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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-2-235-2002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on crystalline ice</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bartels</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eichler</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zimmermann</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gäggeler</surname>
<given-names>H. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ammann</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Berne, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>235</fpage>
<lpage>247</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/2/235/2002/acp-2-235-2002.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/2/235/2002/acp-2-235-2002.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/2/235/2002/acp-2-235-2002.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/2/235/2002/acp-2-235-2002.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The partitioning of nitrogen oxides between ice and air is of importance to
      the ozone budget in the upper troposphere. In the present study, adsorption
      of nitrogen oxides on ice was investigated at atmospheric pressure using  a
      chromatographic technique with radioactively labelled nitrogen oxides at low
      concentrations. The measured retentions solely depended on molecular adsorption and were not influenced by dimerisation, formation of encapsulated
      hydrates on the ice surface, dissociation of the acids, nor by migration into
      a quasi-liquid layer or grain boundaries. Based on the chromatographic retention and the model of thermo-chromatography, the standard adsorption
      enthalpy of -20 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for NO, -22kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,
      -30kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for peroxyacetyl nitrate, -32kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for
      HON} and -44 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; was calculated. To perform those calculations
      within the model of thermo-chromatography, the standard adsorption entropy
      was calculated based on statistical thermodynamics. In this work, two different choices of standard states were applied, and consequently different
      values of the standard adsorption entropy, of either between -39 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and
      -45kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1,&lt;/sup&gt; or -164 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and -169 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;-1
      &lt;/sup&gt;for each nitrogen oxide were derived. The standard adsorption enthalpy was identical for both standard
      adsorption entropies and thus shown to be independent of the choice of standard state. A brief outlook on environmental implications of our findings
      indicates that adsorption on ice might be an important removal process of
      HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. In addition, it might be of some importance for HONO and peroxyacetyl nitrate and irrelevant for
      NO and NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.</p>
</abstract>
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