<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-13-411-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Atmospheric inorganic nitrogen input via dry, wet, and sea fog deposition to the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jung</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Furutani</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Uematsu</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yoon</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>13</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>411</fpage>
<lpage>428</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/411/2013/acp-13-411-2013.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/411/2013/acp-13-411-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/411/2013/acp-13-411-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/411/2013/acp-13-411-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Aerosol, rainwater, and sea fog water samples were collected during the
cruise conducted over the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean in the
summer of 2008, in order to estimate dry, wet, and sea fog deposition fluxes
of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N). During sea fog events, mean number
densities of particles with diameters larger than 0.5 μm decreased by
12–78%, suggesting that particles with diameters larger than
0.5 μm could act preferentially as condensation nuclei (CN) for sea fog droplets.
Mean concentrations of nitrate (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt;), methanesulfonic acid (MSA),
and non sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt;) in sea fog water were higher
than those in rainwater, whereas those of ammonium (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) in both
sea fog water and rainwater were similar. These results reveal that sea fog
scavenged NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; and biogenic sulfur species more efficiently than
rain. Mean dry, wet, and sea fog deposition fluxes for atmospheric total
inorganic N (TIN; i.e. NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; + 
NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt;) over the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean were estimated to be
4.9 μmol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, 33 μmol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, and
7.8 μmol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. While 
NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/sup&gt; was the dominant inorganic N
species in dry and sea fog deposition, inorganic N supplied to surface
waters by wet deposition was predominantly by NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;. The
contribution of dry, wet, and sea fog deposition to total deposition flux
for TIN (46 μmol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;) were 11%, 72%, and 17%,
respectively, suggesting that ignoring sea fog deposition would lead to
underestimate of the total influx of atmospheric inorganic N into the
subarctic western North Pacific Ocean, especially in summer periods.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="18"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Aikawa, M., Hiraki, T., Suzuki, M., Tamaki, M., and Kasahara, M.: Separate chemical characterizations of fog water, aerosol, and gas before, during, and after fog events near an industrialized area in Japan, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1950–1959, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Akimoto, H.: Global air quality and pollution, Science, 302, 1716–1719, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1092666doi:10.1126/science.1092666, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ali, K., Momin, G. A., Tiwari, S., Safai, P. D., Chate, D. M., and Rao, P. S. P.: Fog and precipitation chemistry at Delhi, North India, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4215–4222, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Andreae, M. O. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric aerosols: biogeochemical sources and role in atmospheric chemistry, Science, 276, 1052–1058, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5315.1052doi:10.1126/science.276.5315.1052, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001382doi:10.1029/2000GB001382, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Aneja, V. P., Roelle, P. A., Murray, G. C., Southerland, J., Erisman, J. W., Fowler, D., Asman, W. A. H., and Patni, N.: Atmospheric nitrogen compounds II: emissions, transport, transformation, deposition and assessment, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1903–1911, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baker, A. R., Kelly, S. D., Biswas, K. F., Witt, M., and Jickells, T. D.: Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2296, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018518doi:10.1029/2003GL018518, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baker, A. R., Jickells, T. D., Biswas, K. F., Weston, K., and French, M.: Nutrient in atmospheric aerosol particles along the Atlantic Meridional Transect, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 1706–1719, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baker, A. R., Weston, K., Kelly, S. D., Voss, M., Streu, P., and Cape, J. N.: Dry and wet deposition of nutrients from the tropical Atlantic atmosphere: Links to primary productivity and nitrogen fixation, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1704–1720, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baker, A. R., Lesworth, T., Adams, C., Jickells, T. D., and Ganzeveld, L.: Estimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50\textdegree N to 50\textdegree S based on large-scale field sampling: Fixed nitrogen and dry deposition of phosphorus, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB3006, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003634doi:10.1029/2009GB003634, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bardouki, H., Berresheim, H., Vrekoussis, M., Sciare, J., Kouvarakis, G., Oikonomou, K., Schneider, J., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Gaseous (DMS, MSA, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and DMSO) and particulate (sulfate and methanesulfonate) sulfur species over the northeastern coast of Crete, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1871–1886, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1871-2003doi:10.5194/acp-3-1871-2003, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Burkard, R., Eugster, W., Wrzesinsky, T., and Klemm, O.: Vertical divergence of fogwater fluxes above a spruce forest, Atmos. Res., 64, 133–145, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chen, Y. and Siefert, R. L.: Seasonal and spatial distributions and dry deposition fluxes of atmospheric total and labile iron over the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D09305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003958doi:10.1029/2003JD003958, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chiapello, I., Bergametti, G., Chatenet, B., Bousquet, P., Dulac, F., and Soares, E. S.: Origins of African dust transported over the northeastern tropical Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13701–13709, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JD00259doi:10.1029/97JD00259, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cho, Y. -K., Kim, M .-O., and Kim, B.-C.: Sea fog around the Korean Peninsula, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2473–2479, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Collett Jr., J. L., Sherman, D. E., Moore, K. F., Hannigan, M. P., and Lee, T.: Aerosol particle processing and removal by fogs: observations in chemically heterogeneous central California radiation fogs, Water Air Soil Poll. Focus, 1, 303–312, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Collett Jr., J. L., Bator, A., Sherman, D. E., Moore, K. F., Hoag, K. J., Demoz, B. B., Rao, X., and Reilly, J. E.: The chemical composition of fogs and intercepted clouds in the United States, Atmos. Res., 64, 29–40, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Deboudt, K., Flament, P., and Bertho, M. L.: Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in atmospheric wet deposition at a coastal station in Western Europe, Water Air Soil Poll., 151, 335–359, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque, J. F., Bey, I., Eickhout, B., Fiore, A. M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L. W., Krol, M., Kulshrestha, U. C., Lawrence, M., Galy-Lacaux, C., Rast, S., Shindell, D., Stevenson, D., Van Noije, T., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergman, D., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Doherty, R., Ellingsen, K., Galloway, J., Gauss, M., Montanaro, V., Müller, J. F., Pitari, G., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Solmon, F., Strahan, S., Schultz, M., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., and Wild, O.: Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB4003, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672doi:10.1029/2005GB002672, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Duce, R. A., Liss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B. B., Miller, J. M., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., Church, T. M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J. N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T. D., Knap, A. H., Reinhardt, K. H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J. J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., and Zhou, M.: The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 5, 193–259, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Duce, R. A., LaRoche, J., Altieri, K., Arrigo, K. R., Baker, A. R., Capone, D. G., Cornell, S., Dentener, F., Galloway, J., Ganeshram, R. S., Geider, R. J., Jickells, T., Kuypers, M. M., Langlois, R., Liss, P. S., Liu, S. M., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, C. M., Nickovic, S., Oschlies, A., Pedersen, T., Prospero, J., Schlitzer, R., Seitzinger, S., Sorensen, L. L., Uematsu, M., Ulloa, O., Voss, M., Ward, B., and Zamora, L.: Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean, Science, 320, 893–897, doi: 10.1126/science.1150369, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Eugster, W.: Fog research, Die Erde, 139, 1–10, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Elskens, M., Brion, N., Buesseler, K., Van Mooy, B. A. S., Boyd, P., Dehairs, F., Savoye, N., and Baeyens, W.: Primary, new and export production in the NW Pacific subarctic gyre during the vertigo K2 experiments, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 1594–1604, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fahey, K. M., Pandis, S. N., Collett Jr., J. L., and Herckes, P.: The influence of size-dependent droplet composition on pollutant processing by fogs, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4561–4574, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fu, G., Guo, J., Xie, S. -P., Duan, Y., and Zhang, M.: Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea, Atmos. Res., 81, 293–303, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Voeroesmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J. R., Martinelli, L. A., Seitzinger, S. P., and Sutton, M. A.: Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions, Science, 320, 889–892, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1136674doi:10.1126/science.1136674, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gao, Y., Arimoto, R., Zhou, M. Y., Merrill, J. T., and Duce, R. A.: Relationships between the dust concentrations over eastern Asia and the remote North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9867–9872, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92JD00714doi:10.1029/92JD00714, 1992. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gilbert, P. M., Garside, C., Fuhrman, J. A., and Roman, M. R.: Time-dependent coupling of inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake and regeneration in the plume of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its regulation by large heterotrophs, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 895–909, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gioda, A., Reyes-Rodríguez, G. J., Santos-Figueroa, G., Collett Jr., J. L., Decesari, S., Ramos, M. d. C. K. V, Bezerra Netto, H. J. C., de Aquino Neto, F. R., and Mayol-Bracero, O. L.: Speciation of water-soluble inorganic, organic, and total nitrogen in a background marine environment: Cloud water, rainwater, and aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015010doi:10.1029/2010JD015010, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gondwe, M., Krol, M., Gieskes, W., Klaassen, W., and de Baar, H.: The contribution of ocean-leaving DMS to the global atmospheric burdens of DMS, MSA, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and NSS SO$_4^=$, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1056, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001937doi:10.1029/2002GB001937, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Graedel, T. E. and Keene, W. C.: Tropospheric budget of reactive chlorine, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 9, 47–77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94GB03103doi:10.1029/94GB03103, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gultepe, I., Tardif, R., Michaelides, S. C., Cermak, J., Bott, A., Bendix, J., Müller, M. D., Pagowski, M., Hansen, B., Ellrod, G., Jacobs, W., Toth, G., and Cober, S. G.: Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives, Pure Appl. Geophys., 164, 1121–1159, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Herckes, P., Chang, H., Lee, T., and Collett Jr., J. L.: Air pollution processing by radiation fogs, Water Air Soil Poll., 181, 65–75, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jacob, D. J., Waldman, J. M., Munger, W., and Hoffmann, M. R.: A field investigation of physical and chemical mechanisms affecting pollutant concentrations in fog droplets, Tellus B, 36, 272–285, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jickells, T.: Atmospheric inputs of metals and nutrients to the oceans: their magnitude and effects, Mar. Chem., 48, 199–214, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jickells, T.: The role of air-sea exchange in the marine nitrogen cycle, Biogeosciences, 3, 271–280, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jickells, T. D., Kelly, S. D., Baker, A. R., Biswas, K., Dennis, P. F., Spokes, L. J., Witt, M., and Yeatman, S. G.: Isotopic evidence for a marine ammonia source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1374, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016728doi:10.1029/2002GL016728, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jordan, C. E. and Talbot, R. W.: Direct atmospheric deposition of water-soluble nitrogen to the Gulf of Maine, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 1315–1329, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001266doi:10.1029/2000GB001266, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jung, J., Furutani, H., and Uematsu, M.: Atmospheric inorganic nitrogen in marine aerosol and precipitation and its deposition to the North and South Pacific Oceans, J. Atmos. Chem., 68, 157–181, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Galloway, J. N., and Hawley, M. E.: Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6647–6658, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD06p06647doi:10.1029/JD091iD06p06647, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kim, T. -W., Lee, K., Najjar, R. G., Jeong, H.-D., and Jeong, H. J.: Increasing N Abundance in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean Due to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition, Science, 334, 505–509, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206583doi:10.1126/science.1206583, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Klemm, O. and Wrzesinsky, T.: Fog deposition fluxes of water and ions to a mountainous site in Central Europe, Tellus B, 59, 705–714, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Klemm, O., Wrzesinsky, T., and Scheer, C.: Fog water flux at a canopy top: Direct measurement versus one-dimensional model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5375–5386, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Krishnamurthy, A., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Luo, C., and Zender, C. S.: Impacts of atmospheric nutrient inputs on marine biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 115, G01006, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001115doi:10.1029/2009JG001115, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lange, C. A., Matschullat, J., Zimmermann, F., Sterzik, G., and Wienhaus, O.: Fog frequency and chemical composition of fog water – a relevant contribution to atmospheric deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge, Germany, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3731–3739, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Larsen, J., Neal, C., Webley, P., Freymueller, J., Haney, M., McNutt, S., Schneider, D., Prejean, S., Schaefer, J., and Wessels, R.: Eruption of Alaska volcano breaks historic pattern, Eos Trans. AGU, 90, 173, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009EO200001doi:10.1029/2009EO200001, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lewis, J. M., Koračin, D., and Redmond, K. T.: Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States: A historical essay including outlook, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 395–408, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Li, P., Li, X., Yang, C., Wang, X., Chen, J., and Collett Jr., J. L.: Fog water chemistry in Shanghai, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4034–4041, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Loo, B. W. and Cork, C. P.: Development of High Efficiency Virtual Impactors, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 9, 167–176, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lovett, G. M., Reiners, W. A., and Olson, R. K.: Cloud Droplet Deposition in Subalpine Balsam Fir Forests: Hydrological and Chemical Inputs, Science, 218, 1303–1304, 1982. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lu, C., Niu, S., Tang, L., Lv, J., Zhao, L., and Zhu, B.: Chemical composition of fog water in Nanjing area of China and its related fog microphysics, Atmos. Res., 97, 47–69, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lu, Z. and Dzurisin, D.: Ground surface deformation patterns, magma supply, and magma storage at Okmok volcano, Alaska, from InSAR analysis: 2. Coeruptive deflation, July–August 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B00B03, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006970doi:10.1029/2009JB006970, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Matsumoto, K., Tominaga, S., and Igawa, M.: Measurements of atmospheric aerosols with diameters greater than 10 μm and their contribution to fixed nitrogen deposition in coastal urban environment, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6433–6438, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Millet, M., Sanusi, A., and Wortham, H.: Chemical composition of fogwater in an urban area: Strasbourg (France), Environ. Pollut., 94, 345–354, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Minami, Y. and Ishizaka, Y.: Evaluation of chemical composition in fog water near the summit of a high mountain in Japan, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3363–3376, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Moore, K. F., Sherman, D. E., Reilly, J. E., and Collett Jr., J. L.: Drop size-dependent chemical composition in clouds and fogs. Part I. Observations, Atmos. Environ., 38, 1389–1402, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nakamura, T., Matsumoto, K., and Uematsu, M.: Chemical characteristics of aerosols transported from Asia to the East China Sea: an evaluation of anthropogenic combined nitrogen deposition in autumn, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1749–1758, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Paerl, H. W.: Coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: importance of atmospheric deposition and groundwater as &quot;new&quot; nitrogen and other nutrient sources, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1154–1165, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pandis, S. N. and Seinfeld, J. H.: The smog-fog-smog cycle and acid deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18489–18500, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD11p18489doi:10.1029/JD095iD11p18489, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Prospero, J. M., Barrett, K., Church, T., Dentener, F., Duce, R. A., Galloway, J. N., Levy II, H., , Moody, J., and Quinn, P.: Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North Atlantic basin, Biogeochemistry, 35, 27–73, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Quinn, P. K., Charlson, R. J., and Zoller, W. H.: Ammonia, the dominant base in the remote marine troposphere: a review, Tellus B, 39B, 413–425, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Raja, S., Raghunathan, R., Yu, X. -Y., Lee, T., Chen, J., Kommalapati, R. R., Murugesan, K., Shen, X., Yuan, Q., Valsaraj, K. T., and Collett Jr., J. L.: Fog chemistry in the Texas–Louisiana Gulf Coast corridor, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2048–2061, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46, 205–221, 1958. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sasakawa, M. and Uematsu, M.: Chemical composition of aerosol, sea fog, and rainwater in the marine boundary layer of the northwestern North Pacific and its marginal seas, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4783, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001004doi:10.1029/2001JD001004, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sasakawa, M. and Uematsu, M.: Relative contribution of chemical composition to acidification of sea fog (stratus) over the northern North Pacific and its marginal seas, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1357–1362, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sasakawa, M., Ooki, A., and Uematsu, M.: Aerosol size distribution during sea fog and its scavenge process of chemical substances over the northwestern North Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4120, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002329doi:10.1029/2002JD002329, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schmale, J., Schneider, J., Jurkat, T., Voigt, C., Kalesse, H., Rautenhaus, M., Lichtenstern, M., Schlager, H., Ancellet, G., Arnold, F., Gerding, M., Mattis, I., Wendisch, M., and Borrmann, S.: Aerosol layers from the 2008 eruptions of Mount Okmok and Mount Kasatochi: In situ upper troposphere and lower stratosphere measurements of sulfate and organics over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00L07, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013628doi:10.1029/2009JD013628, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref70">
<label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spiegel, J. K., Zieger, P., Bukowiecki, N., Hammer, E., Weingartner, E., and Eugster, W.: Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2237–2260, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012doi:10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref71">
<label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spokes, L. J., Yeatman, S. G., Cornell, S. E., and Jickells, T. D.: Nitrogen deposition to the eastern Atlantic Ocean. The importance of south-easterly flow, Tellus B, 52, 37–49, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref72">
<label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thalmann, E., Burkard, R., Wrzesinsky, T., Eugster, W., and Klemm, O.: Ion fluxes from fog and rain to an agricultural and a forest ecosystem in Europe, Atmos. Res., 64, 147–158, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref73">
<label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tokinaga, H. and Xie, S. -P.: Ocean tidal cooling effect on summer sea fog over the Okhotsk Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D14102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011477doi:10.1029/2008JD011477, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref74">
<label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Uematsu, M., Duce, R. A., Prospero, J. M., Chen, L., Merrill, J. T., and McDonald, R. L.: Transport of mineral aerosol from Asia over the North Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5343–5352, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC09p05343doi:10.1029/JC088iC09p05343, 1983. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref75">
<label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Uematsu, M., Hattori, H., Nakamura, T., Narita, Y., Jung, J., Matsumoto, K., Nakaguchi, Y., and Dileep Kumar, M.: Atmospheric transport and deposition of anthropogenic substances from the Asia to the East China Sea, Mar. Chem., 120, 108–115, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref76">
<label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Uno, I., Uematsu, M., Hara, Y., He, Y. J., Ohara, T., Mori, A., Kamaya, T., Murano, K., Sadanaga, Y., and Bandow, H.: Numerical study of the atmospheric input of anthropogenic total nitrate to the marginal seas in the western North Pacific region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17817, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030338doi:10.1029/2007GL030338, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref77">
<label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wang, B.-H.: Distributions and variations of sea fog in the world, in: Sea Fog, China Ocean Press, Beijing, 51–90, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref78">
<label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wong, C. S., Waser, N. A. D., Nojiri, Y., Whitney, F. A., Page, J. S., and Zeng, J.: Seasonal cycles of nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon at high and mid latitudes in the North Pacific Ocean during the Skaugran cruises: determination of new production and nutrient uptake ratios, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 5317–5338, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref79">
<label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Xie, P. and Arkin, P. A.: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539–2558, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref80">
<label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, Q. and Anastasio, C.: Chemistry of fog waters in California&apos;s Central Valley – Part 3. Concentrations and speciation of organic and inorganic nitrogen, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5629–5643, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref81">
<label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., Ma, W., and Chen, L.: Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen to the eastern China seas and its implications to marine biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012814doi:10.1029/2009JD012814, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>