<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/inc/acp/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7316</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7324</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>11</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2006</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acp-6-3243-2006</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3243/2006/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3243/2006/acp-6-3243-2006.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/3243/2006/acp-6-3243-2006.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>3243</start_page>
	<end_page>3256</end_page>
	<publication_date>2006-08-07</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">A study on the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio with  combination of micro-pulse LIDAR and MODIS over Hong Kong</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,3">
			<name>Q. S. He</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. C. Li</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. T. Mao</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2">
			<name>A. K. H. Lau</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="4">
			<name>P. R. Li</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Physics,  Peking University, Beijing, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">The Institute for the Environment, the Hong Kong University of  Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Center for Satellite Remote Sensing and Measurement, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Weather Modification Office, Shanxi Meteorological Bureau, Taiyuan, China</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio is an important parameter for
inverting LIDAR signals in the LIDAR equation. It is a complicated function
of the aerosol microphysical characteristics. In this paper, a method to
retrieve the column-averaged aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio by
constraining the aerosol optical depths (AOD) from a Micro-pulse LIDAR (MPL)
by the AOD measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is presented. Both measurements were taken on
cloud free days between 1 May 2003 and 30 June 2004 over Hong Kong, a
coastal city in south China. Simultaneous measurements of aerosol scattering
coefficients with a forward scattering visibility sensor are compared with
the LIDAR retrieval of aerosol extinction coefficients. The data are then
analyzed to determine seasonal trends of the aetrosol
extinction-to-backscatter ratio. In addition, the relationships between the
extinction-to-backscatter ratio and wind conditions as well as other aerosol
microphysical parameters are presented. The mean aerosol
extinction-to-backscatter ratio for the whole period was found to be
29.1&amp;plusmn;5.8 sr, with a minimum of 18 sr in July 2003 and a maximum of 44 sr
in March 2004. The ratio is lower in summer because of the dominance of
oceanic aerosols in association with the prevailing southwesterly monsoon.
In contrast, relatively larger ratios are noted in spring and winter because
of the increased impact of local and regional industrial pollutants
associated with the northerly monsoon. The extended LIDAR measurements over
Hong Kong provide not only a more accurate retrieval of aerosol extinction
coefficient profiles, but also significant substantial information for air
pollution and climate studies in the region.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ackermann, J.: The extinction-to-backscatter ratio of tropospheric aerosols: a numerical study, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 1043&amp;ndash;1050, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Ackermann, J., Volger, P., and Wiegner, M.: Significance of multiple scattering from tropospheric aerosols for ground-based backscatter, Appl. Opt., 38(24), 5195&amp;ndash;5201, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Anderson, T. L., Covert, D. S., Ahlquist, N. C., Howell, S. G., Clarke, A. D., and McNaughton, C. S.: Variability of aerosol optical properties derived from in situ aircraft measurements during ACE &amp;ndash; Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8647, doi:10.1029/2002JD003247, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Andreae, M. O. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric aerosols: Biogeochemical sources and their role in atmospheric chemistry, Science, 276, 1052&amp;ndash;1058, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Riebesell, M., Wandinger, U., Weitkamp, C., Voss, E., Lahmann, W., and Michaelis, W.: Combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar for vertical profiling of moisture, aerosol extinction, backscatter, and lidar ratio, Appl. Phys., B55, 18&amp;ndash;28, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Wagner, F., Althausen, D., Muller, D., Herber, A., and Wandinger, U.: European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2: Lofted aerosol plumes observed with Raman lidar at the Portuguese Coast, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D18), 20 725&amp;ndash;20 733, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Wagner, F., Muller, D., et al.: European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2: Optical particle properties inferred from multiwavelength lidar and star-Sun photometry, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D15), Art. No. 4259, doi:10.1029/2001JD001109, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Engelmann, R., Althausen, D., Wandinger, U., Hu, M., Zhang, Y., and He, Q.: High aerosol load over the Pearl River Delta, China, observed with Raman lidar and Sun photometer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(13), doi:10.1029/2005GL023094, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Balis, D. S., Amiridis, V., Zerefos, C., et al.: Raman lidar and sunphotometric measurements of aerosol optical properties over Thessaloniki, Greece during a biomass burning episode, Atmos. Environ., 37(32), 4529&amp;ndash;4538, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Cao, J. J., Lee, S. C., Ho, K. F., Zhang, X. Y., Zou, S. C., Fung, K., Chow, J. C., and Watson, J. G.: Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta Region, China during 2001 winter period, Atmos. Environ., 37(11), 1451&amp;ndash;1460, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Cattrall, C., Reagan, J., Thome, K., and Dubovik, O.: Variability of aerosol and spectral lidar and backscatter and extinction ratios of key aerosol types derived from selected Aerosol Robotic Network locations, J. Geophys. Res., 110(D10), Art. No. D10SA11, doi:10.1029/2004JD005124, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Chang, C. P. and Krishnamurti, T. N.: Monsoon Meteorology. Oxford Monograph on Geology and Geophysics, No. 7, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales, J. M., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. A., Hansen, J. E., and Hofmann, D. J.: Aerosols and global warming response, Science, 256(5057), 598&amp;ndash;599, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Chazette, P.: The monsoon aerosol extinction properties at Goa during INDOEX as measured with lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D6), doi:10.1029/2002JD002074, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Chu, D. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Ichoku, C., Remer, L. A., Tanre, D., and Holben, B. N.: Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over land, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(12), doi:10.1029/2001GL013205, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Collis, R. T. H. and Russell, P. B.: Lidar measurement of particles and gases by elastic backscattering and differential absorption in Laser Monitoring of the Atmosphere, edited by: Hinkley, E. D., pp. 71&amp;ndash;152, Springler-Verlag, New York, 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> De Tomasi, F., Blanco, A., and Perrone, M. R.: Raman lidar monitoring of extinction and backscattering of African dust layers and dust characterization, Appl. Opt., 42(9), 1699&amp;ndash;1709, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> De Tomasi, F. and Perrone, M. R.: lidar measurements of tropospheric water vapor and aerosol profiles over southeastern Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), doi:10.1029/2002JD002781, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Di Girolamo, P., Ambrico, P. F., Amodeo, A., Boselli, A., Pappalardo, G., and Spinelli, N.: Aerosol observations by lidar in the nocturnal boundary layer, Appl. Opt., 38(21), 4585&amp;ndash;4595, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Smirnov, A., Kaufman, Y. J., King, M. D., Tanre, D., and Slutsker, I.: Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 590&amp;ndash;608, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Dulac, F. and Chazette, P.: Airborne study of a multi-layer aerosol structure in the eastern Mediterranean observed with the airborne polarized lidar ALEX during a STAAARTE campaign (7 June 1997), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1817&amp;ndash;1831, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Fernald, F. G.: Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: Some comments, Appl. Opt., 23(5), 652&amp;ndash;653, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Ferrare, R. A., Melfi, S. H., Whiteman, D. N., Evans, K. D., and Leifer, R.: Raman lidar measurements of aerosol extinction and backscattering: 1. Methods and comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D16), 19 663&amp;ndash;19 672, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Ferrare, R. A., Turner, D. D., Brasseur, L. H., et al.: Raman lidar measurements of the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio over the Southern Great Plains, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20 333&amp;ndash;20 347, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Franke, K., Ansmann, A., Muller, D., Althausen, D., Wagner, F., and Scheele, R.: One-year observations of particle lidar ratio over the tropical Indian Ocean with Raman lidar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4559&amp;ndash;4562, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Franke, K., Ansmann, A., Muller, D., et al.: Optical properties of the Indo-Asian haze layer over the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D2), Art. No. 4059, doi:10.1029/2002JD002473, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Grund, C. J. and Eloranta, E. W.: The University of Wisconsin High Spectral Resolution lidar, Opt. Eng., 30, 6&amp;ndash;12, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate Change 2001: The Science of Climate Change, Technical Summary of theWorking Group I Report, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Remer, L. A., Vermote, E., Chu, A., and Holben, B. N.: Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17 051&amp;ndash;17 067, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Kaufman, Y. J. and Tanre, D.: Algorithm for remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol from MODIS, Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents (ATBD-MOD-02), 85 pp., 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios, Appl. Opt., 24(11), 1638&amp;ndash;1643, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Kok, G. L., Lind, J. A., and Fang, M.: An airborne study of air quality around the Hong Kong territory, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19 043&amp;ndash;19 057, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Kovalev, V. A.: Sensitivity of the lidar solution to errors of the aerosol backscatter-to-extinction ratio: Influence of a monotonic change in the aerosol extinction coefficient, Appl. Opt., 34(18), 3457&amp;ndash;3462, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Li, C. C.: Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth with MODIS and its application in the regional environmental air pollution studies, PhD thesis, Peking Univ., Beijing, China, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Li, C. C., Mao, J. T., Lau, K. H., Chen, J., Yuan, Z., Liu, X., Zhu, A., and Liu, G.: Study on the characteristics of distribution and seasonal variation of aerosol optical depth in eastern China with MODIS products, Chinese Sci. Bull., 48(22), 2488&amp;ndash;2495, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Impact of sulphate aerosols on albedo and lifetime of clouds: A sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13 685&amp;ndash;13 700, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Louie, P. K. K.: Seasonal characteristics and regional transport of PM2.5 in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1695&amp;ndash;1710, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Maletto, A., McKendry, I. G., and Strawbridge, K. B.: Profiles of particulate matter size distributions using a balloonborne lightweight aerosol spectrometer in the planetary boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 37, 661&amp;ndash;670, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Mattis, I., Ansmann, A., Muller, D., et al.: Dual-wavelength Raman lidar observations of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio of Saharan dust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), doi:10.1029/2002GL014721, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Mattis, I., Ansmann, A., Muller, D., et al.: Multiyear aerosol observations with dual-wavelength Raman lidar in the framework of EARLINET, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D13), Art. No. D13203, doi:10.1029/2004JD004600, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Muller, D., Franke, K., Wagner, F., et al.: Vertical profiling of optical and physical particle properties over the tropical Indian Ocean with six-wavelength lidar 1. Seasonal cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D22), 28 567&amp;ndash;28 575, 2001a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Muller, D., Franke, K., Wagner, F., et al.: Vertical profiling of optical and physical particle properties over the tropical Indian Ocean with six-wavelength lidar 2. Case studies, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D22), 28 577&amp;ndash;28 595, 2001b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Muller, D., Ansmann, A., Wagner, F., et al.: ~European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2: Microphysical particle properties and single-scattering albedo inferred from multiwavelength lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D15), Art. No. 4248, doi:10.1029/2001JD001110, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Muller, D., Franke, K., Ansmann, A., et al.: Indo-Asian pollution during INDOEX: Microphysical particle properties and single-scattering albedo inferred from multiwavelength lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D19), Art. No. 4600, doi:10.1029/2003JD003538, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Muller, D., Mattis, I., Ansmann, A., et al.: Closure study on optical and microphysical properties of a mixed urban and Arctic haze air mass observed with Raman lidar and Sun photometer, J. Geophys. Res., 109(D13), Art. No. D13206, doi:10.1029/2003JD004200, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Muller, D., Mattis, I., Wandinger, U., et al.: Raman lidar observations of aged Siberian and Canadian forest fire smoke in the free troposphere over Germany in 2003: Microphysical particle characterization, J. Geophys. Res., 110(D17), Art. No. D17201, doi:10.1029/2004JD005756, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Murakami, T.: Winter monsoonal surges over East and Southeast Asia, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 57, 133&amp;ndash;158, 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Murayama, T., Masonis, S. J., Redemann, J., et al.: An intercomparison of lidar-derived aerosol optical properties with airborne measurements near Tokyo during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), Art. No. 800, doi:10.1029/2002JD003259, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> NASA: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1976. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Pappalardo, G., Amodeo, A., Mona, L., et al.: Raman lidar observations of aerosol emitted during the 2002 Etna eruption, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(5), Art. No. L05120, doi:10.1029/2003GL019073, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Phadnis, M. J. and Carmichael, G. R.: Numerical investigation of the influence of mineral dust on the tropospheric chemistry of East Asia, J. Atmos. Chem., 36, 285&amp;ndash;323, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Razenkov, I. A., Eloranta, E. W., Hedrick, J. P., and Garcia J. P.: Improvement of the arctic high spectral resolution lidar, Proc. ILRC22, 91&amp;ndash;94, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D. A., Martins, J. V., Li, R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R. C., and Kleidman, R. G.: The MODIS Aerosol Algorithm, Products, and Validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62(4), 947&amp;ndash;973, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Sakai, T., Nagai, T., Nakazato, M., et al.: Ice clouds and Asian dust studied with lidar measurements of particle extinction-to-backscatter ratio, particle depolarization, and water-vapor mixing ratio over Tsukuba, Appl. Opt., 42(36), 7103&amp;ndash;7116, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Salemink, H. W. M., Schotanus, P., and Bergwerff, J. B.: Quantitative lidar at 532nm for vertical extinction profiles and the effect of relative humidity, Appl. Phys., 34, 187&amp;ndash;189, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Sasano, Y., Browell, E. V., and Ismail, S.: Error caused by using a constant extinction/backscattering ratio in the lidar solution., Appl. Opt., 24, 3929&amp;ndash;3932, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Sassen, K. and Cho, B. S.: Subvisual-thin cirrus lidar dataset for satellite verification and climatological research, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 1275&amp;ndash;1285, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., Kaufman, Y. J., Dubovik, O., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Pietras, C., and Halthore, R. N.: Optical properties of atmospheric aerosol in maritime environments, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 501&amp;ndash;523, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Twomey, S.: Influence of pollution on the short-wave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149&amp;ndash;1152, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Waggoner, A. P., Ahlquist, N. C., and Charlson, R. J.: Measurement of the aerosol total scatter-backscatter ratio, Appl. Opt., 11, 2886&amp;ndash;2889, 1972. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Wandinger, U., Muller, D., Boeckmann, C., Althausen, D., Matthias, V., Boesenberg, J., Weib, B., Fiebig, M., Wendisch, M., Stohl, A., and Ansmann, A.: Optical and physical characterization of biomass burning and industrial pollution aerosols from multiwavelength lidar and aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2000JD000202, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Welton, E. J., Voss, K. J., Gordon, H. R., Maring, H., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Russell, P. B., Durkee, P. A., Formenti, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Ground-based lidar measurements of aerosols during ACE-2: lidar description, results, and comparisons with other ground-based and airborne measurements, Tellus 52B, 636&amp;ndash;651, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Welton, E. J., Voss, K. J., Quinn, P. K., Flatau, P., Markowicz, K., Campbell, J., Spinhirne, J. D., Gordon, H. R., and Johnson, J.: Measurements of aerosol vertical profiles and optical properties during INDOEX 1999 using micropulse lidars, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D1), 8019, doi:10.1029/2000JD000038, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Zuev, V. E.: Laser Beams in the Atmosphere, Plenum Press, New York, p. 504, 1982. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

