References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-6-3115-2006

Oxalic acid as a heterogeneous ice nucleus in the upper troposphere and its indirect aerosol effect

Zobrist

¹ Marcolli

¹ Koop

² Luo

B. P.

¹ Murphy

D. M.

³ Lohmann

¹ Zardini

A. A.

¹ Krieger

U. K.

¹ Corti

¹ Cziczo

D. J.

¹ Fueglistaler

¹ Hudson

P. K.

³ Thomson

D. S.

³ Peter

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Germany

Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Colorado, USA

27 07 2006

6 10 3115 3129

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Heterogeneous ice freezing points of aqueous solutions containing various immersed solid dicarboxylic acids (oxalic, adipic, succinic, phthalic and fumaric) have been measured with a differential scanning calorimeter. The results show that only the dihydrate of oxalic acid (OAD) acts as a heterogeneous ice nucleus, with an increase in freezing temperature between 2 and 5 K depending on solution composition. In several field campaigns, oxalic acid enriched particles have been detected in the upper troposphere with single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. Simulations with a microphysical box model indicate that the presence of OAD may reduce the ice particle number density in cirrus clouds by up to ~50% when compared to exclusively homogeneous cirrus formation without OAD. Using the ECHAM4 climate model we estimate the global net radiative effect caused by this heterogeneous freezing to result in a cooling as high as −0.3 Wm<sup>−2</sup>.

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