ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-5-827-2005 A review of biomass burning emissions part III: intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles Reid J. S. 1 Eck T. F. 2 Christopher S. A. 3 Koppmann R. 4 Dubovik O. 3 Eleuterio D. P. 5 Holben B. N. 6 Reid E. A. 1 Zhang J. 3 Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey CA, USA GEST Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL, USA Institut fuer Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphaere: Institut II: Troposphaere, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany Dept. of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey CA, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt MD, USA 14 03 2005 5 3 827 849 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/827/2005/acp-5-827-2005.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/827/2005/acp-5-827-2005.pdf

Because of its wide coverage over much of the globe, biomass burning has been widely studied in the context of direct radiative forcing. Such study is warranted as smoke particles scatter and at times absorb solar radiation efficiently. Further, as much of what is known about smoke transport and impacts is based on remote sensing measurements, the optical properties of smoke particles have far reaching effects into numerous aspects of biomass burning studies. Global estimates of direct forcing have been widely varying, ranging from near zero to &minus;1 W&nbsp;m<sup>-2</sup>. A significant part of this difference can be traced to varying assumptions on the optical properties of smoke. This manuscript is the third part of four examining biomass-burning emissions. Here we review and discuss the literature concerning measurement and modeling of optical properties of biomass-burning particles. These include available data from published sensitivity studies, field campaigns, and inversions from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) of Sun photometer sites. As a whole, optical properties reported in the literature are varied, reflecting both the dynamic nature of fires, variations in smoke aging processes and differences in measurement technique. We find that forward modeling or ''internal closure'' studies ultimately are of little help in resolving outstanding measurement issues due to the high degree of degeneracy in solutions when using ''reasonable'' input parameters. This is particularly notable with respect to index of refraction and the treatment of black carbon. Consequently, previous claims of column closure may in fact be more ambiguous. Differences between in situ and retrieved &omega;<sub><i>o</i></sub> values have implications for estimates of mass scattering and mass absorption efficiencies. In this manuscript we review and discuss this community dataset. Strengths and lapses are pointed out, future research topics are prioritized, and best estimates and uncertainties of key smoke particle parameters are provided.