<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-13-791-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Technical Note: New methodology for measuring viscosities in small volumes characteristic of environmental chamber particle samples</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Renbaum-Wolff</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grayson</surname>
<given-names>J. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bertram</surname>
<given-names>A. K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>791</fpage>
<lpage>802</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/791/2013/acp-13-791-2013.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/791/2013/acp-13-791-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/791/2013/acp-13-791-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/791/2013/acp-13-791-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Herein, a method for the determination of viscosities of small sample volumes
is introduced, with important implications for the viscosity determination of
particle samples from environmental chambers (used to simulate atmospheric
conditions). The amount of sample needed is &lt; 1 μl, and the
technique is capable of determining viscosities (η) ranging between
10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; and 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; Pascal seconds (Pa s) in samples that cover
a range of chemical properties and with real-time relative humidity and
temperature control; hence, the technique should be well-suited for
determining the viscosities, under atmospherically relevant conditions, of
particles collected from environmental chambers. In this technique,
supermicron particles are first deposited on an inert hydrophobic substrate.
Then, insoluble beads (~1 μm in diameter) are embedded in
the particles. Next, a flow of gas is introduced over the particles, which
generates a shear stress on the particle surfaces. The sample responds to
this shear stress by generating internal circulations, which are quantified
with an optical microscope by monitoring the movement of the beads. The rate
of internal circulation is shown to be a function of particle viscosity but
independent of the particle material for a wide range of organic and
organic-water samples. A calibration curve is constructed from the
experimental data that relates the rate of internal circulation to particle
viscosity, and this calibration curve is successfully used to predict
viscosities in multicomponent organic mixtures.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="12"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Abdel-Alim,~A H. and Hamielec,~A E.: Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of internal circulation on the drag of spherical droplets falling at terminal velocity in liquid media, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 14, 308–312, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i160056a00410.1021/i160056a004, 1975. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ahmed,~N., Nino,~D F., and Moy,~V T.: Measurement of solution viscosity by atomic force microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72, 2731–2734, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.136885610.1063/1.1368856, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Aldrich Chemical Company: 1,2,6-hexanetriol technical bulletin AL-128, available at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Aldrich/Bulletin/al_techbull_al128.Par.0001.File.tmp/al_techbull_al0128.pdf (last access: 27 July 2012), 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bergaud,~C. and Nicu,~L.: Viscosity measurements based on experimental investigations of composite cantilever beam eigenfrequencies in viscous media, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 71, 2487–2491, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150640 10.1063/1.1150640, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bodsworth,~A., Zobrist,~B., and Bertram,~A K.: Inhibition of efflorescence in mixed organic-inorganic particles at temperatures less than 250 \unitK, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 12259–12266, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0CP00572J 10.1039/C0CP00572J, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bones,~D L., Reid,~J P., Lienhard,~D M., and Krieger,~U K.: Comparing the mechanism of water condensation and evaporation in glassy aerosol,~Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 11613–11618, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120069110910.1073/pnas.1200691109, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cappa,~C D. and Wilson,~K R.: Evolution of organic aerosol mass spectra upon heating: implications for OA phase and partitioning behavior, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1895–1911, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1895-201110.5194/acp-11-1895-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chen,~Q., Liu,~Y., Donahue,~N M., Shilling,~J E., and Martin,~S T.: Particle-phase chemistry of secondary organic material: modeled compared to measured O:C and H:C elemental ratios provide constraints, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4763–4770, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es104398s10.1021/es104398s, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Coupland,~J N. and McClements,~D J.: Physical properties of liquid edible oils,~J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1559–1564, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0077-110.1007/s11746-997-0077-1, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dow Chemical Company: Tergitol NP-7 surfactant technical data sheet, available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_00ae/0901b803800ae909.pdf?filepath=surfactants/pdfs/noreg/119-01915.pdf&amp;fromPage=GetDoc (last access: 12 August 2012), 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dow Chemical Company: Tetraethylene Glycol Application Note, available at: http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_007e/0901b8038007e5a5.pdf?filepath=ethyleneglycol/pdfs/noreg/612-00005.pdf&amp;fromPage=GetDoc (last access: 12 August 2012), 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fasina,~O O., Hallman,~H., Craig-Schmidt,~M., and Clements,~C.: Predicting temperature-dependence viscosity of vegetable oils from fatty acid composition,~J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 83, 899–903, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-5044-810.1007/s11746-006-5044-8, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gao,~S., Keywood,~M., Ng,~N L., Surratt,~J., Varutbangkul,~V., Bahreini,~R., Flagan,~R C., and Seinfeld,~J H.: Low-molecular-weight and oligomeric components in secondary organic aerosol from the ozonolysis of cycloalkenes and $\alpha $-Pinene,~J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 10147–10164, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp047466e10.1021/jp047466e, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Garner,~F H. and Haycock,~P J.: Circulation in liquid drops,~Proc R. Soc A., 252, 457–475, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1959.016610.1098/rspa.1959.0166, 1959. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> George,~I J. and Abbatt,~J P D.: Heterogeneous oxidation of atmospheric aerosol particles by gas-phase radicals., Nat. Chem., 2, 713–722, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.80610.1038/nchem.806, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hadamard,~J.: Mouvement permanent lent d&apos;une sphere liquide et visqueuse dans un liquide visqueux,~C R. Acad. Sci., 152, 1735–1738, 1911. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hallquist,~M., Wenger,~J C., Baltensperger,~U., Rudich,~Y., Simpson,~D., Claeys,~M., Dommen,~J., Donahue,~N M., George,~C., Goldstein,~A H., Hamilton,~J F., Herrmann,~H., Hoffmann,~T., Iinuma,~Y., Jang,~M., Jenkin,~M E., Jimenez,~J L., Kiendler-Scharr,~A., Maenhaut,~W., McFiggans,~G., Mentel,~Th F., Monod,~A., Prévôt,~A S H., Seinfeld,~J H., Surratt,~J D., Szmigielski,~R., and Wildt,~J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5236, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-200910.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hamilton,~J F., Rami~Alfarra,~M., Wyche,~K P., Ward,~M W., Lewis,~A C., McFiggans,~G B., Good,~N., Monks,~P S., Carr,~T., White,~I R., and Purvis,~R M.: Investigating the use of secondary organic aerosol as seed particles in simulation chamber experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5917–5929, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5917-201110.5194/acp-11-5917-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Han,~Z., Tang,~X., and Zheng,~B.: A~PDMS viscometer for microliter Newtonian fluid,~J. Micromech. Microeng., 17, 1828–1834, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/9/01110.1088/0960-1317/17/9/011, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hess,~S T., Huang,~S., Heikal,~A A., and Webb,~W W.: Biological and chemical applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy : a review, Biochemistry, 41, 697–705, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi011851210.1021/bi0118512, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Heymes,~F., Manno-Demoustier,~P., Charbit,~F., Fanlo,~J L., and Moulin,~P.: A~new efficient absorption liquid to treat exhaust air loaded with toluene, Chem. Eng J., 115, 225–231, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.10.01110.1016/j.cej.2005.10.011, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Huff Hartz,~K E., Tischuk,~J E., Chan,~M N., Chan,~C K., Donahue,~N M., and Pandis,~S N.: Cloud condensation nuclei activation of limited solubility organic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 40, 605–617, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.07610.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.076, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hyvärinen,~A.-P., Lihavainen,~H., Gaman,~A., Vairila,~L., Ojala,~H., Kulmala,~M., and Viisanen,~Y.: Surface tensions and densities of oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, malic, and cis-pinonic acids,~J. Chem. Eng. Data, 51, 255–260, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je050366x10.1021/je050366x, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> IPCC: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon,~S., Qin,~D., Manning,~M., Chen,~Z., Marquis,~M., Averyt,~K B., Tignor,~M., and Miller,~H L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jimenez,~J L., Canagaratna,~M R., Donahue,~N M., Prevot,~A S H., Zhang,~Q., Kroll,~J H., DeCarlo,~P F., Allan,~J D., Coe,~H., Ng,~N L., Aiken,~A C., Docherty,~K S., Ulbrich,~I M., Grieshop,~A P., Robinson,~A L., Duplissy,~J., Smith,~J D., Wilson,~K R., Lanz,~V A., Hueglin,~C., Sun,~Y L., Tian,~J., Laaksonen,~A., Raatikainen,~T., Rautiainen,~J., Vaattovaara,~P., Ehn,~M., Kulmala,~M., Tomlinson,~J M., Collins,~D R., Cubison,~M J E., Dunlea,~J., Huffman,~J A., Onasch,~T B., Alfarra,~M R., Williams,~P I., Bower,~K., Kondo,~Y., Schneider,~J., Drewnick,~F., Borrmann,~S., Weimer,~S., Demerjian,~K., Salcedo,~D., Cottrell,~L., Griffin,~R., Takami,~A., Miyoshi,~T., Hatakeyama,~S., Shimono,~A., Sun,~J Y., Zhang,~Y M., Dzepina,~K., Kimmel,~J R., Sueper,~D., Jayne,~J T., Herndon,~S C., Trimborn,~A M., Williams,~L R., Wood,~E C., Middlebrook,~A M., Kolb,~C E., Baltensperger,~U., and Worsnop,~D R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.118035310.1126/science.1180353, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kalberer,~M., Paulsen,~D., Sax,~M., Steinbacher,~M., Dommen,~J., Prevot,~A S H., Fisseha,~R., Weingartner,~E., Frankevich,~V., Zenobi,~R., and Baltensperger,~U.: Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659–1662, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.109218510.1126/science.1092185, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kanakidou,~M., Seinfeld,~J H., Pandis,~S N., Barnes,~I., Dentener,~F J., Facchini,~M C., Van~Dingenen,~R., Ervens,~B., Nenes,~A., Nielsen,~C J., Swietlicki,~E., Putaud,~J P., Balkanski,~Y., Fuzzi,~S., Horth,~J., Moortgat,~G K., Winterhalter,~R., Myhre,~C E L., Tsigaridis,~K., Vignati,~E., Stephanou,~E G., and Wilson,~J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053–1123, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1053-200510.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Katrib,~Y., Biskos,~G., Buseck,~P R., Davidovits,~P., Jayne,~J T., Mochida,~M., Wise,~M E., Worsnop,~D R., and Martin,~S T.: Ozonolysis of mixed oleic-acid/stearic-acid particles: reaction kinetics and chemical morphology,~J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 10910–10919, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp054714d10.1021/jp054714d, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Knopf,~D A., Anthony,~L M., and Bertram,~A K.: Reactive uptake of \chemO_3 by multicomponent and multiphase mixtures containing oleic acid,~J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 5579–5589, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp051251310.1021/jp0512513, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Koop,~T., Bookhold,~J., Shiraiwa,~M., and Pöschl,~U.: Glass transition and phase state of organic compounds: dependency on molecular properties and implications for secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 19238–19255, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cp22617g10.1039/c1cp22617g, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> LeClair,~B P., Hamielec,~A E., Pruppacher,~H R., and Hall,~W D.: A~theoretical and experimental study of the internal circulation in water drops falling at terminal velocity in air,~J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 728–740, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029&lt;0728:ATAESO&gt;2.0.CO;210.1175/1520-0469(1972)029\textless0728:ATAESO\textgreater2.0.CO;2, 1972. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lin,~Y.-Y., Lin,~C.-W., Yang,~L.-J., and Wang,~A.-B.: Micro-viscometer based on electrowetting on dielectric, Electrochim. Acta, 52, 2876–2883, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.10.02510.1016/j.electacta.2006.10.025, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Malik,~R., Burch,~D., Bazant,~M., and Ceder,~G.: Particle size dependence of the ionic diffusivity, Nano. Lett., 10, 4123–4127, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl102359510.1021/nl1023595, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McDonald,~J E.: The shape and aerodynamics of large raindrops,~J. Meteorol., 11, 478–494, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1954)011&lt;0478:TSAAOL&gt;2.0.CO;210.1175/1520-0469(1954)011\textless0478:TSAAOL\textgreater2.0.CO;2, 1954. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mikhailov,~E., Vlasenko,~S., Martin,~S T., Koop,~T., and Pöschl,~U.: Amorphous and crystalline aerosol particles interacting with water vapor: conceptual framework and experimental evidence for restructuring, phase transitions and kinetic limitations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9491–9522, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9491-200910.5194/acp-9-9491-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Milne-Thomson, L. M.: Theoretical Hydrodynamics, Macmillan Publishing Group, London, UK, 743 pp., 1968. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Moumen,~N., Subramanian,~R S., and McLaughlin,~J B.: Experiments on the motion of drops on a horizontal solid surface due to a wettability gradient, Langmuir, 22, 2682–2690, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la053060x10.1021/la053060x, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Murray,~B J.: Inhibition of ice crystallisation in highly viscous aqueous organic acid droplets, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5423–5433, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5423-200810.5194/acp-8-5423-2008, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Murray,~B J., Wilson,~T W., Dobbie,~S., Cui,~Z., Al-Jumur,~S., Möhler,~O., Schnaiter,~M., Wagner,~R., Benz,~S., Niemand,~M., Saathoff,~H., Ebert,~V., Wagner,~S., and Kärcher,~B.: Heterogeneous nucleation of ice particles on glassy aerosols under cirrus conditions, Nat. Geosci., 3, 233–237, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo81710.1038/ngeo817, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Murray,~B J., Haddrell,~A E., Peppe,~S., Davies,~J F., Reid,~J P., O&apos;Sullivan,~D., Price,~H C., Kumar,~R., Saunders,~R W., Plane,~J M C., Umo,~N S., and Wilson,~T W.: Glass formation and unusual hygroscopic growth of iodic acid solution droplets with relevance for iodine mediated particle formation in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8575–8587, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8575-201210.5194/acp-12-8575-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nagy,~J A., Herzberg,~K T., Masse,~E M., Zientara,~G P., and Dvorak,~H F.: Exchange of macromolecules between plasma and peritoneal cavity in ascites tumor-bearing, normal, and serotonin-injected mice, Cancer Res., 49, 5448–5458, 1989. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nguyen,~T B., Bateman,~A P., Bones,~D L., Nizkorodov,~S A., Laskin,~J., and Laskin,~A.: High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of secondary organic aerosol generated by ozonolysis of isoprene, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1032–1042, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.01910.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.019, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nguyen,~T B., Roach,~P J., Laskin,~J., Laskin,~A., and Nizkorodov,~S A.: Effect of humidity on the composition of isoprene photooxidation secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6931–6944, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6931-201110.5194/acp-11-6931-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Noureddini,~H., Teoh,~B C., and Davis Clements,~L.: Viscosities of vegetable oils and fatty acids,~J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 1189–1191, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF0263767810.1007/BF02637678, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Parsons,~M T., Mak,~J., Lipetz,~S R., and Bertram,~A K.: Deliquescence of malonic, succinic, glutaric, and adipic acid particles,~J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06212, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD00407510.1029/2003JD004075, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Perraud,~V., Bruns,~E A., Ezell,~M J., Johnson,~S N., Yu,~Y., Alexander,~M L., Zelenyuk,~A., Imre,~D., Chang,~W L., Dabdub,~D., Pankow,~J F., and Finlayson-Pitts,~B J.: Nonequilibrium atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation and growth.,~Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 2836–2841, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.111990910910.1073/pnas.1119909109, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pipe,~C J. and McKinley,~G H.: Microfluidic rheometry, Mech. Res. Commun., 36, 110–120, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2008.08.00910.1016/j.mechrescom.2008.08.009,2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pöschl,~U.: Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 7520–7540, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.20050112210.1002/anie.200501122, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pruppacher,~H R. and Beard,~K V.: A~wind tunnel investigation of the internal circulation and shape of water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, Q J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 247–256, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4970964080710.1002/qj.49709640807, 1970. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Reist,~P C.: Introduction to aerosol science, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY, USA, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Reits,~E A. and Neefjes,~J J.: From fixed to FRAP: measuring protein mobility and activity in living cells., Nat. Cell Biol., 3, 145–147, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/3507861510.1038/35078615, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Renbaum,~L H. and Smith,~G D.: The importance of phase in the radical-initiated oxidation of model organic aerosols: reactions of solid and liquid brassidic acid particles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 2441–2451, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b816799k10.1039/b816799k, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rossow,~M J., Sasaki,~J M., Digman,~M A. and Gratton,~E.: Raster image correlation spectroscopy in live cells., Nat. Protoc., 5, 1761–1774, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2010.12210.1038/nprot.2010.122, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rudich,~Y., Donahue,~N M., and Mentel,~T F.: Aging of organic aerosol: Bridging the gap between laboratory and field studies, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 58, 321–352, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.10443210.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104432, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Saukko,~E., Lambe,~A T., Massoli,~P., Koop,~T., Wright,~J P., Croasdale,~D R., Pedernera,~D A., Onasch,~T B., Laaksonen,~A., Davidovits,~P., Worsnop,~D R., and Virtanen,~A.: Humidity-dependent phase state of SOA particles from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7517–7529, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7517-201210.5194/acp-12-7517-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shilling,~J E., Chen,~Q., King,~S M., Rosenoern,~T., Kroll,~J H., Worsnop,~D R., DeCarlo,~P F., Aiken,~A C., Sueper,~D., Jimenez,~J L., and Martin,~S T.: Loading-dependent elemental composition of a-pinene SOA particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 771–782, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-771-200910.5194/acp-9-771-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shiraiwa,~M., Ammann,~M., Koop,~T., and Pöschl,~U.: Gas uptake and chemical aging of semisolid organic aerosol particles.,~Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 11003–11008, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.110304510810.1073/pnas.1103045108, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Silber-Li,~Z H., Tan,~Y P., and Weng,~P F.: A~microtube viscometer with a thermostat, Exp. Fluids, 36, 586–592, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0730-x10.1007/s00348-003-0730-x, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Song,~H., Tice,~J D., and Ismagilov,~R F.: A~microfluidic system for controlling reaction networks in time, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 767–772, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.20039020310.1002/anie.200390203, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spells,~K.: A~study of circulation patterns within liquid drops moving through a liquid, Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 65, 541–546, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/65/7/31010.1088/0370-1301/65/7/310, 1952. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spiller,~D G., Wood,~C D., Rand,~D A., and White,~M R H.: Measurement of single-cell dynamics, Nature, 465, 736–745, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature0923210.1038/nature09232, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Srivastava,~N., Davenport,~R D., and Burns,~M A.: Nanoliter viscometer for analyzing blood plasma and other liquid samples, Anal. Chem., 77, 383–392, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0494681 10.1021/ac0494681, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Srivastava,~N. and Burns,~M A.: Analysis of non-Newtonian liquids using a microfluidic capillary viscometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 1690–1696, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac051804610.1021/ac0518046, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Szakáll,~M., Diehl,~K., Mitra,~S K., and Borrmann,~S.: A~wind tunnel study on the shape, oscillation, and internal circulation of large raindrops with sizes between 2.5 and 7.5 \unitmm,~J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 755–765, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2777.110.1175/2008JAS2777.1, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tuckermann,~R. and Cammenga,~H K.: The surface tension of aqueous solutions of some atmospheric water-soluble organic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6135–6138, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.00510.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.005, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vaden,~T D., Imre,~D., Beránek,~J., Shrivastava,~M., and Zelenyuk,~A.: Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol.,~Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 2190–2195, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101339110810.1073/pnas.1013391108, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Valeri,~D. and Meirelles,~A J A.: Viscosities of fatty acids, triglycerides, and their binary mixtures,~J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1221–1226, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0048-610.1007/s11746-997-0048-6, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Virtanen,~A., Joutsensaari,~J., Koop,~T., Kannosto,~J., Yli-Pirilä,~P., Leskinen,~J., Mäkelä,~J M., Holopainen,~J K., Pöschl,~U., Kulmala,~M., Worsnop,~D R., and Laaksonen,~A.: An amorphous solid state of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles., Nature, 467, 824–827, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature0945510.1038/nature09455, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Walser,~M L., Desyaterik,~Y., Laskin,~J., Laskin,~A., and Nizkorodov,~S A.: High-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of secondary organic aerosol produced by ozonation of limonene, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 1009–1022, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B712620D10.1039/B712620D, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref70">
<label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang,~B., Lambe,~A T., Massoli,~P., Onasch,~T B., Davidovits,~P., Worsnop,~D R., and Knopf,~D A.: The deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing potential of amorphous secondary organic aerosol: pathways for ice and mixed-phase cloud formation,~J. Geophys. Res., 117, D16209, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012jd01806310.1029/2012jd018063, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref71">
<label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> You,~Y., Renbaum-Wolff,~L., Carreras-Sospedra,~M., Hanna,~S J., Hiranuma,~N., Kamal,~S., Smith,~M L., Zhang,~X., Weber,~R J., Shilling,~J E., Dabdub,~D., Martin,~S T., and Bertram,~A K.: Images reveal that atmospheric particles can undergo liquid-liquid phase separations.,~Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 13188–13193, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.120641410910.1073/pnas.1206414109, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref72">
<label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang,~K., Yang,~J., Yu,~X., Zhang,~J., and Wei,~X.: Densities and viscosities for binary mixtures of poly ( ethylene glycol) 400 $+$ dimethyl sulfoxide and poly (ethylene glycol) 600 $+$ water at different temperatures,~J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56, 3083–3088, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je200148u10.1021/je200148u, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref73">
<label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zobrist,~B., Marcolli,~C., Pedernera,~D A., and Koop,~T.: Do atmospheric aerosols form glasses?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5221–5244, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5221-200810.5194/acp-8-5221-2008, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref74">
<label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zobrist,~B., Soonsin,~V., Luo,~B P., Krieger,~U K., Marcolli,~C., Peter,~T., and Koop,~T.: Ultra-slow water diffusion in aqueous sucrose glasses., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 3514–3526, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp01273d10.1039/c0cp01273d, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>