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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-3-999-2003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The detection of solar proton produced &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jöckel</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brenninkmeijer</surname>
<given-names>C. A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lawrence</surname>
<given-names>M. G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Siegmund</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Air Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Atmospheric Composition Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>999</fpage>
<lpage>1005</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/999/2003/acp-3-999-2003.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/999/2003/acp-3-999-2003.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/999/2003/acp-3-999-2003.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/999/2003/acp-3-999-2003.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Major solar eruptions (coronal mass ejections) are accompanied by massive
      ejections of protons.  When these charged particles head for the Earth through the  interplanetary magnetic field with high flux and energy,
      a solar proton event (SPE) is recorded. Strong SPEs, in which energetic protons penetrate the atmosphere in
      large numbers are rare, but do have chemical effects (Crutzen, 1975;
      Jackman et al., 1990, 2001).&amp;nbsp; They also have nucleonic effects by which they can almost instantaneously
      increase the atmospheric production of radio-nuclides, including &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C (radiocarbon), but this has never been demonstrated.
      We show, using satellite observations and modeling, that the 2nd most intensive set of SPEs on record, that of
      August-December 1989, must have caused detectable increases in atmospheric
      &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO. This is confirmed by a sequence of peaks in the Baring Head (NZ) time
      series of &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO observations (Brenninkmeijer, 1993),
      probably providing a unique indication of production of &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C by solar protons,
      thus demonstrating the use of SPE &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO as an atmospheric tracer.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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