<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-6-3471-2006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Application of thermal-dissociation laser induced fluorescence (TD-LIF) to measurement of HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, &amp;Sigma;alkyl nitrates, &amp;Sigma;peroxy nitrates, and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes using eddy covariance</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Farmer</surname>
<given-names>D. K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wooldridge</surname>
<given-names>P. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cohen</surname>
<given-names>R. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Planetary Science; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>3471</fpage>
<lpage>3486</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3471/2006/acp-6-3471-2006.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3471/2006/acp-6-3471-2006.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3471/2006/acp-6-3471-2006.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3471/2006/acp-6-3471-2006.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Nitrogen exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere directly influences
atmospheric composition. While much is known about mechanisms of NO and
N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions, instrumentation for the study of mechanisms contributing
to exchange of other major nitrogen species is quite limited. Here we
describe the application of a new technique, thermal dissociation-laser
induced fluorescence (TD-LIF), to eddy covariance measurements of the fluxes
of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, total peroxy acyl and peroxy nitrates, total alkyl and
multifunctional alkyl nitrates, and nitric acid. The technique offers the
potential for investigating mechanisms of exchange of these species at the
canopy scale over timescales from days to years. Examples of flux
measurements at a ponderosa pine plantation in the mid-elevation Sierra
Nevada Mountains in California are reported and used to evaluate instrument
performance.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="16"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Aber, J., McDowell, W., Nadelhoffer, K., Magill, A., Berntson, G., Kamakea, M., McNulty, S., Currie, W., Rustad, L., and Fernandez, I.: Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems: Hypotheses revisited, Biosci., 48, 921&amp;ndash;934, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Hyotylainen, T., Cavalli, F., and Laaksonen, A.: Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmo. Chem. Phys., 6, 315&amp;ndash;327, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Anderson, D. E., Verma, S. B., Clement, R. J., Baldocchi, D. D., and Matt, D. R.: Turbulence spectra of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, water vapor, temperature, and velocity over a deciduous forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 38, 81&amp;ndash;99, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baldocchi, D. D., Hicks, B. B., and Meyers, T. P.: Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods, Ecology, 69, 1331&amp;ndash;1340, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baldocchi, D. D.: Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 479&amp;ndash;492, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bertram, T. H. and Cohen, R. C.: A prototype instrument for the detection of semi-volatile organic and inorganic nitrate aerosol, Eos Trans. AGU, 84, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bertram, T. H., Heckel, A., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., and Cohen, R. C.: Satellite measurements of daily variations in soil NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24812, doi:10.1029/2005GL024640, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Blanken, P. D., Black, T. A., Neumann, H. H., Den Hartog, G., Yang, P. C., Nesic, Z., Staebler, R., Chen, W., and Novak, M. D.: Turbulent flux measurements above and below the overstory of a boreal aspen forest, Bound-Lay Meteorol., 89, 109&amp;ndash;140, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bobbink, R., Heil, G. W., and Raessen, M. B. A. G.: Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Exchange Processes in Heathland Ecosystems, Environmental Pollution, 75, 29&amp;ndash;37, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bragazza, L. and Limpens, J.: Dissolved organic nitrogen dominates in European bogs under increasing atmospheric N deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 18, GB4018, doi:10.1029/2004GB002267, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brost, R., Delany, A., and Huebert, B.: Numerical modeling of concentrations and fluxes of HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; near the surface, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7137&amp;ndash;7152, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bytnerowicz, A. and Riechers, G.: Nitrogenous Air-Pollutants in a Mixed-Conifer Stand of the Western Sierra-Nevada, California, Atmos. Environ., 29, 1369&amp;ndash;1377, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bytnerowicz, A. and Fenn, M. E.: Nitrogen deposition in California forests: A review, Environmental Pollution, 92, 127&amp;ndash;146, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cleary, P. A., Murphy, J. G., Wooldridge, P. J., Day, D. A., Millet, D. B., McKay, M., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: Observations of total alkyl nitrates within the Sacramento Urban Plume, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dabberdt, W. F., Lenschow, D. H., Horst, T. W., Zimmerman, P. R., Oncley, S. P., and Delany, A. C.: Atmosphere-surface exchange measurements, Sci., 260, 1472&amp;ndash;1481, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Davidson, E. A. and Kingerlee, W.: A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 49, 37&amp;ndash;50, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Day, D. A., Wooldridge, P. J., Dillon, M. B., Thornton, J. A., and Cohen, R. C.: A thermal dissociation laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, peroxy nitrates, alkyl nitrates, and HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4046, doi:10.1029/2001JD000779, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Day, D. A., Dillon, M. B., Wooldridge, P. J., Thornton, J. A., Rosen, R. S., Wood, E. C., and Cohen, R. C.: On alkyl nitrates, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and the &quot;missing NO$_y$&quot;, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4501, doi:10.1029/2003JD003685, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Delany, A. C., Fitzjarrald, D. R., Lenschow, D. H., Pearson Jr., R., Wendel, G. J., and Woodruff, B.: Direct measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone fluxes over grassland, J. Atmos. Chem., 4, 429&amp;ndash;444, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dillon, M. B., Lamanna, M. S., Schade, G. W., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: Chemical evolution of the Sacramento urban plume: Transport and oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4045, doi:10.1029/2001JD000969, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Domine, F. and Shepson, P. B.: Air-snow interactions and atmospheric chemistry, Sci., 297, 1506&amp;ndash;1510, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Doskey, P. V., Kotamarthi, V. R., Fukui, Y., Cook, D. R., Breiteil III, F. W., and Wesely, M. L.: Air-surface exchange of peroxyacetyl nitrate at a grassland site, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D10310, doi:10.1029/2004JD004533, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fenn, M. E., Poth, M. A., Aber, J. D., Baron, J. S., Bormann, B. T., Johnson, D. W., Lemly, A. D., McNulty, S. G., Ryan, D. F., and Stottlemyer, R.: Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies, Ecological Applications, 8, 706&amp;ndash;733, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 78, 83&amp;ndash;105, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gasche, R. and Papen, H.: Spatial variability of NO and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux rates from soil of spruce and beech forest ecosystems, Plant and Soil, 240, 67&amp;ndash;76, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Goldstein, A. H., Hultman, N. E., Fracheboud, J. M., Bauer, M. R., Panek, J. A., Xu, M., Wi, Y., Guenther, A. B., and Baugh, W.: Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada (CA), Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 101, 113&amp;ndash;129, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Goldstein, A. H., McKay, M., Kurpius, M. R., Schade, G. W., Lee, A., Holzinger, R., and Rasmussen, R. A.: Forest thinning experiment confirms ozone deposition to forest canopy is dominated by reaction with biogenic VOCs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22106, doi:10.1029/2004GL021259, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S. M., Daube, B. C., and Wofsy, S. C.: Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 169&amp;ndash;182, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hanson, P. J. and Lindberg, S. E.: Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds: A review of leaf, canopy and non-foliar measurements, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 1615&amp;ndash;1634, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hicks, B. B., Baldocchi, D. D., Meyers, T. P., Hosker, R. P., and Matt, D. R.: A Preliminary Multiple Resistance Routine for Deriving Dry Deposition Velocities from Measured Quantities, Water Air Soil Poll., 36, 311&amp;ndash;330, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hill, A. C.: Vegetation &amp;ndash; Sink for Atmospheric Pollutants, Japca J Air Waste Ma, 21(6), 341-6, 1971. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Holland, E. A., Braswell, B. H., Sulzman, J., and Lamarque, J.-F.: Nitrogen deposition onto the United States and Western Europe: Synthesis of observations and models, Ecol. Appl., 15, 38&amp;ndash;57, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horii, C. V.: Tropospheric reactive nitrogen speciation, depostion, and chemistry at Harvard Forest, PhD thesis, Harvard University, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horii, C. V., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., Zahniser, M., Nelson, D., and McManus, J. B.: Fluxes of nitrogen oxides over a temperate deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08305, doi:10.1029/2003JD004326, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horst, T. W.: A simple formula for attenuation of eddy fluxes measured with first-order-response scalar sensors, Bound-Lay Meteorol. , 82, 219&amp;ndash;233, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Huebert, B. J., Luke, W. T., Delany, A. C., and Brost, R. A.: Measurements of concentrations and dry surface fluxes of atmospheric nitrates in the presence of ammonia, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7127&amp;ndash;7136, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jaegle, L., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., Steinberger, L., Kurosu, T. P., Jacob, D. J., Modi, A. I., Yoboue, V., Sigha-Nkamdjou, L., and Galy-Lacaux, C.: Satellite mapping of rain-induced nitric oxide emissions from soils, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21310, doi:10.1029/2004JD004787, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Janson, R. and Granat, L.: A foliar rinse study of the dry deposition of nitric acid to a coniferous forest, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 98&amp;ndash;99, 683&amp;ndash;696, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y., and Cote, O. R.: Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 98, 563&amp;ndash;589, 1972. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kurpius, M. R. and Goldstein, A. H.: Gas-phase chemistry dominates O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; loss to a forest, implying a source of aerosols and hydroxyl radicals to the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1371&amp;ndash;1375, doi:10.1029/2002GL016785, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lefer, B. L., Talbot, R. W., and Munger, J. W.: Nitric acid and ammonia at a rural northeastern U.S. site, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1645&amp;ndash;1662, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lenschow, D. H. and Kristensen, L.: Uncorrelated noise in turbulence measurements, J. Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2, 68&amp;ndash;81, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lenschow, D. H. and Raupach, M. R.: The attenuation of fluctuations in scalar concentrations through sampling tubes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15 259&amp;ndash;15 268, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ludwig, J., Meixner, F. X., Vogel, B., and Forstner, J.: Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide: An overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies, Biogeochemistry, 52, 225&amp;ndash;257, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Massman, W. J.: The attenuation of concentration fluctuations in turbulent flow through a tube, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15 269&amp;ndash;15 274, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Massman, W. J. and Lee, X.: Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long-term studies of carbonand energy exchanges, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 113, 121&amp;ndash;144, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McMillen, R. T.: An eddy correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain, Bound-Lay Meteorol., 43, 231&amp;ndash;245, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Moore, C. J.: Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems, Bound-Lay Meteorol., 37, 17&amp;ndash;36, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mosier, A., Wassman, R., Verchot, L., King, J. and Palm, C.: Methane and nitrogen oxide fluxes in tropical agricultural soils: Sources, sinks and mechanisms, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 6, 11&amp;ndash;49, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., Bakwin, P. S., Fan, S.-M., Goulden, M. L., Daube, B. C., Goldstein, A. H., Moore, K. E., and Fitzjarrald, D. R.: Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen oxides and ozone in a temperate deciduous forest and a subarctic woodland. 1. Measurements and mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 639&amp;ndash;12 657, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Munger, J. W., Fan, S.-M., Bakwin, P. S., Goulden, M. L., Goldstein, A. H., Colman, A. S. and Wofsy, S. C.: Regional budgets for nitrogen oxides from continental sources: Variations of rates for oxidation and deposition with season and distance from source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8355&amp;ndash;8368, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Murphy, J. G., Day, D. A., Cleary, P. A., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Observations of the diurnal and seasonal trends in nitrogen oxides in the western Sierra Nevada, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 4415&amp;ndash;4464, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Neff, J. C., Holland, E. A., Dentener, F. J., McDowell, W. H., and Russell, K. M.: The origin, composition and rates of organic nitrogen deposition: A missing piece of the nitrogen cycle?, Biogeochemistry, 57/58, 99&amp;ndash;136, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Neftel, A., Blatter, A., Hesterberg, R., and Staffelbach, T.: Measurements of concentration gradients of HNO2 and HNO3 over a semi-natural ecosystem, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3017&amp;ndash;3025, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Wyers, G. P. and Jongejan, P. A. C.: Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: 1. Surface exchange fluxes of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and HCl, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 989&amp;ndash;1005, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Neuman, J. A., Huey, L. G., Ryerson, T. B., and Fahey, D. W.: Study of inlet materials for sampling atmospheric nitric acid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1133-6, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ollinger, S. V., Aber, J. D., Reich, P. B., and Freuder, R. J.: Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition, tropopheric ozone, elevated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and land use history on the carbon dynamics of northern hardwood forests, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 545&amp;ndash;562, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Perakis, S. S. and Hedin, L. O.: Nitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forests via dissolved organic compounds, Nature, 415, 416&amp;ndash;419, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor, S. C., Barthelmie, R. J., Jensen, B., Jensen, N. O., and Sorensen, L. L.: HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes to a deciduous forest derived using gradient and REA methods, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5993&amp;ndash;5999, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ritter, J. A., Lenschow, D. H., Barrick, J. D. W., Gregory, G. L., Sachse, G. W., Hill, G. F., and Woerner, M. A.: Airborne flux measurements and budget estimates of trace species over the Amazon Basin during the GTE/ALBE 2B expedition, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16 875&amp;ndash;16 886, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rosen, R. S., Wood, E. C., Wooldridge, P. J., Thornton, J. A., Day, D. A., Kuster, W., Williams, E. J., Jobson, B. T., and Cohen, R. C.: Observations of total alkyl nitrates during Texas Air Quality Study 2000: Implications for O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and alkyl nitrate photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07303, doi:10.1029/2003JD004227, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rummel, U., Ammann, C., Gut, A., Meixner, G. X., and Andreae, M. O.: Eddy covariance measurements of nitric oxide flux within an Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8050, doi:10.1029/2001JD000520, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schlesinger, W. H. and Andrews, J. A.: Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle, Biogeochemistry, 48, 7&amp;ndash;20, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schrimpf, W., Lienaerts, K., Muller, K. P., Rudolph, J., Neubert, R., Schubler, W., and Levin, I.: Dry deposition of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): Determination of its deposition velocity at night from measurements of the atmopsheric PAN and $^222$radon concentration gradient, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3599&amp;ndash;3602, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shepard, J. P., Mitchell, M. J., Scott, T. J., Zhang, Y. M., and Raynal, D. J.: Measurements of Wet and Dry Deposition in a Northern Hardwood Forest, Water Air Soil Poll, 48, 225&amp;ndash;238, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shepson, P. B., Bottenheim, J. W., Hastie, D. R., and Venkatram, A.: Determination of the Relative Ozone and Pan Deposition Velocities at Night, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1121&amp;ndash;1124, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sievering, H., Kelly, T., McConville, G., Seibold, C., and Turnipseed, A.: Nitric acid dry deposition to conifer forests: Niwot Ridge spruce-fir-pine study, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3851&amp;ndash;3869, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sparks, J. P., Monson, R. K., Sparks, K. L., and Lerdau, M.: Leaf uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2)$ in a tropical wet forest: implications for tropospheric chemistry, Oecologia, 127, 214&amp;ndash;221, 2001.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sparks, J. P., Roberts, M. J., and Monson, R. K.: The uptake of gaseous organic nitrogen by leaves: A significant global nitrogen transfer process, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2189&amp;ndash;2292, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref70">
<label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Su, H. B., Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Vogel, C. S., and Oliphant, A. J.: Spectral characteristics and correction of long-term eddy-covariance measurements over two mixed hardwood forests in non-flat terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 110, 213&amp;ndash;253, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref71">
<label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tarnay, L., Gertler, A. W., Blank, R. R., and Taylor Jr., G. E.: Preliminary measurements of summer nitric acid and ammonia concentrations in the Lake Tahoe Basin air-shed: implications for dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen, Environmental Pollution, 113, 145&amp;ndash;153, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref72">
<label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Teklemariam, T. A. and Sparks, J. P.: Gaseous fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) into plant leaves, Plant, Cell and Environment, 27, 1149&amp;ndash;1158, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref73">
<label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thornton, J. A., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Atmospheric NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: In situ laser-induced fluorescence detection at parts per trillion mixing ratios, Analytical Chemistry, 72, 528&amp;ndash;539, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref74">
<label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thornton, J. A., Wooldridge, P. J., Cohen, R. C., Williams, E. J., Hereid, D. P., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Stutz, J., and Alicke, B.: Comparisons of in situ and long path measurements of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in urban plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4496, doi:10.1029/2003JD003559, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref75">
<label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Turnipseed, A. A., Huey, L. G., Nemitz, E., Stickel, R., Higgs, J., Tanner, D. J., Slusher, D. L., Sparks, J. P., Flocke, F., and Guenther, A.: Eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) and NOy to a coniferous forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D09304, doi:09310.01029/02005JD006631, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref76">
<label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Van Oss, R., Duyzer, J. and Wyers, P.: The influence of gas-to-particle conversion on measurements of ammonia exchange over forest, Atmos. Environ., 32, 465&amp;ndash;471, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref77">
<label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J., Duynkerke, P. G., and Builtjes, P. J. H.: The divergence of the turbulent diffusion flux in the surface layer due to chemical reactions: the NO-O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; system, Tellus, 45B, 23&amp;ndash;33, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref78">
<label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H., and Tilman, D. G.: Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences, Ecol. Appl., 7, 737&amp;ndash;750, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref79">
<label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 106, 85&amp;ndash;100, 1980. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref80">
<label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wesely, M. L., Eastman, J. A., Stedman, D. H., and Yalvac, E. D.: An eddy-correlation measurement of NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux to vegetation and comparison to O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; flux, Atmos. Environ., 16, 815&amp;ndash;820, 1982. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref81">
<label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wesely, M. L. and Hicks, B. B.: A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261&amp;ndash;2282, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref82">
<label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wildt, J., Kley, D., Rockel, A., Rockel, P., and Segschneider, H. J.: Emission of NO from several higher plant species, JGR, 102, 5919&amp;ndash;5927, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref83">
<label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, Q., Carroll, J. J., Dixon, A. J., and Anastasio, C.: Aircraft measurements of nitrogen and phosphorus in and around the Lake Tahoe Basin: Implications for possible sources of atmospheric pollutants to Lake Tahoe, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4981-9, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>