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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-4-1427-2004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Seasonality and extent of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO measurements during SPURT</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hoor</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gurk</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brunner</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hegglin</surname>
<given-names>M. I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wernli</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fischer</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Air Chemistry, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>27</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1427</fpage>
<lpage>1442</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1427/2004/acp-4-1427-2004.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1427/2004/acp-4-1427-2004.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1427/2004/acp-4-1427-2004.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1427/2004/acp-4-1427-2004.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We present airborne in-situ trace gas measurements which were performed
on eight campaigns between November 2001 and July 2003
during the SPURT-project (SPURenstofftransport in der
Tropopausenregion, trace gas transport in the tropopause region).
The measurements on a quasi regular basis allowed an overview of the seasonal
variations of the trace gas distribution in the tropopause region over
Europe from 35&amp;deg;-75&amp;deg;N to investigate the influence of
transport and mixing across the extratropical tropopause on the
lowermost stratosphere.

&lt;P  style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;
From the correlation of CO and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; irreversible mixing of tropospheric air
into the lowermost stratosphere is identified.
The CO distribution indicates that transport and subsequent mixing of
tropospheric air across the
extratropical tropopause predominantly affects a
layer, which closely follows the shape of the local tropopause.
In addition, the seasonal cycle of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; illustrates the strong coupling
of that layer to the extratropical troposphere.
Both, horizontal gradients of CO on isentropes as well as the
CO-O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-distribution in the lowermost stratosphere
reveal that the influence of quasi-horizontal transport and subsequent
mixing weakens with distance from the local tropopause.
The mixing layer extends to about 25&amp;nbsp;K in potential temperature above
the local tropopause exhibiting only a weak seasonality.

&lt;P  style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;
However, at large distances from the tropopause a significant influence
of tropospheric air is still evident.
The relation between N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; indicates that a
significant contribution of air originating from the tropical tropopause
contributes to the background air in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere.</p>
</abstract>
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