Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
www.atmos-chem-phys.net
1680-7316
1680-7324
6
8
2006
10.5194/acp-6-2355-2006
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2355/2006/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2355/2006/acp-6-2355-2006.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/2355/2006/acp-6-2355-2006.pdf
2355
2366
2006-06-29
Partitioning between the inorganic chlorine reservoirs HCl and ClONO<sub>2</sub> during the Arctic winter 2005 from the ACE-FTS
G. Dufour
gaelle.dufour@lmd.polytechnique.fr
R. Nassar
C. D. Boone
R. Skelton
K. A. Walker
P. F. Bernath
C. P. Rinsland
K. Semeniuk
J. J. Jin
J. C. McConnell
G. L. Manney
Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
Department of Space Science and Engineering, York University, Ontario, Canada
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, USA
now at: Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Palaiseau, France
From January to March 2005, the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment high
resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on SCISAT-1 measured
many of the changes occurring in the Arctic (50–80° N) lower stratosphere
under very cold winter conditions. Here we focus on the partitioning between
the inorganic chlorine reservoirs HCl and ClONO<sub>2</sub> and their activation
into ClO. The simultaneous measurement of these species by the ACE-FTS
provides the data needed to follow chlorine activation during the Arctic
winter and the recovery of the Cl-reservoir species ClONO<sub>2</sub> and HCl. The
time evolution of HCl, ClONO<sub>2</sub> and ClO as well as the partitioning
between the two reservoir molecules agrees well with previous observations
and with our current understanding of chlorine activation during Arctic
winter. The results of a chemical box model are also compared with the
ACE-FTS measurements and are generally consistent with the measurements.
Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., DeMazière, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.
Bonne, G. P., Stimpfle, R. M., Cohen, R. C., Voss, P. B., Perkins, K. K., Anderson, J. G., Salawitch, R. J., Elkins, J. W., Dutton, G. S., Jucks, K. W., and Toon, G. C.: An examination of the inorganic chlorine budget in the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D2), 1957–1971, 2000.
Boone, C. D., Nassar, R., Walker, W. A., Rochon, Y., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., and Bernath, P. F.: Retrievals for the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer, Appl. Opt., 44, 7218–7231, 2005.
Bloom, S., da Sliva, A., Dee, D., Bosilovich, M., Chern, J.-D., Pawson, S., Schubert, S., Sienkiewicz, M., Stajner, I., Tan, W.-W., and Wu, M.-L.: The Goddard Earth Observing Data Assimilation System, GEOS DAS Version 4.0.3: Documentation and Validation, NASA, 104606 V26, 2005.
Blumenstock, Th., Fischer, H., Friedle, A., Hase, F., and Thomas, P.: Column amounts of ClONO$_2$, HCl, HNO$_3$ and HF from ground-based FTIR measurements made near Kiruna, Sweden, in late winter 1994, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 311–321, 1997.
Carslaw, K. S., Luo, B., and Peter, Th.: An analytic expression for the composition of aqueous HNO$_3$-H$_2$SO$_4$ stratospheric aerosols including gas phase removal of HNO$_3$, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1877–1880, 1995.
Chartrand, D. J. and McConnell, J. C.: Evidence for HBr production due to minor channel branching at mid-latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 55–58, 1998.
Chipperfield, M. P., Santee, M. L., Froidevaux, L., Manney, G. L., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Roche, A. E., and Russell, J. M.: Analysis if UARS data in the southern polar vortex in September 1992 using a chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D13), 18 861–18 881, 1996.
Chipperfield, M. P., Lutman, E. R., Kettleborough, J. A., Pyle, J. A., and Roche, A. E.: Model studies of chlorine deactivation and formation of ClONO$_2$ collar in the Arctic polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D1), 1467–1478, 1997.
De Grandpré, J., Beagley, S. R., Fomichev, V. I., Griffioen, E., McConnell, J. C., Medvedev, A. S., and Shepherd, T. G.: Ozone climatology using interactive chemistry: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26 475–26 492, 2000.
Dessler, A. E., Considine, D. B., Morris, G. A., Schoeberl, M. R., Russell III, J. M., Roche, A. E., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., Waters, J. W., Gille, J. C., and Yue, G. K.: Correlated observations of HCl and ClONO$_2$ from UARS and implications for stratospheric chlorine partitioning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1721–1724, 1995.
Douglass, A. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Stolarski, R. S., Waters, J. W., Russell III, J. M., Roche, A. E., and Massie, S. T.: Interhemispheric differences in springtime production of HCl and ClONO$_2$ in the polar vortices, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 13 967–13 978, 1995.
Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., et al.: Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 44(5), 1106–1121, 2006.
Glatthor, N., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Grabowski, U., Höpfner, M., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G. P., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Wang, D.-Y., and Funke, B.: Spaceborne ClO observations by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) before and during the Antarctic major warming in September/October 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11307, doi:10.1029/2003JD004440, 2004.
Höpfner, M., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Kellmann, S., Kiefer, M., Linden, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Milz, M., Steck, T., Stiller, G. P., and Wang, D. Y.: First spaceborne observations of Antarctic stratospheric ClONO$_2$ recovery: Austral spring 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11308, doi:10.1029/2004JD004609, 2004.
Jin, J. J., Semeniuk, K., Manney, G. L., Jonsson, A. I., Beagley, S. R., McConnell, J. C., Dufour, G., Nassar, R., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., and Rinsland, C. P.: Severe Arctic ozone loss in the winter 2004/2005: observations from ACE-FTS, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 2006.
Kleinböhl, A., Bremer, H., Küllmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Browell, E. V., Canty, T., Salawitch, R., Toon, G. C., and Notholt, J.: Denitrification in the Arctic mid-winter 2004/2005 observed by airborne submillimeter radiometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19811, doi:1029/2005GL023408, 2005.
Kistler, R., Collins, W., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Kalnay, E., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Kanamitsu, M., Kousky, V., van den Dool, H., Jenne, R., and Fiorino, M.: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 247–267, 2001.
Mahieu, E., Zander, R., Duchatelet, P., Hannigan, J. W., Coffey, M. T., Mikuteit, S., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Wiacek, A., Strong, K., Taylor, J. R., Mittermeier, R., Fast, H., Boone, C. D., McLeod, S. D., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., and Rinsland, C. P.: Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric HCl and ClONO$_2$ loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L15S08, doi:10.1029/2005GL022396, 2005.
Manney, G. L., Sabutis, J. L., Pawson, S., Santee, M. L., Naujokat, B., Swinbank, R., Gelman, M. E., and Ebisuzaki, W.: Lower stratospheric temperature differences between meteorological analyses in two cold Arctic winters and theirimpact on polar processing studies. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 8328, doi:10.1029/2001JD001149, 2003.
Manney, G. L., Livesey, N. J., Jimenez, C. J., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., MacKenzie, I. A., and Waters, J. W.: EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of "frozen-in" anticyclonic air in Arctic summer, Geophys. Res. Lett.,~33,~L06810, doi:10.1029/2005GL025418, 2006.
Marti, J. and Mauersberger, K.: A survey and new measurements of ice vapor pressure at temperatures between 170 and 250 K, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 363–366, 1993.
Massie, S. T., Baumgardner, D., and Dye, J. E.: Estimation of polar stratospheric cloud volume and area densities from UARS, stratospheric aerosol measurement II, and polar ozone and aerosol measurement II extinction data, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D5), 5773–5783, 1998.
McHugh, M., Magill, B., Walker, K. A., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., and Russell III, J. M.: Comparison of atmospheric retrievals from ACE and HALOE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S10, doi:10.1029/2005GL022403, 2005.
Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Yashcov, D., Notholt, J., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Toon, G. C., and Chipperfield, M. P.: Ground-based FTIR observations of chlorine activation and ozone depletion inside the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8263, doi:10.1029/2001JD001080, 2002.
Michelsen, H. A., Salawitch, R. J., Gunson, M. R., Aellig, C., Kämpfer, N., Abbas, M. M., Abrams, M. C., Brown, T. L., Chang, A. Y., Goldman, A., Irion, F. W., Newchurch, M. J., Rinsland, C. P., Stiller, G. P., and Zander, R.: Stratospheric chlorine partitioning: Constraints from shuttle-borne measurements of [HCl], [ClNO$_3$], and [ClO], Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2361–2364, 1996.
Michelsen, H. A., Webster, C. R., Manney, G. L., Scott, D. C., Margitan, J. J., May, R. D., Irion, F. W., Gunson, M. R., Russell III, J. M., and Spivakovsky, C. M.: Maintenance of high HCl/Cly and NOx/NOy in the Antarctic vortex: A chemical signature of confinement during spring, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26 419, 1999.
Müller, R., Peter, Th., Cruzten, P. J., Oelhaf, H., Adrian, G. P., von Clarmann, T., Wegner, A., Schmidt, U., and Lary, D.: Chlorine chemistry and the potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter of 1991/1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1427–1430, 1994.
Nassar, R., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Manney, G. L., McLeod, S. D., Rinsland, C. P., Skelton, R., and Walker, K. A.: ACE-FTS measurements across the edge of the winter 2004 Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S05, doi:10.1029/2005GL022671, 2005.
Payan, S., Camy-Peyret, C., Jeseck, P., Hawat, T., Durry, G., and Lefèvre, F.: First direct simultaneous HCl and ClONO$_2$ profile measurements in the Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2663–2666, 1998.
Rinsland, C. P., Gunson, M. R., Abrams, M. C., Lowes, L. L., Zander, R., Mahieu, E., Goldman, A., and Irion, F. W.: April 1993 Arctic profiles of stratospheric HCl, ClONO$_2$ and CCl$_2$F$_2$ from atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy/ATLAS 2 infrared solar occultation spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 14 019–14 027, 1995.
Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., Benner, D. C., Birk, M., Brown, L. R., Carleer, M. R., Chackerian Jr., C., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana, D., Devi, V. M., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A., Hartmann, J.-M., Jucks, K. W., Maki, A. G., Mandin, J.-M., Massie, S. T., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C. P., Smith, M. A. H., Tennyson, J., Tolchenov, R. N., Toth, R. A., Vander Auwera, J., Varanasi, P., and Wagner, G.: The HITRAN 2004molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans., 96, 139–204, 2005.
Santee, M. L., Froidevaux, L., Manney, G. L., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Roche, A. E., Kumer, J. B., Mergenthaler, J. L., and Russell III, J. M.: Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D13), 18 835–18 859, 1996.
Santee, M. L., Manney, G. L., Waters, J. W., and Livesey, N. J.: Variations and climatology of ClO in the polar lower stratosphere from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 4454, doi:10.1029/2002JD003335, 2003.
Solomon, P., Barrett, J., Connor, B., Zoonematkermani, S., Parrish, A., Lee, A., Pyle, J., and Chipperfield, M.: Seasonal observations of chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere over Antarctica during the 1996–1998 ozone holes and comparison with the SLIMCAT three-dimensional model, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D23), 28 979–29 001, 2000.
Stachnik, R. A., Salawitch, R., Engel, A., and Schmidt, U.: Measurements of chlorine partitioning in the winter Arctic stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3093–3096, 1999.
Stimpfle, R. M., Cohen, R. C., Bonne, G. P., Voss, P. B., Perkins, K. K., Koch, L. C., Anderson, J. G., Salawitch, R. J., Lloyd, S. A., Gao, R. S., Del Negro, L. A., Keim, E. R., and Bui, T. P.: The coupling of ClONO$_2$, ClO, and NO$_2$ in the lower stratosphere in-situ observations using the NASA-ER2 aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D21), 26 705–26 714, 1999.
Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Toohey, D. W., Avallone, L. M., Anderson, J. G., Newman, P., Lait, L., Schoeberl, M. R., Elkins, J. W., and Chan, K. R.: Chlorine chemistry on polar stratospheric cloud particles in the Arctic winter, Science, 261, 1130–1133, 1993.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, Global Research and Monitoring Project – Report No. 47, Geneva, 2003.