References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-13-837-2013

Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations

Worden

H. M.

¹ Deeter

M. N.

¹ Frankenberg

² George

³ Nichitiu

⁴ Worden

² Aben

⁵ Bowman

K. W.

² Clerbaux

³ ⁶ Coheur

P. F.

⁶ de Laat

A. T. J.

⁵ ⁷ Detweiler

¹ Drummond

J. R.

⁸ Edwards

D. P.

¹ Gille

J. C.

¹ Hurtmans

⁶ Luo

² Martínez-Alonso

³ Massie

¹ Pfister

¹ Warner

J. X.

⁹

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

UPMC Univ. Paris 06; Université Versailles St-Quentin; CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, Paris, France

Dept. of Physics and Atmospheric Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Spectroscopie de l'Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Libre Université de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands

Dept. of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

22 01 2013

13 2 837 850

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/837/2013/acp-13-837-2013.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/837/2013/acp-13-837-2013.pdf

Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are controlled by anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, transport and oxidation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Quantifying trends in CO is therefore important for understanding changes related to all of these contributions. Here we present a comprehensive record of satellite observations from 2000 through 2011 of total column CO using the available measurements from nadir-viewing thermal infrared instruments: MOPITT, AIRS, TES and IASI. We examine trends for CO in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along with regional trends for Eastern China, Eastern USA, Europe and India. We find that all the satellite observations are consistent with a modest decreasing trend ~ −1 % yr−1 in total column CO over the Northern Hemisphere for this time period and a less significant, but still decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere. Although decreasing trends in the United States and Europe have been observed from surface CO measurements, we also find a decrease in CO over E. China that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Some of the interannual variability in the observations can be explained by global fire emissions, but the overall decrease needs further study to understand the implications for changes in anthropogenic emissions.

References 1

Ackerman, S. A., Strabala, K. I., Menzel, W. P., Frey, R. A., Moeller, C. C., and Gumley, L. E.: Discriminating clear sky from clouds with MODIS, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 32141–32157, 1998.

Alcorta, L. and Nixson, F.: The Global Financial Crisis and the Developing World: Impact on and Implications for the Manufacturing Sector, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Working Paper 06/2010, www.unido.org, Vienna, 2011.

Angelbratt, J., Mellqvist, J., Simpson, D., Jonson, J. E., Blumenstock, T., Borsdorff, T., Duchatelet, P., Forster, F., Hase, F., Mahieu, E., De Maziére, M., Notholt, J., Petersen, A. K., Raffalski, U., Servais, C., Sussmann, R., Warneke, T., and Vigouroux, C.: Carbon monoxide (CO) and ethane (C2H$_6$) trends from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at six European stations, comparison and sensitivity analysis with the EMEP model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9253–9269, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9253-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-9253-2011, 2011.

Arellano, A. F., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., and Randerson, J. T.: Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 1104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL01860doi:10.1029/2003GL018609, 2004.

Aumann, H. H., Chahine, M. T., Gautier, C., Goldberg, M . D., Kalnay, E., McMillin, L., M., Revercomb, H., Rosenkranz, P. W., Smith, W. L., Staelin, D. H., Strow, L. L., and Susskind, J.: AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission: Design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 2, 253–264, 2003.

Beer, R.: TES on the Aura mission: Scientific objectives, measurements, and analysis overview, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44, 1102–1105, 2006.

Castellanos, P. and Boersma, K. F.: Trends in NO2 and the effects of the economic crisis observed by OMI over Europe, Sci. Reports, 2, 265, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep00265doi:10.1038/srep00265, 2012.

Clarisse, L., R'Honi, Y., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: Thermal infrared nadir observations of 24 atmospheric gases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047271doi:10.1029/2011GL047271, 2011.

Clerbaux, C., Edwards, D. P., Deeter, M., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J.-F., Tie, X. X., Massie, S. T., and Gille, J.: Carbon monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas observed by the Terra/MOPITT mission, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 3817, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032300doi:10.1029/2007GL032300, 2008a.

Clerbaux,~C., George,~M., Turquety,~S., Walker,~K A., Barret,~B., Bernath,~P., Boone,~C., Borsdorff,~T., Cammas,~J P., Catoire,~V., Coffey,~M., Coheur,~P.-F., Deeter,~M., De~Mazière,~M., Drummond,~J., Duchatelet,~P., Dupuy,~E., de~Zafra,~R., Eddounia,~F., Edwards,~D P., Emmons,~L., Funke,~B., Gille,~J., Griffith,~D W T., Hannigan,~J., Hase,~F., Höpfner,~M., Jones,~N., Kagawa,~A., Kasai,~Y., Kramer,~I., Le~Flochmo\"en,~E., Livesey,~N J., López-Puertas,~M., Luo,~M., Mahieu,~E., Murtagh,~D., Nédélec,~P., Pazmino,~A., Pumphrey,~H., Ricaud,~P., Rinsland,~C P., Robert,~C., Schneider,~M., Senten,~C., Stiller,~G., Strandberg,~A., Strong,~K., Sussmann,~R., Thouret,~V., Urban,~J., and Wiacek,~A.: CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2569–2594, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2569-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-2569-2008, 2008b.

Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041–6054, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009, 2009.

Deeter, M. N., Emmons, L. K., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., and Drummond, J. R.: Vertical resolution and information content of CO profiles retrieved by MOPITT. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 15112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL02023doi:10.1029/2004GL020235, 2004.

Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., and Drummond, J. R.: Sensitivity of MOPITT observations to carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 112, 24306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008929doi:10.1029/2007JD008929, 2007.

Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., Emmons, L. K., Francis, G., Ho, S.-P., Mao, D., Masters, D., Worden, H., Drummond, J. R., and Novelli, P.: The MOPITT Version 4 CO Product: Algorithm Enhancements, Validation, and Long-Term Stability, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D07306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013005doi:10.1029/2009JD013005, 2010.

Deeter, M. N., Worden, H. M., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Mao, D., and Drummond, J. R.: MOPITT multispectral CO retrievals: Origins and effects of geophysical radiance errors, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D15303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015703doi:10.1029/2011JD015703, 2011.

Deeter, M. N., Worden, H. M., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., and Andrews, A. E.: Evaluation of MOPITT Retrievals of Lower-tropospheric Carbon Monoxide over the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D13306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017553doi:10.1029/2012JD017553, 2012.

de Laat, A. T. J., Gloudemans, A. M. S., Schrijver, H., van den Broek, M. M. P., Meirink, J. F., Aben, I., and Krol, M.: Quantitative analysis of SCIAMACHY carbon monoxide total column measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07807, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025530doi:10.1029/2005GL025530, 2006.

de Ruyter de Wildt, M., Eskes, H., and Boersma, K. F.: The global economic cycle and satellite-derived NO2 trends over shipping lanes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049541doi:10.1029/2011GL049541, 2012.

Drummond, J. R., Zou, J., Nichitiu, F., Kar, J., Deschambaut, R., and Hackett, J.: A review of 9-year performance and operation of the MOPITT instrument, J. Adv. Space Res., 45, 760–774, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.019doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.019, 2010.

Edwards, D., Halvorson, C., and Gille, J.: Radiative transfer modeling for the EOS Terra satellite Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16755–16775, 1999.

Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Hauglustaine, D. A., Chu, A., Gille, J. C., Kaufman, Y. J., Pétron, G., Yurganov, L. N., Giglio, L., Deeter, M. N., Yudin, V., Ziskin, D. C., Warner, J., Lamarque, J.-F., Francis, G. L., Ho, S. P., Mao, D., Chan, J., and Drummond, J. R.: Observations of Carbon Monoxide and Aerosol From the Terra Satellite: Northern Hemisphere Variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD0047272004doi:10.1029/2004JD0047272004, 2004.

Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Gille, J. C., Chu, A., Attié, J.-L., Giglio, L., Wood, S. W., Haywood, J., Deeter, M. N., Massie, S. T., Ziskin, D. C., and Drummond, J. R.: Satellite-observed pollution from Southern Hemisphere biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 14312, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006655doi:10.1029/2005JD006655, 2006.

Emmons,~L K., Edwards,~D P., Deeter,~M N., Gille,~J C., Campos,~T., Nédélec,~P., Novelli,~P., and Sachse,~G.: Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) validation through 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1795–1803, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1795-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1795-2009, 2009.

Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43–67, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010doi:10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010.

EPA, Trends in NO2, CO, and SO2 Concentrations, available at http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/, (last access 27 November 2012), 2011.

Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA., 2007.

Fortems-Cheiney, A., Chevallier, F., Pison, I., P. Bousquet, S. Szopa, M. N. Deeter, and C. Clerbaux: Ten years of CO emissions as seen from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014416doi:10.1029/2010JD014416, 2011.

George, M., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., Turquety, S., Coheur, P.-F., Pommier, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Edwards, D. P., Worden, H., Luo, M., Rinsland, C., and McMillan, W.: Carbon monoxide distributions from the IASI/METOP mission: evaluation with other space-borne remote sensors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8317–8330, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8317-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-8317-2009, 2009.

Gloudemans, A. M. S., de Laat, A. T. J., Schrijver, H., Aben, I., Meirink, J. F., and van der Werf, G. R.: SCIAMACHY CO over land and oceans: 2003-2007 interannual variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3799–3813, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3799-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3799-2009, 2009.

Granier, C., Bessagnet, B., Bond, T., D'Angiola, A., v. d. Gon, H. D., Frost, G. J., Heil, A., Kaiser, J. W., Kinne, S., Klimont, Z., Kloster, S., Lamarque, J.-F., Liousse, C., Masui, T., Meleux, F., Mieville, A., Ohara, T., Raut, J.-C., Riahi, K., Schultz, M. G., Smith, S. J., Thomson, A., v. Aardenne, J., v. d. Werf, G. R., and v. Vuuren, D. P.: Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period, Clim. Change, 109, 163–190, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1, 2011.

Ho, S.-P., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., Luo, M., Osterman, G. B., Kulawik, S. S., and Worden, H.: A global comparison of carbon monoxide profiles and column amounts from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D21307,http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012242doi:10.1029/2009JD012242, 2009.

Holloway, T., Levy II, H., and Kasibhatla, P.: Global distribution of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 12123–12147, 2000.

Hooghiemstra, P. B., Krol, M. C., Bergamaschi, P., de Laat, A. T. J., van der Werf, G. R., Novelli, P. C., Deeter, M. N., Aben, I., and Röckmann, T.: Comparing optimized CO emission estimates using MOPITT or NOAA surface network observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06309, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017043doi:10.1029/2011JD017043, 2012.

Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Wespes, C., Clarisse, L., Scharf, O., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., George, M., and Turquety, S.: FORLI radiative transfer and retrieval code for IASI. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer, 113, 1391–1408, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.02.036doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.02.036, 2012.

Jones,~D B A., Bowman,~K W., Logan,~J A., Heald,~C L., Liu,~J., Luo,~M., Worden,~J., and Drummond,~J.: The zonal structure of tropical O3 and CO as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer in November 2004 – Part 1: Inverse modeling of CO emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3547-3562, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3547-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3547-2009, 2009.

Kerzenmacher, T., Dils, B., Kumps, N., Blumenstock, T., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Demoulin, P., Garc\'ia, O., George, M., Griffith, D. W. T., Hase, F., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Jones, N., Mahieu, E., Notholt, J., Paton-Walsh, C., Raffalski, U., Ridder, T., Schneider, M., Servais, C., and De Maziére, M.: Validation of IASI FORLI carbon monoxide retrievals using FTIR data from NDACC, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2751–2761, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2751-2012doi:10.5194/amt-5-2751-2012, 2012.

Klonecki, A., Pommier, M., Clerbaux, C., Ancellet, G., Cammas, J.-P., Coheur, P.-F., Cozic, A., Diskin, G. S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Hurtmans, D., Khattatov, B., Lamarque, J.-F., Law, K. S., Nedelec, P., Paris, J.-D., Podolske, J. R., Prunet, P., Schlager, H., Szopa, S., and Turquety, S.: Assimilation of IASI satellite CO fields into a global chemistry transport model for validation against aircraft measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4493–4512, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4493-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-4493-2012, 2012.

Kopacz, M., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Logan, J. A., Zhang, L., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Singh, K., Henze, D. K., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Khlystova, I., McMillan, W. W., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Eldering, A., Thouret, V., and Nedelec, P.: Global estimates of CO sources with high resolution by adjoint inversion of multiple satellite datasets (MOPITT, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, TES), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 855–876, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-855-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-855-2010, 2010.

Li, L. and Liu, Y.: Space-borne and ground observations of the characteristics of CO pollution in Beijing, 2000–2010, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2367, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.026doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.026, 2011.

Livesey, N. J., Filipiak, M. J., Froidevaux, L., Read, W. G., Lambert, A., Santee, M. L., Jiang, J. H., Pumphrey, H. C., Waters, J. W., Cofield, R. E., Cuddy, D. T., Daffer, W. H., Drouin, B. J., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Jiang, Y. B., Knosp, B. W., Li, Q. B., Perun, V. S., Schwartz, M. J., Snyder, W. V., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Wagner, P. A., Avery, M., Browell, E. V., Cammas, J.-P., Christensen, L. E., Diskin, G. S., Gao, R.-S., Jost, H.-J., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J. D., Nédélec, P., Osterman, G. B., Sachse, G. W., and Webster, C. R.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S02, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008805doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, 2008.

Luo, M., Rinsland, C. P., Rodgers, C. D., Logan, J. A., Worden, H., Kulawik, S., Eldering, A., Goldman, A., Shephard, M. W., Gunson, M., and Lampel, M.: TES carbon monoxide validation with DACOM aircraft measurements during INTEX-B 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008803doi:10.1029/2007JD008803, 2007a.

Luo, M., Rinsland, C. P., Rodgers, C. D., Logan, J. A., Worden, H., Kulawik, S., Eldering, A., Goldman, A., Shephard, M. W., Gunson, M., and Lampel, M.: Comparison of carbon monoxide measurements by TES and MOPITT: Influence of a priori data and instrument characteristics on nadir atmospheric species retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007663doi:10.1029/2006JD007663, 2007b.

Novelli, P. C., Masarie, K. A., and Lang, P. M.: Distributions and recent changes in carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19015–19033, 1998.

Novelli, P. C., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M., Hall, B. D., Myers, R. C., and Elkins, J. W.: Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997–1998 wildfires, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4464, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003031doi:10.1029/2002JD003031, 2003.

Novelli, P. C. and Masarie, K. A.: Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1988-2009, Version: 2011-10-14. Path: ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/event/, 2010.

Pommier,~M., Law,~K S., Clerbaux,~C., Turquety,~S., Hurtmans,~D., Hadji-Lazaro,~J., Coheur,~P.-F., Schlager,~H., Ancellet,~G., Paris,~J.-D., Nédélec,~P., Diskin,~G S., Podolske,~J R., Holloway,~J S., and Bernath,~P.: IASI carbon monoxide validation over the Arctic during POLARCAT spring and summer campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10655–10678, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10655-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10655-2010, 2010.

Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Nüß, H., Granier, C., and Niemeier, U.: Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide levels over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129–132, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04092doi:10.1038/nature04092, 2005.

Russell, A. R., Valin, L. C., and Cohen, R. C.: Trends in OMI NO2 observations over the United States: effects of emission control technology and the economic recession, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12197–12209, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-12197-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-12197-2012, 2012.

Susskind, J., Barnet, C. D., and Blaisdell, J. M.: Retrieval of atmospheric and surface parameters form AIRS/AMSU/HSB data in the presence of clouds, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 390–409, 2003.

Tolton, B. T. and Drummond, J. R.: Characterization of the length-modulated radiometer, App. Opt., 36, 5409–5419, 1997.

Turquety,~S., Hurtmans,~D., Hadji-Lazaro,~J., Coheur,~P.-F., Clerbaux,~C., Josset,~D., and Tsamalis,~C.: Tracking the emission and transport of pollution from wildfires using the IASI CO retrievals: analysis of the summer 2007 Greek fires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4897–4913, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4897-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-4897-2009, 2009.

van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707–11735, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.

Wang,~Y., Munger,~J W., Xu,~S., McElroy,~M B., Hao,~J., Nielsen,~C P., and Ma,~H.: CO2 and its correlation with CO at a rural site near Beijing: implications for combustion efficiency in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8881–8897, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8881-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-8881-2010, 2010.

Warner, J. X., Gille, J C., Edwards, D P., Ziskin, D C., Smith, M W., Bailey, P L., and~Rokke, L.: Cloud detection and clearing for the Earth Observing System Terra satellite Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) experiment, Appl. Optics, 40, 1269–1284, 2001.

Warner, J. X., McCourt Comer, M., Barnet, C., McMillan,W. W., Wolf, W., Maddy, E., and Sachse, G.: A Comparison of Satellite Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Measurements from AIRS and MOPITT During INTEX-NA, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007925doi:10.1029/2006JD007925, 2007.

Warner,~J X., Wei,~Z., Strow,~L L., Barnet,~C D., Sparling,~L C., Diskin,~G., and Sachse,~G.: Improved Agreement of AIRS Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Products with other EOS Sensors Using Optimal Estimation Retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9521–9533, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9521-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9521-2010, 2010.

Worden, H. M., Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., Drummond, J. R., and Nédélec, P. P.: Observations of near-surface carbon monoxide from space using MOPITT multispectral retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18314, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014242doi:10.1029/2010JD014242, 2010.

Worden, H. M., Cheng, Y., Pfister, G., Carmichael, G. R., Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Deeter, M., Edwards,D. P., Gille, J. C., and Worden, J. R.: Satellite-based estimates of reduced CO and CO2 emissions due to traffic restrictions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L14802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052395doi:10.1029/2012GL052395, 2012.

Yurganov, L. N., Duchatelet, P., Dzhola, A. V., Edwards, D. P., Hase, F., Kramer, I., Mahieu, E., Mellqvist, J., Notholt, J., Novelli, P. C., Rockmann, A., Scheel, H. E., Schneider, M., Schulz, A., Strandberg, A., Sussmann, R., Tanimoto, H., Velazco, V., Drummond, J. R., and Gille, J. C.: Increased Northern Hemispheric carbon monoxide burden in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the ground and from space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 563–573, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-563-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-563-2005, 2005.

Yurganov, L., McMillan, W., Grechko, E., and Dzhola, A.: Analysis of global and regional CO burdens measured from space between 2000 and 2009 and validated by ground-based solar tracking spectrometers, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3479–3494, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3479-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-3479-2010, 2010.

Zellweger,~C., Hüglin,~C., Klausen,~J., Steinbacher,~M., Vollmer,~M., and Buchmann,~B.: Inter-comparison of four different carbon monoxide measurement techniques and evaluation of the long-term carbon monoxide time series of Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3491–3503, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3491-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3491-2009, 2009.

Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., He, K., Wang, Y., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Uno, I., Jang, C. J., Chen, D., Yao, Z. and Lei, Y.: NOx emission trends for China, 1995–2004: The view from the ground and the view from space, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008684doi:10.1029/2007JD008684, 2007.

Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009, 2009.