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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-3-211-2003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Experimental investigation of homogeneous freezing of sulphuric acid particles in the aerosol chamber AIDA</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Möhler</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stetzer</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schaefers</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Linke</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schnaiter</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tiede</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saathoff</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krämer</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mangold</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Budz</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zink</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schreiner</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mauersberger</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haag</surname>
<given-names>W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kärcher</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schurath</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-AAF), Karlsruhe, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Institut für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre (ICG-1), Jülich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Abteilung Atmosphärenphysik, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre (IPA), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>211</fpage>
<lpage>223</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/211/2003/acp-3-211-2003.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/211/2003/acp-3-211-2003.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/211/2003/acp-3-211-2003.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/211/2003/acp-3-211-2003.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The homogeneous freezing of supercooled
      H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;/H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O solution droplets was investigated in the aerosol chamber AIDA
      (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) of Forschungszentrum
      Karlsruhe. 24 freezing experiments were performed at temperatures between
      189 and 235 K with aerosol particles in the diameter range 0.05 to 1 µm. Individual experiments started at homogeneous temperatures and
      ice saturation ratios between 0.9 and 0.95. Cloud cooling rates up to -2.8
      K min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; were simulated dynamically in the chamber by expansion cooling using a mechanical pump. Depending on
      the cooling rate and starting temperature, freezing threshold relative humidities were exceeded after expansion time periods
      between about 1 and 10 min. The onset of ice formation was measured with three independent methods showing good agreement
      among each other. Ice saturation ratios measured at the onset of ice formation increased from about
      1.4 at 231 K&amp;nbsp; to about 1.75 at 189 K. The experimental data set including
      thermodynamic parameters as well as physical and chemical aerosol analysis provides a good basis for microphysical model applications.</p>
</abstract>
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</article-meta>
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