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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-3-315-2003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The isotopic fingerprint of the pre-industrial and the anthropogenic N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O source</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Röckmann</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kaiser</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brenninkmeijer</surname>
<given-names>C. A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Atmospheric Physics Division, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Air Chemistry Division, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>now at: Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>315</fpage>
<lpage>323</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/315/2003/acp-3-315-2003.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/315/2003/acp-3-315-2003.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/315/2003/acp-3-315-2003.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/315/2003/acp-3-315-2003.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We have performed high-precision measurements of the
      &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O and position dependent &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N isotopic composition of
      N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O from Antarctic firn air samples. By comparing these data to
      simulations carried out with a firn air diffusion model, we have reconstructed the temporal
      evolution of the N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O isotope signatures since pre-industrial times. The heavy isotope content
      of atmospheric N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O is presently decreasing for all signatures at rates of about
      -0.038 %o
      yr &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Symbol&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N,
      -0.046
      %o yr
      &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Symbol&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;
      &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N and -0.025 %o
      yr &lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for &lt;font face=&quot;Symbol&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O. The total decrease since pre-industrial
      times is estimated to be about -1.8%o  for
      &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Symbol&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N at both positions and
      -2.2%o  for
      &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Symbol&quot;&gt;d&lt;/font&gt;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N.
      Isotope budget calculations using these trends and recent stratospheric measurements allow to
      isotopically characterize the present and the pre-industrial global average
      N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O source, as well as the additional N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions that have caused the global
      N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O increase since pre-industrial times. The increased fluxes from the depleted surface sources alone are insufficient
      to explain the inferred temporal isotope changes. In addition, the global average
      N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O source signature is calculated to be significantly depleted today relative to the pre-industrial value, in
      agreement with recent indications from soil emission measurements.</p>
</abstract>
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