locations in northern Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 395&amp;ndash;404, 2003a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="100" content_type="text"> Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Hatakka, J., Paatero, J., Aalto, P., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Observations of new particle formation and size distributions at two different heights and surroundings in subarctic area in northern Finland, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4295, doi:10.1029/2002JD002939, 2003b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="101" content_type="text"> Korhonen, H., Lehtinen, K. E J., and Kulmala, M.: Multicomponent aerosol dynamics model UHMA: Model development and validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 757&amp;ndash;771, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="102" content_type="text"> Korhonen, P., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Viisanen, Y., McGraw, R., and Seinfeld, J H.: Ternary nucleation of $\rmH_2SO_4$, $\rmNH_3$, and $\rmH_2O$ in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26 349&amp;ndash;26 353, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="103" content_type="text"> Krejci, R., Ström, J., de Reus, M., Hoor, P., Williams, J., Fischer, H., and Hansson, H.-C.: Evolution of aerosol properties over the rain forest in Surinam, South America, observed from aircraft during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D18), 4561, doi:10.1029/2001JD001375, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="104" content_type="text"> Krishnamurti, T N. and Bounoua, L.: An Introduction to Numerical Weather Prediction Techniques, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="105" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M.: How particles nucleate and grow, Science, 302, 1000&amp;ndash;1001, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="106" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M. and Laaksonen, A.: Binary nucleation of water&amp;ndash;sulfuric acid system: Comparison of classical theories with different $\rmH_2SO_4$ saturation vapor pressures, J. Chem. Phys., 93, 696&amp;ndash;701, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="107" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., and Laaksonen, A.: Simulations on the effect of sulphuric acid formation on atmospheric aerosol concentrations, Atmos. Environ., 29, 377&amp;ndash;382, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="108" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Pirjola, L.: Parameterizations for sulfuric acid/water nucleation rates, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D7), 8301&amp;ndash;8307, 1998a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="109" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Toivonen, A., Mäkelä, J M., and Laaksonen, A.: Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode particles observed in Boreal forest, Tellus, 50B, 449&amp;ndash;462, 1998b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="110" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Pirjola, L., and Mäkelä, J M.: Stable sulphate clusters as a source a new atmospheric particles, Nature, 404, 66&amp;ndash;69, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="111" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J M., Pirjola, L., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P., Miikkulainen, P., Hämeri, K., and O&apos;Dowd, C D.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus, 53B, 479&amp;ndash;490, 2001a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="112" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P P., Mäkelä, J M., Pirjola, L., Nilsson, E D., Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Dal Maso, M., Seidl, W., Hoffman, T., Janson, R., Hansson, H.-C., Viisanen, Y., Laaksonen, A., and O&apos;Dowd, C D.: Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest (BIOFOR), Tellus, 53B, 324&amp;ndash;343, 2001b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="113" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Merikanto, J., Vehkamäki, H., Laakso, L., Lehtinen, K. E J., Noppel, M., and Laaksonen, A.: Homogeneous and ion induced nucleation: Kinetic and thermodynamic nucleation regimes, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2003, vol. 34, suppl. 2 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S1393&amp;ndash;S1394, Pergamon, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="114" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Anttila, T., Laaksonen, A., and O&apos;Dowd, C D.: Organic aerosol formation via sulphate cluster activation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04205, doi:10.1029/2003JD003961, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="115" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lehtinen, K. E J., Riipinen, I., Dal Maso, M., Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Hõrrak, U., Vana, M., and Tammet, H.: Initial steps of aerosol growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2553&amp;ndash;2560, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="116" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Suni, T., Lehtinen, K. E J., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Reissell, A., Rannik, Ü., Aalto, P., Keronen, P., Hakola, H., Bäck, J., Hoffmann, T., Vesala, T., and Hari, P.: A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 557&amp;ndash;562, 2004c. </reference>
		<reference numeration="117" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: A review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143&amp;ndash;176, 2004d. </reference>
		<reference numeration="118" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E J., Laakso, L., Mordas, G., and Hämeri, K.: On the existence of neutral atmospheric clusters, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 79&amp;ndash;87, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="119" content_type="text"> Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E J., and Laaksonen, A.: Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787&amp;ndash;793, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="120" content_type="text"> Kuni, F M., Shchekin, A K., and Grinin, A P.: Kinetics of condensation on macroscopic solid nuclei at low dynamic vapor supersaturations, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 208&amp;ndash;236, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="121" content_type="text"> Laakso, L., Mäkelä, J M., Pirjola, L., and Kulmala, M.: Model studies on ion-induced nucleation in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 4427, doi:10.1029/2002JD002140, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="122" content_type="text"> Laakso, L., Kulmala, M., and Lehtinen, K. E J.: Effect of condensation rate enhancement factor on 3-nm (diameter) particle formation in binary ion-induced and homogeneous nucleation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D18), 4574, doi:10.1029/2003JD003432, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="123" content_type="text"> Laaksonen, A. and Kulmala, M.: Homogeneous heteromolecular nucleation of sulphuric acid and water vapours in stratospheric conditions: A theoretical study of the effect of hydrate interaction, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 779&amp;ndash;787, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="124" content_type="text"> Larson, V E.: Prognostic equations for cloud fraction and liquid water, and their relation to filtered density functions, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 338&amp;ndash;351, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="125" content_type="text"> Lauros, J., Nilsson, E D., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: Effect of variability in temperature and humidity on binary water&amp;ndash;sulfuric acid nucleation rate, in: Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 2004: 16th International Conference, Kyoto, pp. 73&amp;ndash;76, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="126" content_type="text"> Lauros, J., Nilsson, E D., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric variability and binary homogeneous nucleation: A parametrisation and conditions required for a significant effect, Atmos. Res., in press, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="127" content_type="text"> Lesniewski, T. and Friedlander, S K.: The effect of turbulence on rates of particle formation by homogeneous nucleation, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 23, 174&amp;ndash;182, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="128" content_type="text"> Lewellen, D C. and Lewellen, W S.: Buoyancy flux modeling for cloudy boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1147&amp;ndash;1160, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="129" content_type="text"> Liu, X., Hegg, D A., and Stoelinga, M T.: Numerical simulation of new particle formation over the northwest Atlantic using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with sulfur chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D9), 9697&amp;ndash;9715, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="130" content_type="text"> Lovejoy, E R., Curtius, J., and Froyd, K D.: Atmospheric ion-induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08204, doi:10.1029/2003JD004460, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="131" content_type="text"> Lovelock, J.: Das Gaia-Prinzip. Die Biographie unseres Planeten, Insel Taschenbuch 1542, Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main und Leipzig, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="132" content_type="text"> Mäkelä, J M., Aalto, P., Jokinen, V., Pohja, T., Nissinen, A., Palmroth, S., Markkanen, T., Seitsonen, K., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(10), 1219&amp;ndash;1222, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="133" content_type="text"> Marti, J J., Weber, R J., McMurry, P H., Eisele, F., Tanner, D., and Jefferson, A.: New particle formation at a remote continental site: Assessing the contributions of $\rmSO_2$ and organic precursors, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D5), 6331&amp;ndash;6339, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="134" content_type="text"> Mellor, G L. and Yamada, T.: A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791&amp;ndash;1806, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="135" content_type="text"> Mironov, D V., Gryanik, V M., Lykossov, V N., and Zilitinkevich, S S.: Comments on &quot;A new second-order turbulence closure scheme for the planetary boundary layer&quot;, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3478&amp;ndash;3481, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="136" content_type="text"> Moeng, C.-H. and Randall, D A.: Problems in simulating the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1588&amp;ndash;1600, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="137" content_type="text"> Monteith, J L.: Evaporation and surface temperature, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 107, 1&amp;ndash;27, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="138" content_type="text"> Müller, K.: A 3 year study of the aerosol in northwest Saxony (Germany), Atmos. Environ., 33, 1679&amp;ndash;1685, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="139" content_type="text"> Nadykto, A B. and Yu, F.: Uptake of neutral polar vapor molecules by charged clusters/particles: Enhancement due to dipole-charge interaction, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4717, doi:10.1029/2003JD003664, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="140" content_type="text"> Napari, I., Noppel, M., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: An improved model for ternary nucleation of sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;ammonia&amp;ndash;water, J. Chem. Phys., 116, 4221&amp;ndash;4227, 2002a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="141" content_type="text"> Napari, I., Noppel, M., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: Parametrization of ternary nucleation rates for $\rmH_2SO_4$&amp;ndash;$\rmNH_3$&amp;ndash;$\rmH_2O$ vapors, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4381, doi:10.1029/2002JD002132, 2002b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="142" content_type="text"> Nenes, A., Pandis, S., and Pilinis, C.: ISORROPIA v1.5 Reference Manual, University of Miami, Carnegie Mellon University, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="143" content_type="text"> Nilsson, E D. and Kulmala, M.: The potential for atmospheric mixing processes to enhance the binary nucleation rate, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D1), 1381&amp;ndash;1389, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="144" content_type="text"> Nilsson, E D., Pirjola, L., and Kulmala, M.: The effect of atmospheric waves on aerosol nucleation and size distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D15), 19 917&amp;ndash;19 926, 2000a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="145" content_type="text"> Nilsson, E D., Rannik, Ü., Paatero, J., Boy, M., O&apos;Dowd, C D., Buzorius, G., Laakso, L., and Kulmala, M.: Effects of synoptic weather and boundary layer dynamics on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2000, vol. 31, suppl. 1 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S600&amp;ndash;S601, Pergamon, 2000b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="146" content_type="text"> Nilsson, E D., Paatero, J., and Boy, M.: Effects of air masses and synoptic weather on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer, Tellus, 53B, 462&amp;ndash;478, 2001a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="147" content_type="text"> Nilsson, E D., Rannik, Ü., Kulmala, M., Buzorius, G., and O&apos;Dowd, C D.: Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, turbulence and entrainment, on aerosol formation, Tellus, 53B, 441&amp;ndash;461, 2001b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="148" content_type="text"> Noppel, M., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: An improved model for hydrate formation in sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;water nucleation, J. Chem. Phys., 116, 218&amp;ndash;228, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="149" content_type="text"> Nyeki, S., Kalberer, M., Lugauer, M., Weingartner, E., Petzold, A., Schröder, F., Colbeck, I., and Baltensperger, U.: Condensation nuclei (CN) and ultrafine CN in the free troposphere to 12 km: A case study over the Jungfraujoch high-alpine research station, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(14), 2195&amp;ndash;2198, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="150" content_type="text"> O&apos;Brien, J J.: A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1213&amp;ndash;1215, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="151" content_type="text"> O&apos;Dowd, C D., Hämeri, K., Mäkelä, J M., Pirjola, L., Kulmala, M., Jennings, S G., Berresheim, H., Hansson, H.-C., de Leeuw, G., Kunz, G J., Allen, A G., Hewitt, C N., Jackson, A., Viisanen, Y., and Hoffmann, T.: A dedicated study of new particle formation and fate in the coastal environment (PARFORCE): Overview of objectives and achievements, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 8108, doi:10.1029/2001JD000555, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="152" content_type="text"> O&apos;Dowd, C D., Aalto, P P., Yoon, Y J., and Hämeri, K.: The use of the pulse height analyser ultrafine condensation particle counter (PHA-UCPC) technique applied to sizing of nucleation mode particles of differing chemical composition, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 205&amp;ndash;216, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="153" content_type="text"> Pandis, S N., Russell, L M., and Seinfeld, J H.: The relationship between DMS flux and CCN concentration in remote marine regions, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D8), 16 945&amp;ndash;16 957, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="154" content_type="text"> Pandis, S N., Wexler, A S., and Seinfeld, J H.: Dynamics of tropospheric aerosols, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 9646&amp;ndash;9659, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="155" content_type="text"> Paulson, C A.: The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 857&amp;ndash;861, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="156" content_type="text"> Pirjola, L.: Effects of the increased UV radiation and biogenic VOC emissions on ultrafine sulphate aerosol formation, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 355&amp;ndash;367, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="157" content_type="text"> Pirjola, L. and Kulmala, M.: Modelling the formation of $\rmH_2SO_4$&amp;ndash;$\rmH_2O$ particles in rural, urban and marine marine conditions, Atmos. Res., 46, 321&amp;ndash;347, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="158" content_type="text"> Pirjola, L., Kulmala, M., Wilck, M., Bischoff, A., Stratmann, F., and Otto, E.: Formation of sulphuric acid aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei: An expression for significant nucleation and model comparison, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 1079&amp;ndash;1094, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="159" content_type="text"> Pirjola, L., O&apos;Dowd, C D., Brooks, I M., and Kulmala, M.: Can new particle formation occur in the clean marine boundary layer?, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D21), 26 531&amp;ndash;26 546, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="160" content_type="text"> Pirjola, L., Tsyro, S., Tarrason, L., and Kulmala, M.: A monodisperse aerosol dynamics module, a promising candidate for use in long-range transport models: Box model tests, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4258, doi:10.1029/2002JD002867, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="161" content_type="text"> Plauskaite, K., Gaman, A I., Aalto, P., Mordas, G., Ulevicius, V., Lehtinen, K. E J., and Kulmala, M.: Characterisation of nucleation events at Preila and Hyytiälä stations, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2003, vol. 34, suppl. 1 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S731&amp;ndash;S732, Pergamon, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="162" content_type="text"> Pleim, J E. and Chang, J S.: A non-local closure model for vertical mixing in the convective boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 965&amp;ndash;981, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="163" content_type="text"> Press, W H., Teukolsky, S A., Vetterling, W T., and Flannery, B P.: Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77. The Art of Scientific Computing. Second Edition. Volume 1 of Fortran Numerical Recipes, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="164" content_type="text"> Raes, F. and Janssens, A.: Ion-induced aerosol formation in a $\rmH_2O$-$\rmH_2SO_4$ system &amp;ndash; II. Numerical calculations and conclusions, J. Aerosol Sci., 17, 715&amp;ndash;722, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="165" content_type="text"> Russell, L M., Lenschow, D H., Laursen, K K., Krummel, P B., Siems, S T., Bandy, A R., Thornton, D C., and Bates, T S.: Bidirectional mixing in an ACE 1 marine boundary layer overlain by a second turbulent layer, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D13), 16 411&amp;ndash;16 432, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="166" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P. and Abyzov, A S.: Generalized Gibbs&apos; approach to the thermodynamics of heterogeneous systems and the kinetics of first-order phase transitions, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 3&amp;ndash;21, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="167" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P. and Schmelzer Jr., J.: Kinetics of bubble formation and the tensile strength of liquids, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 88&amp;ndash;119, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="168" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P., Schmelzer jn., J., and Gutzow, I S.: Reconciling Gibbs and van der Waals: A new approach to nucleation theory, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 237&amp;ndash;267, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="169" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P., Baidakov, V G., and Boltachev, G S.: Kinetics of boiling in binary liquid&amp;ndash;gas solutions: A new approach, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 120&amp;ndash;145, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="170" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P., Baidakov, V G., and Boltachev, G S.: Kinetics of boiling in binary liquid&amp;ndash;gas solutions: Comparison of different approaches, J. Chem. Phys., 119, 6166&amp;ndash;6183, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="171" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P., Abyzov, A S., and Möller, J.: Nucleation versus spinodal decomposition in phase formation processes in multicomponent solutions, J. Chem. Phys., 121, 6900&amp;ndash;6917, 2004a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="172" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P., Gokhman, A R., and Fokin, V M.: Dynamics of first-order phase transitions in multicomponent systems: A new theoretical approach, J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 272, 109&amp;ndash;133, 2004b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="173" content_type="text"> Schmelzer, J. W P., Boltachev, G S., and Baidakov, V G.: Is Gibbs&apos; thermodynamic theory of heterogeneous systems really perfect?, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., pp. 418&amp;ndash;446, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="174" content_type="text"> Schröder, F. and Ström, J.: Aircraft measurements of sub micrometer aerosol particles (&amp;gt; 7 nm) in the midlatitude free troposphere and tropopause region, Atmos. Res., 44, 333&amp;ndash;356, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="175" content_type="text"> Schröder, F., Kärcher, B., Fiebig, M., and Petzold, A.: Aerosol states in the free troposphere at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 8126, doi:10.1029/2000JD000194, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="176" content_type="text"> Schwartz, S E.: Mass-transport considerations pertinent to aqueous phase reactions of gases in liquid-water clouds, in: Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, edited by Jaeschke, W., vol G6 of \em NATO ASI Series\/, pp. 415&amp;ndash;471, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="177" content_type="text"> Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="178" content_type="text"> Shaw, B D.: Asymptotic evaluation of probability density functions for mean aerosol particle formation rates by homogeneous nucleation in turbulent gas jets, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 177&amp;ndash;184, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="179" content_type="text"> Shchekin, A K. and Shabaev, I V.: Thermodynamics and kinetics of deliquescence of small soluble particles, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 267&amp;ndash;291, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="180" content_type="text"> Shchekin, A K., Tatianenko, D V., and Kuni, F M.: Towards thermodynamics of uniform film formation on solid insoluble particles, in: Nucleation Theory and Applications, edited by Schmelzer, J. W P., Röpke, G., and Priezzhev, V B., pp. 320&amp;ndash;340, JINR Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="181" content_type="text"> Siebert, H., Stratmann, F., and Wehner, B.: First observations of increased ultrafine particle number concentrations near the inversion of a continental planetary boundary layer and its relation to ground-based measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L09102, doi:10.1029/2003GL019086, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="182" content_type="text"> Siebesma, A P. and Holtslag, A. A M.: Model impacts of entrainment and detrainment rates in shallow cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2354&amp;ndash;2364, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="183" content_type="text"> Sorbjan, Z.: Numerical study of penetrative and &quot;solid lid&quot; nonpenetrative convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 101&amp;ndash;112, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="184" content_type="text"> Stanier, C O., Khlystov, A Y., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J L., Caragaratna, M., Worsnop, D., and Pandis, S N.: Examining sulfuric acid nucleation events in the Northeast United States, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2003, vol. 34, suppl. 2 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S1343&amp;ndash;S1344, Pergamon, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="185" content_type="text"> Stauffer, D.: Kinetic theory of two-component (&quot;heteromolecular&quot;) nucleation and condensation, J. Aerosol Sci., 7, 319&amp;ndash;333, 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="186" content_type="text"> Steinbrecher, R. and BEWA2000-Team: Regional biogenic emissions of reactive volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from forests: Process studies, modelling and validation experiments (BEWA2000), AFO2000 Newsletter, 8(9-2004), 7&amp;ndash;10, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="187" content_type="text"> Stratmann, F., Siebert, H., Spindler, G., Wehner, B., Althausen, D., Heintzenberg, J., Hellmuth, O., Rinke, R., Schmieder, U., Seidel, C., Tuch, T., Uhrner, U., Wiedensohler, A., Wandinger, U., Wendisch, M., Schell, D., and Stohl, A.: New-particle formation events in a continental boundary layer: First results from the SATURN experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1445&amp;ndash;1459, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="188" content_type="text"> Stull, R B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="189" content_type="text"> Sullivan, P P., Moeng, C.-H., Stevens, B., Lenschow, D H., and Mayor, S D.: Structure of the entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3042&amp;ndash;3064, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="190" content_type="text"> Thuburn, J. and Tan, D. G H.: A parameterization of mixdown time for atmospheric chemicals, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D11), 13 037&amp;ndash;13 049, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="191" content_type="text"> Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251&amp;ndash;1256, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="192" content_type="text"> Uhrner, U., Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., Wilck, M., Ackermann, I J., and Berresheim, H.: Particle formation at a continental background site: Comparison of model results with observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 347&amp;ndash;359, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="193" content_type="text"> Van Dingenen, R. and Raes, F.: Determination of the condensation accommodation coefficient of sulfuric acid on water&amp;ndash;sulfuric acid aerosol, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 15, 93&amp;ndash;106, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="194" content_type="text"> van Dop, H.: Discussion: The parametrization of the vertical dispersion of a scalar in the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 32, 257&amp;ndash;258, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="195" content_type="text"> Vana, M., Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Hõrrak, U., and Tamm, E.: Comparative study of nucleation mode aerosol particles and intermediate air ions formation events at three sites, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D17201, doi:10.1029/2003JD004413, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="196" content_type="text"> Vehkamäki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K. E J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M., and Laaksonen, A.: An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4622, doi:10.1029/2002JD002184, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="197" content_type="text"> Venkatram, A.: The parameterization of the vertical dispersion of a scalar in the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 1963&amp;ndash;1966, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="198" content_type="text"> Verver, G. H L., van Dop, H., and Holtslag, A. A M.: Turbulent mixing of reactive gases in the convective boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 85, 197&amp;ndash;222, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="199" content_type="text"> Vinuesa, J.-F. and Vil$\grave\rm a$-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Introducing effective reaction rates to account for the inefficient mixing of the convective boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 39, 445&amp;ndash;461, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="200" content_type="text"> Weber, R J., Marti, J J., McMurry, P H., Eisele, F L., Tanner, D J., and Jefferson, A.: Measured atmospheric new particle formation rates: Implications for nucleation mechanisms, Chem. Eng. Comm., 151, 53&amp;ndash;64, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="201" content_type="text"> Weber, R J., Marti, J J., McMurry, P H., Eisele, F L., Tanner, D J., and Jefferson, A.: Measurements of new particle formation and ultrafine particle growth rates at a clean continental site, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D4), 4375&amp;ndash;4385, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="202" content_type="text"> Wehner, B. and Wiedensohler, A.: Long term measurements of submicrometer urban aerosols: Statistical analysis for correlations with meteorological conditions and trace gases, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 867&amp;ndash;879, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="203" content_type="text"> Wehner, B., Schmieder, U., Siebert, H., Stratmann, F., Spindler, G., Tuch, T., and Wiedensohler, A.: Horizontal variability of new particle formation during SATURN, in: Abstracts of the European Aerosol Conference 2003, vol. 34, suppl. 1 of \em \rm J. Aerosol Sci.\/, pp. S725&amp;ndash;S726, Pergamon, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="204" content_type="text"> Whitby, E R. and McMurry, P H.: Modal aerosol dynamics modeling, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 27, 673&amp;ndash;688, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="205" content_type="text"> Wichmann, M. and Schaller, E.: Comments on &quot;Problems in simulating the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model&quot;, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1559&amp;ndash;1561, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="206" content_type="text"> Wichmann, M. and Schaller, E.: On the determination of the closure parameters in high-order closure models, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 37, 323&amp;ndash;341, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="207" content_type="text"> Wilck, M.: Modal modelling of multicomponent aerosols, Ph.D. thesis, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, doctoral thesis, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="208" content_type="text"> Wilck, M. and Stratmann, F.: A 2-D multicomponent modal aerosol model and its application to laminar flow reactors, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 959&amp;ndash;972, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="209" content_type="text"> Wilhelm, S., Eichkorn, S., Wiedner, D., Pirjola, L., and Arnold, F.: Ion-induced aerosol formation: New insights from laboratory measurements of mixed cluster ions $ \rmH_2SO_4^-(H_2SO_4)_a(H_2O)_w $ and $ \rmH^+(H_2SO_4)_a(H_2O)_w $, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1735&amp;ndash;1744, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="210" content_type="text"> Worsnop, D R., Zahniser, M S., Kolb, C E., Gardner, J A., Watson, L R., Van Doren, J M., Jayne, J T., and Davidovits, P.: Temperature dependence of mass accommodation of $\rm SO_2$ and $\rm H_2O_2$ on aqueous surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 1159&amp;ndash;1172, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="211" content_type="text"> Yu, F.: Nucleation rate of particles in the lower atmosphere: Estimated time needed to reach pseudo-steady state and sensitivity to $\rmH_2SO_4$ gas concentration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1526, doi:10.1029/2003GL017084, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="212" content_type="text"> Yu, F. and Turco, R P.: Ultrafine aerosol formation via ion-mediated nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(6), 883&amp;ndash;886, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="213" content_type="text"> Yu, F. and Turco, R P.: On the contribution of lightning to ultrafine aerosol formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(1), 155&amp;ndash;158, 2001a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="214" content_type="text"> Yu, F. and Turco, R P.: From molecular clusters to nanoparticles: Role of ambient ionization in tropospheric aerosol formation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D5), 4797&amp;ndash;4814, 2001b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="215" content_type="text"> Zhang, L., Gong, S., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549&amp;ndash;560, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="216" content_type="text"> Zilitinkevich, S., Gryanik, V M., Lykossov, V N., and Mironov, D V.: Third-order transport and nonlocal turbulence closures for convective boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3463&amp;ndash;3477, 1999. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

