References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-13-359-2013

Impacts of transported background pollutants on summertime western US air quality: model evaluation, sensitivity analysis and data assimilation

Huang

¹ ⁶ Carmichael

G. R.

¹ Chai

² Pierce

R. B.

³ Oltmans

S. J.

⁴ Jaffe

D. A.

⁵ Bowman

K. W.

⁶ Kaduwela

⁷ Cai

⁷ Spak

S. N.

¹ ⁸ Weinheimer

A. J.

⁹ Huey

L. G.

¹⁰ Diskin

G. S.

¹¹

Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

NOAA/OAR/ARL, College Park, MD 20740, USA

NOAA/NESDIS, Madison, WI 53706, USA

NOAA/ESRL, Boulder, CO 80305, USA

University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA 95812, USA

Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA

School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA

14 01 2013

13 1 359 391

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/359/2013/acp-13-359-2013.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/359/2013/acp-13-359-2013.pdf

The impacts of transported background (TBG) pollutants on western US ozone (O3) distributions in summer 2008 are studied using the multi-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Modeling system. Forward sensitivity simulations show that TBG contributes ~30–35 ppb to the surface Monthly mean Daily maximum 8-h Average O3 (MDA8) over Pacific Southwest (US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 9, including California, Nevada and Arizona) and Pacific Northwest (EPA Region 10, including Washington, Oregon and Idaho), and ~10–17 ppm-h to the secondary standard metric "W126 monthly index" over EPA Region 9 and ~3–4 ppm-h over Region 10. The strongest TBG impacts on W126 occur over the grass/shrub-covered regions. Among TBG pollutants, O3 is the major contributor to surface O3, while peroxyacetyl nitrate is the most important O3 precursor species. W126 shows larger responses than MDA8 to perturbations in TBG and stronger non-linearity to the magnitude of perturbations. The TBG impacts on both metrics overall negatively correlate to model vertical resolution and positively correlate to the horizontal resolution. The mechanisms that determine TBG contributions and their variation are analyzed using trajectories and the receptor-based adjoint sensitivity analysis, which demonstrate the connection between the surface O3 and O3 aloft (at ~1–4 km) 1–2 days earlier. The probabilities of airmasses originating from Mt. Bachelor (2.7 km) and 2.5 km above Trinidad Head (THD) entraining into the boundary layer reach daily maxima of 66% and 34% at ~03:00 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), respectively, and stay above 50% during 09:00 a.m.–04:00 p.m. PDT for those originating 1.5 km above California's South Coast. Assimilation of the surface in-situ measurements significantly reduced the errors in the modeled surface O3 during a long-range transport episode by ~5 ppb on average (up to ~17 ppb) and increased the estimated TBG contributions by ~3 ppb. Available O3 vertical profiles from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and THD sonde identified this transport event, but assimilation of these observations in this case did not efficiently improve the O3 distributions except near the sampling locations, due to their limited spatiotemporal resolution and/or possible uncertainties.

References 1

Adhikary, B., Carmichael, G. R., Kulkarni, S., Wei, C., Tang, Y., D'Allura, A., Mena-Carrasco, M., Streets, D. G., Zhang, Q., Pierce, R. B., Al-Saadi, J. A., Emmons, L. K., Pfister, G. G., Avery, M. A., Barrick, J. D., Blake, D. R., Brune, W. H., Cohen, R. C., Dibb, J. E., Fried, A., Heikes, B. G., Huey, L. G., O'Sullivan, D. W., Sachse, G. W., Shetter, R. E., Singh, H. B., Campos, T. L., Cantrell, C. A., Flocke, F. M., Dunlea, E. J., Jimenez, J. L., Weinheimer, A. J., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Schauer, J. J., Stone, E. A., Jaffe, D. A., and Reidmiller, D. R.: A regional scale modeling analysis of aerosol and trace gas distributions over the eastern Pacific during the INTEX-B field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2091–2115, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2091-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-2091-2010, 2010.

Alvarado, M. J., Logan, J. A., Mao, J., Apel, E., Riemer, D., Blake, D., Cohen, R. C., Min, K.-E., Perring, A. E., Browne, E. C., Wooldridge, P. J., Diskin, G. S., Sachse, G. W., Fuelberg, H., Sessions, W. R., Harrigan, D. L., Huey, G., Liao, J., Case-Hanks, A., Jimenez, J. L., Cubison, M. J., Vay, S. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Flocke, F. M., Pollack, I. B., Wennberg, P. O., Kurten, A., Crounse, J., Clair, J. M. St., Wisthaler, A., Mikoviny, T., Yantosca, R. M., Carouge, C. C., and Le Sager, P.: Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9739–9760, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9739-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9739-2010, 2010.

Ambrose, J., Reidmiller, D., and Jaffe, D.: Causes of high O3 in the lower free troposphere over the Pacific Northwest as seen at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5302–5315, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.056doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.056, 2011.

Beer, R.: TES on the Aura Mission: Scientific Objectives, Measurements, and Analysis Overview, IEEE Geosci. Remote S., 44, 1102–1105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.863716doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.863716, 2006.

Bertschi, I. B., Jaffe, D. A., Jaegle, L., Price, H. U., and Dennison, J. B.: PHOBEA/ITCT 2002 airborne observations of trans-Pacific transport of ozone, CO, VOCs and aerosols to the northeast Pacific: Impacts of Asian anthropogenic and Siberian Boreal fire emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004328doi:10.1029/2003JD004328, 2004.

Bouttier, F. and Courtier, P.: Data assimilation concepts and methods, http://www.ecmwf.int/newsevents/training/rcourse_ notes/DATA_ ASSIMILATION/ASSIM_ CONCEPTS/Assim_ concepts.html, 1999.

Bowman, K. W., Rodgers, C. D., Kulawik, S. S., Worden, J., Sarkissian, E., Osterman, G., Steck, T., Ming Lou, Eldering, A., Shephard, M., Worden, H., Lampel, M., Clough, S., Brown, P., Rinsland, C., Gunson, M., and Beer, R., Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer: Retrieval method and error analysis, IEEE Trans Geosci Rem Sens., 4, 1297–1307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.871234doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.871234, 2006.

Boxe, C. S., Worden, J. R., Bowman, K. W., Kulawik, S. S., Neu, J. L., Ford, W. C., Osterman, G. B., Herman, R. L., Eldering, A., Tarasick, D. W., Thompson, A. M., Doughty, D. C., Hoffmann, M. R., and Oltmans, S. J.: Validation of northern latitude Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer stare ozone profiles with ARC-IONS sondes during ARCTAS: sensitivity, bias and error \mboxanalysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9901–9914, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9901-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9901-2010, 2010.

Boylan, J. W. and Russell, A. G.: PM and light extinction model performance metrics, goals, and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4946–4959, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.087doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.087, 2006.

Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Kurata, G., Uno, I., Streets, D. G., Thongboonchoo, N., Woo, J. H., Guttikunda, S., White, A., Wang, T., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E., Fried, A., Potter, B., Avery, M. A., Sachse, G. W., Sandholm, S. T., Kondo, Y., Talbot, R. W., Bandy, A., Thorton, D., and Clarke, A. D.: Evaluating regional emission estimates using the TRACE-P observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003116doi:10.1029/2002JD003116, 2003a.

Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Kurata, G., Uno, I., Streets, D., Woo, J. H., Huang, H., Yienger, J., Lefer, B., Shetter, R., Blake, D., Atlas, E., Fried, A., Apel, E., Eisele, F., Cantrell, C., Avery, M., Barrick, J., Sachse, G., Brune, W., Sandholm, S., Kondo, Y., Singh, H., Talbot, R., Bandy, A., Thorton, D., Clarke, A., and Heikes, B.: Regional-scale chemical transport modeling in support of the analysis of observations obtained during the TRACE-P experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8823, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003117doi:10.1029/2002JD003117, 2003b.

Carmichael, G. R., Sandu, A., Chai, T., Daescu, D. N., Constantinescu, E. M., and Tang, Y.: Predicting air quality: Improvements through advanced methods to integrate models and measurements, J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3540–3571, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.024doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.024, 2008.

Carter, W. P. L.: Documentation of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism for VOC Reactivity Assessment, final report to California Air Resources Board, Contract No. 92–329 and 95–308, 2000.

Chai, T., Carmichael, G. R., Sandu, A., Tang, Y., and Daescu, D.N.: Chemical data assimilation of Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005883doi:10.1029/2005JD005883, 2006.

Chai, T., Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Sandu, A., Hardesty, M., Pilewskie, P., Whitlow, S., Browell, E. V., Avery, M. A., Nedelec, P., Merrill, J. T., Thompson, A. M., and Williams, E.: Four Dimensional Data Assimilation Experiments with ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation) Ozone Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007763doi:10.1029/2006JD007763, 2007.

Chai, T., Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Sandu, A., Heckel, A., Richter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Regional NOx emission inversion through a four-dimensional variational approach using SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 column observations, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5046–5055, 2009.

Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS): A Geostationary Satellite Constellation for Observing Global Air Quality: An International Path Forward, http://www.ceos.org/images/ACC/AC_ Geo_ Position_ Paper_ v4.pdf, 2011.

Cooper, O. R.,~Trainer,~M., Thompson,~A.M., Oltmans,~S. J., Tarasick, D.W., ~Witte,~J.C., Stohl, A.,~Eckhardt, S., ~Lelieveld, J., Newchurch,~M.J., Johnson,~B. J., Portmann,~R. W., Kalnajs, L.,~Dubey,~M.K., Leblanc,~T., McDermid, I.S., ~Forbes,~G., Wolfe,~D. E., Carey-Smith,~T., Morris,~G.A., Lefer,~B., Rappenglück,~B., Joseph,~E., Schmidlin,~F., Meagher,~J. F., Fehsenfeld,~F. C., Keating,~T.J., Van Curen, R.A., and~Minschwaner, K.: Evidence for a recurring eastern North America upper tropospheric ozone maximum during summer, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008710doi:10.1029/2007JD008710, 2007.

Cooper, O. R., Parrish, D. D., Stohl, A., Trainer, M., Nedelec, P., Thouret, V., Cammas, J. P., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Tarasick, D., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Jaffe, D., Gao, R., Stith, J., Ryerson, T., Aikin, K., and Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., and Avery, M. A.: Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America, Nature, 463, 344–348, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08708doi:10.1038/nature08708, 2010.

Cooper, O. R., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Brioude, J., Angevine, W., Trainer, M., Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. R., Pollack, I., Cullis, P. D., Ives, M. A., Tarasick, D. W., Al-Saadi, J., and Stajner, I.: Measurement of western U.S. baseline ozone from the surface to the tropopause and assessment of downwind impact regions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00V03, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016095doi:10.1029/2011JD016095, 2011.

Cooper, O. R., Gao, R. S., Tarasick, D. W., Leblanc, T., and Sweeney, C.: Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990–2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D22307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018261doi:10.1029/2012JD018261, 2012.

Davies, D. K., Ilavajhala, S., Wong, M. M., and Justice, C. O.: Fire Information for Resource Management System: Archiving and Distributing MODIS Active Fire Data, IEEE Trans Geosci Rem Sens., 47, 72–79, 2009.

Fischer, E. V., Jaffe, D. A., Reidmiller, D. R., and Jaegle, L.: Meteorological controls on observed peroxyacetyl nitrate at Mount Bachelor during the spring of 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012776doi:10.1029/2009JD012776, 2010.

Fischer, E. V., Jaffe, D. A., and Weatherhead, E. C.: Free tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone at Mount Bachelor: potential causes of variability and timescale for trend detection, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5641–5654, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5641-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-5641-2011, 2011.

Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., Cuvelier, C., Schultz, M. G., Hess, P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., Doherty, R. M., Horowitz, L.W., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Stevenson, D. S., Szopa, S., Van Dingenen, R., Zeng, G., Atherton, C., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Carmichael, G., Collins, W. J., Duncan, B. N., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hauglustaine, D., Holloway, T., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jacob, D. J., Jonson, J. E., Kaminski, J. W., Keating, T. J., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Montanaro, V., Park, R. J., Pitari, G., Pringle, K. J., Pyle, J. A., Schroeder, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wind, P., Wojcik, G., Wu, S., and Zuber, A.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010816doi:10.1029/2008JD010816, 2009.

%Freitas,~S R., Longo,~K M., Alonso,~M F., Pirre,~M., Marecal,~V., %Grell,~G., Stockler,~R., Mello,~R F., and Sánchez~Gácita,~M.: %PREP-CHEM-SRC – 1.0: a preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission %fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models, Geoscientific %Model Development, 4, 419-433, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011doi:10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011, 2011. Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Alonso, M. F., Pirre, M., Marecal, V., Grell, G., Stockler, R., Mello, R. F., and Sánchez Gácita, M.: PREP-CHEM-SRC – 1.0: a preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 419–433, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011doi:10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011, 2011.

Fu, D., Worden, J. R., Liu, X., Kulawik, S. S., Bowman, K. W., and Natraj, V.: Characterization of ozone profiles derived from Aura TES and OMI Radiances, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 27589–27636, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-27589-2012doi:10.5194/acpd-12-27589-2012, 2012.

Fuelberg, H. E., Harrigan, D. L., and Sessions, W.: A meteorological overview of the ARCTAS 2008 mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 817–842, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-817-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-817-2010, 2010.

Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C. O., and Kaufman, Y. J.: An Enhanced Contextual Fire Detection Algorithm for MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 87, 273–282, 2003.

Hakami, A., Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., Chai, T., Tang, Y., Carmichael, G. R., and Sandu, A.: Adjoint Inverse Modeling of Black Carbon During ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005671doi:10.1029/2004JD005671, 2005.

Hakami, A., Seinfeld, J. H., Chai, T. F., Tang, Y. H., Carmichael, G. R., and Sandu, A: Adjoint sensitivity analysis of ozone nonattainment over the continental United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3855–3864, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052135gdoi:10.1021/es052135g, 2006.

Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., and Shindell, D. T.: Inverse modeling and mapping US air quality influences of inorganic PM2.5 precursor emissions using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5877–5903, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5877-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5877-2009, 2009.

Huang, M., Carmichael, G. R., Adhikary, B., Spak, S. N., Kulkarni, S., Cheng, Y. F., Wei, C., Tang, Y., Parrish, D. D., Oltmans, S. J., D'Allura, A., Kaduwela, A., Cai, C., Weinheimer, A. J., Wong, M., Pierce, R. B., Al-Saadi, J. A., Streets, D. G., and Zhang, Q.: Impacts of transported background ozone on California air quality during the ARCTAS-CARB period – a multi-scale modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6947–6968, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6947-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-6947-2010, 2010a.

Huang, M., Carmichael, G. R., Spak, S., Adhikary, B., Kulkarni, S., Cheng, Y., Wei, C., Tang, Y., Parrish, D. D., Oltmans, S. J., D'Allura, A., Wennberg, P. O., Huey, L. G., Dibb, J. E., Jimenez, J. L., Weinheimer, A. J., Kaduwela, A., Cai, C., Wong, M., Pierce, R., Al-Saadi, J. A., Streets, D. G., and Zhang, Q.: Impacts of long-range transport and local emissions on California near-surface ozone and sulfur oxides during the ARCTAS period–A multi-scale modeling study, AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, December, 2010b.

Huang, M., Carmichael, G. R., Spak, S. N., Adhikary, B., Kulkarni, S., Cheng, Y., Wei, C., Tang, Y., D'Allura, A., Wennberg, P. O., Huey, G. L., Dibb, J. E., Jimenez, J. L., Cubison, M. J., Weinheimer, A. J., Kaduwela, A., Cai, C., Wong, M., Bradley Pierce, R., Al-Saadi, J. A., Streets, D. G., and Zhang, Q.: Multi-scale modeling study of the source contributions to near-surface ozone and sulfur oxides levels over California during the ARCTAS-CARB period, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3173–3194, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3173-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-3173-2011, 2011.

Huang, M., Carmichael,~G R., Kulkarni, S., Streets, D. G., Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., Pierce, R. B., Kondo, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Cubison, M. J., Anderson, B., and Wisthaler, A.: Sectoral and geographical contributions to summertime continental United States (CONUS) black carbon spatial distributions, Atmos. Environ., 51, 165–174, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.021doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.021, 2012.

Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Maring, H., Clarke, A. D., Dibb, J. E., Emmons, L. K., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Russell, P. B., Singh, H. B., Thompson, A. M., Shaw, G. E., McCauley, E., Pederson, J. R., and Fisher, J. A.: The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191–5212, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010, 2010.

Jaffe, D., Bertschi, I., Jaegle, L., Novelli, P., Reid, J. S., Tanimoto, H., Vingarzan, R.., and Westphal, D. L.: Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions and impact on surface ozone in western North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16106, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020093doi:10.1029/2004GL020093, 2004.

Kopacz, M., Mauzerall, D. L., Wang, J., Leibensperger, E. M., Henze, D. K., and Singh, K.: Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2837–2852, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2837-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-2837-2011, 2011.

Kroon, M., de Haan, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., Froidevaux, L., Wang, R., Kivi, R., and Hakkarainen, J. J.: Validation of operational ozone profiles from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015100doi:10.1029/2010JD015100, 2011.

Langford, A. O., Brioude, J., Cooper, O.R., Senff, C.J., Alvarez II, R.J., Hardesty, R.M., Johnson, B.J., and Oltmans, S.J.: Stratospheric influence on surface ozone in the Los Angeles area during late spring and early summer of 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V06, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016766doi:10.1029/2011JD016766, 2011.

%Lathière,~J., Hauglustaine,~D A., Friend,~A D., %De~Noblet-Ducoudré,~N., Viovy,~N., and Folberth,~G A.: Impact of %climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic %compound emissions, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 2129-2146, doi: %10.5194/acp-6-2129-2006, 2006. Lathière, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Friend, A. D., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Viovy, N., and Folberth, G. A.: Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2129–2146, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2129-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-2129-2006, 2006.

Lin, M., Holloway, T., Carmichael, G. R., and Fiore, A. M.: Quantifying pollution inflow and outflow over East Asia in spring with regional and global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4221–4239, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4221-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4221-2010, 2010.

Lin, M., A. M. Fiore, L. W. Horowitz, O. R. Cooper, V. Naik, J. Holloway, B. J. Johnson, A. Middlebrook, S. J. Oltmans, I. B. Pollack, T. B. Ryerson, J. X. Warner, C. Wiedinmyer, J. Wilson, B. Wyman: Transport of Asian ozone pollution into surface air over the western United States in spring, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V07, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016961doi:10.1029/2011JD016961, 2012a.

Lin, M., Fiore, A., Cooper, O. R. R., Horowitz, L. W., Langford, A. O. O., Levy II, H., Johnson, B. J., Naik, V., Oltmans, S. J., and Senff, C. J.: Springtime high surface ozone events over the western United States: Quantifying the role of stratospheric intrusions, J. Geophys. Res.,~117, D00V22, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018151doi:10.1029/2012JD018151, 2012b.

Liu, G., Tarasick, D. W., Fioletov, V. E., Sioris, C. E., and Rochon, Y. J.: Ozone correlation lengths and measurement uncertainties from analysis of historical ozonesonde data in North America and Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010576doi:10.1029/2008JD010576, 2009.

Madronich, S., Flocke, S., Zeng, J., Petropavlovskikh, I., and Lee-Taylor, J.: The Tropospheric Ultra-violet Visible (TUV) model Manual, http://www.acd.ucar.edu/, 2002.

McKeen, S., Grell, G., Peckham, S., Wilczak, J., Djalalova, I., Hsie, E.-Y., Frost, G., Peischl, J., Schwarz, J., Spackman, R., Holloway, J., de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Gong, W., Bouchet, V., Gaudreault, S., Racine, J., McHenry, J., McQueen, J., Lee, P., Tang, Y., Carmichael, G. R., and Mathur, R.: An evaluation of real-time air quality forecasts and their urban emissions over eastern Texas during the summer of 2006 Second Texas Air Quality Study field study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011697doi:10.1029/2008JD011697, 2009.

Mena-Carrasco, M.,~Tang, Y.,~Carmichael,~G.R., Chai,~T., Thongbongchoo,~N., Campbell,~J.E., Kulkarni, S., ~Horowitz, L., Vukovich,~J., Avery,~M., Brune,~W., Dibb,~J.E., Emmons,~L., Flocke,~F., Sachse,~G.W., Tan,~D., Shetter, R., Talbot,~R.W., Streets,~D.G., Frost, G. J.,~and~Blake, D.: Improving regional ozone modeling through systematic evaluation of errors using the aircraft observations during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007762doi:10.1029/2006JD007762, 2007.

Mesinger, F., DiMego, G., Kalnay, E., Mitchell, K., Shafran, P. C., Ebisuzaki, W., Jovic, D., Woollen, J., Rogers, E., Berbery, E. H., Ek, M. B., Fan, Y., Grumbine, R., Higgins, W., Li, H., Lin, Y., Manikin, G., Parrish, D. and Shi, W.: North American Regional Reanalysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 343–360, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343doi:10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343, 2006.

Moody,~J L., Felker,~S R., Wimmers,~A J., Osterman,~G., Bowman,~K., Thompson,~A M., and Tarasick,~D W.: A multi-sensor upper tropospheric ozone product (MUTOP) based on TES ozone and GOES water vapor: validation with ozonesondes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5661–5676, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5661-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-5661-2012, 2012.

National Research Council (NRC), global sources of local pollution-An Assessment of Long-Range Transport of Key Air Pollutants to and from the United States, 35–66, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_ id = 12743&page=35, 2009.

Nassar, R., Logan, J. A., Worden, H. M., Megretskaia, I. A., Bowman, K. W., Osterman, G. B., Thompson, A. M., Tarasick, D. W., Austin, S., Claude, H., Dubey, M. K., Hocking, W. K., Johnson, B. J., Joseph, E., Merrill, J., Morris, G., Newchurch, M., Oltmans, S.J., Posny, F., Schmidlin, F. J., Vömel, H., Whiteman, D. N., and Witte, J. C.: Validation of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) Nadir Ozone Profiles Using Ozonesonde Measurements,~J. Geophys. Res.,~113, D15S17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008819doi:10.1029/2007JD008819,~2008.

Newman, S., Jeong, S., Fischer, M. L., Xu, X., Haman, C. L., Lefer, B., Alvarez, S., Rappenglueck, B., Kort, E. A., Andrews, A. E., Peischl, J., Gurney, K. R., Miller, C. E., and Yung, Y. L.: Diurnal tracking of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the Los Angeles basin megacity during spring, 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 5771–5801, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-5771-2012doi:10.5194/acpd-12-5771-2012, 2012.

Oltmans, S. J., Lefohn, A. S., Harris, J. M., and Shadwick, D. S.: Background ozone levels of air entering the west coast of the U.S. and assessment of longer-term changes, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6020–6038, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.034doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.034, 2008.

Parrish, D. D., Millet, D. B., and Goldstein, A. H.: Increasing ozone in marine boundary layer inflow at the west coasts of North America and Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1303–1323, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1303-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1303-2009, 2009.

Parrish, D. D., Aikin, K. C., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Ives, M., and Sweeny, C.: Impact of transported background ozone inflow on summertime air quality in a California ozone exceedance area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10093–10109, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10093-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10093-2010, 2010.

Pfister, G., Thompson, A. M., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., and Yorks, Y. E.: Analysis of the Summer 2004 Ozone Budget over the U.S. using IONS observations and MOZART-4 simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010190doi:10.1029/2008JD010190, 2008.

Pfister, G. G., Parrish, D. D., Worden, H., Emmons, L. K., Edwards, D. P., Wiedinmyer, C., Diskin, G. S., Huey, G., Oltmans, S. J., Thouret, V., Weinheimer, A., and Wisthaler, A.: Characterizing summertime chemical boundary conditions for airmasses entering the US West Coast, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1769–1790, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1769-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1769-2011, 2011a.

Pfister, G. G., Avise, J., Wiedinmyer, C., Edwards, D. P., Emmons, L. K., Diskin, G. D., Podolske, J., and Wisthaler, A.: CO source contribution analysis for California during ARCTAS-CARB, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7515–7532, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011, 2011b.

Pierce, R. B., Schaack, T., Al-Saadi, J. A., Fairlie, T. D., Kittaka, C., Lingenfelser, G., Natarajan, M., Olson, J., Soja, A., Zapotocny, T., Lenzen, A., Stobie, J., Johnson, D., Avery, M. A., Sachse, G. W., Thompson, A., Cohen, R., Dibb, J. E., Crawford, J., Rault, D., Martin, R., Szykman, J., and Fishman, J.: Chemical data assimilation estimates of continental U.S. ozone and nitrogen budgets during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007722doi:10.1029/2006JD007722, 2007.

Platnick, S., King, M.D., Ackerman, S.A., Menzel, W.P., Baum, B.A., Riedi, J.C., Frey, R.A.: The MODIS cloud products: algorithms and examples from Terra,~IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 41, 459–473, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301, 2003.

Richards, N. A. D., Osterman, G. B., Browell, E. V., Hair, J. W., Avery, M., and Li, Q.: Validation of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer ozone profiles with aircraft observations during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–B,~J. Geophys. Res.,~113, D16S29, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008815doi:10.1029/2007JD008815, 2008.

Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practise, World Scientific, 2000.

%Russell,~A R., Perring,~A E., Valin,~L C., Bucsela,~E J., Browne,~E C., %Wooldridge,~P J., and Cohen,~R C.: A high spatial resolution retrieval of %NO2~column densities from OMI: method and evaluation, Atmospheric %Chemistry and Physics, 11, 8543-8554, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8543-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-8543-2011, 2011 Russell, A. R., Perring, A. E., Valin, L. C., Bucsela, E. J., Browne, E. C., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: A high spatial resolution retrieval of NO2 column densities from OMI: method and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8543–8554, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8543-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-8543-2011, 2011.

Saide, P. E.,~Carmichael,~G. R., Spak,~S. N., Gallardo,~L., Osses,~A. E., Mena-Carrasco, M. A.,~and~Pagowski, M.: Forecasting urban PM10 and PM2.5 pollution episodes in very stable nocturnal conditions and complex terrain using WRF-Chem CO tracer model,~Atmos. Environ.,~45, 2769–2780, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.001doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.001, 2011.

Sandu, A. and Chai, T.F.: Chemical Data Assimilation an Overview, Atmosphere, 2, 426–463, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos2030426doi:10.3390/atmos2030426, 2011.

Sandu, A., Daescu, D. N., Carmichael, G. R., and Chai, T.: Adjoint sensitivity analysis of regional air quality models, J. Comput. Phys., 204, 222–252, 2005.

Shindell, D. T., Faluvegi, G., Stevenson, D. S., Krol, M. C., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J.-F., Petron, G., Dentener, F. J., Ellingsen, K., Schultz, M. G., Wild, O., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Drevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Lawrence, M. G., Montanaro, V., Mueller, J.-F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S.,~Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., Unger, N., van Noije, T. P. C., Zeng, G.:~Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes,~J. Geophys. Res.,~111, D19306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007100doi:10.1029/2006JD007100, 2006.

Singh, K., Sandu, A., Bowman, K. W., Parrington, M., Jones, D. B. A., and Lee, M.: Ozone data assimilation with GEOS-Chem: a comparison between 3-D-Var, 4-D-Var, and suboptimal Kalman filter approaches, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 22247–22300, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-22247-2011doi:10.5194/acpd-11-22247-2011, 2011.

Singh, H. B., Cai, C., Kaduwela, A., Weinheimer, A., and Wisthaler, A.: Interactions of fire emissions and urban pollution over California: Ozone formation and air quality simulations, Atmos. Environ., 56, 45–51, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.046doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.046, 2012.

Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Barker, D., M., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3, http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf, 2008.

Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K.,Van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bell, N., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Drevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A., Gauss, M. A., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Krol, M. C., Lamarque, J. F., Lawrence, M. G., Montanero, V., Müller, J. F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D. T., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., and Szopa, S.: Multi-model ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006338doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.

Stith, J. L., Ramanathan, V., Cooper, W. A., Roberts, G. C., DeMott, P. J., Carmichael, G. R., Hatch, C. D., Adhikary, B., Twohy, C. H., Rogers, D. C., Baumgardner, D., Prenni, A. J., Campos, T., Gao, R., Anderson, J., and Feng, Y.: An overview of aircraft observations from the Pacific dust experiment campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05207, ~http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010924doi:10.1029/2008JD010924, 2009.

Tang, Y. H., Carmichael, G. R., Woo, J. H., Thongboonchoo, N., Kurata, G., Uno, I., Streets, D. G., Blake, D. R., Weber, R. J., Talbot, R. W., Kondo, Y., Singh, H. B., and Wang, T.: Influences of biomass burning during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiment identified by the regional chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8824, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003110doi:10.1029/2002JD003110, 2003.

Tang, Y., Carmichael, G., Horowitz, L., Uno, I., Woo, J.-H., Streets, D., Dabdub, D., Kurata, G., Sandu, A., Allan, J., Atlas, E., Flocke, F., Huey, L., Jakoubek, R., Millet, D., Quinn, P., Roberts, J., Worsnop, D., Goldstein, A., Donnelly, S., Schauffler, S., Stroud, V., Johnson, K., Avery, M., Singh, H., Apel, E.: Multiscale simulations of tropospheric chemistry in the eastern Pacific and on the U.S. West Coast during spring 2002, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004513doi:10.1029/2004JD004513, 2004.

Tang, Y. H., Carmichael, G. R., Thongboonchoo, N., Chai, T. F., Horowitz, L. W., Pierce, R. B., Al-Saadi, J. A., Pfister, G., Vukovich, J. M., Avery, M. A., Sachse, G. W., Ryerson, T. B., Holloway, J. S., Atlas, E. L., Flocke, F. M., Weber, R. J., Huey, L. G., Dibb, J. E., Streets, D. G., and Brune, W. H.: Influence of lateral and top boundary conditions on regional air quality prediction: a multiscale study coupling regional and global chemical transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S18, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007515doi:10.1029/2006JD007515, 2007.

Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP), 2010 Final Assessment report, Part A: Ozone and particulate matter, http://htap.org/publications/assessment_reports.htm, 2010.

TES L2 data user's guide, Version 5.0, http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/PRODOCS/tes/UsersGuide/TES_L2_ Data_Users_Guide.pdf, 2011.

The White House Office of the Press Secretary: Statement by the President on the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/02/statement-president-ozone-national-ambient-air-quality-standards, Sep. 2, 2011.

Thompson, A. M., Oltmans, S. J., Tarasick, D. W., von der Gathen, P., Smit, H. G., and Witte, J. C.: Strategic ozone sounding networks: Review of design and accomplishments, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2145–2163, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.002doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.002, 2011.

US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA): Fact Sheet: Proposal to revise the national ambient air quality standards for ozone, http://www.epa.gov/air/ozonepollution/pdfs/fs20100106std.pdf, 2010

Veefkind, J. P.: Validation Status of the OMI Ozone Profile Product OMO3PR, Issue 1.5, June 2009.

Walker, T. W., Martin, R. V., van Donkelaar, A., Leaitch, W. R., MacDonald, A. M., Anlauf, K. G., Cohen, R. C., Bertram, T. H., Huey, L. G., Avery, M. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Flocke, F. M., Tarasick, D. W., Thompson, A. M., Streets, D. G., and Liu, X.: Trans-Pacific transport of reactive nitrogen and ozone to Canada during spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8353–8372, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8353-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-8353-2010, 2010.

Wang, L., Newchurch, M. J., Biazar, A., Liu, X., Kuang, S., Khan, M., Chance, K.: Evaluating AURA/OMI ozone profiles using ozonesonde data and EPA surface measurements for August 2006,~Atmos. Environ., 45, 5523–5530, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.012doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.012, 2011.

Weiss-Penzias, P., Jaffe, D. A., Swartzendruber, P., Hafner, W., Chand, D., and Prestbo, E.: Quantifying Asian biomass burning sources of mercury using the Hg/CO ratio in pollution plumes observed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4366–4379, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.058doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.058, 2007.

Wigder, N. L., Jaffe, D. A., Herron-Thorpe, F. L., and Vaughan, J. K.: Influence of Daily Variations in Baseline Ozone on Urban Air Quality in the United States Pacific Northwest, J. Geophys. Res., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018738doi:10.1029/2012JD018738, in press, 2012.

Wild, O. and Prather,~M. J.: Global tropospheric ozone modelling: Quantifying errors due to grid resolution,~J. Geophys. Res.,~111, D11305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006605doi:10.1029/2005JD006605,~2006.

Wild, O., Fiore, A. M., Shindell, D. T., Doherty, R. M., Collins, W. J., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Gong, S., MacKenzie, I. A., Zeng, G., Hess, P., Duncan, B. N., Bergmann, D. J., Szopa, S., Jonson, J. E., Keating, T. J., and Zuber, A.: Modelling future changes in surface ozone: a parameterized approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2037–2054, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2037-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-2037-2012, 2012.

Worden, J., Liu, X., Bowman, K., Chance, K., Beer, R., Eldering, A., Gunson, M., and Worden, H.: Improved tropospheric ozone profile retrievals using OMI and TES radiances, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027806doi:10.1029/2006GL027806, 2007.

Wu, L., Mallet, V., Bocquet, M., and Sportisse, B.: A comparison study of data assimilation algorithms for ozone forecasts,~J. Geophys. Res.,~113, D20310, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009991doi:10.1029/2008JD009991, 2008.

Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Boersma, K. F., Jaffe, D. A., Olson, J. R., Bowman, K. W., Worden, J. R., Thompson, A. M., Avery, M. A., Cohen, R. C., Dibb, J. E., Flock, F. M., Fuelberg, H. E., Huey, L. G., McMillan, W. W., Singh, H. B., and Weinheimer, A. J.: Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6117–6136, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6117-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-6117-2008, 2008.

Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Kopacz, M., Henze, D. K., Singh, K., and Jaffe, D. A.: Intercontinental source attribution of ozone pollution at western U.S. sites using an adjoint method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L11810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037950doi:10.1029/2009GL037950, 2009.

Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Downey, N. V., Wood, D. A., D. Blewitt, Carouge, C. C., van Donkelaar, A., Jones, D.B.A., Murray, L. T., Wang, Y.: Improved estimate of the policy-relevant background ozone in the United States using the GEOS-Chem global model with 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution over North America, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6769–6776, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.054doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.054, 2011.

Zhu, C., Byrd, R. H., Lu, P., and Nocedal, J.: L-BFGS-B–fortran routines for large scale bound constrained optimization, ACM T. Math. Software, 23, 550–560, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/279232.279236doi:10.1145/279232.279236, 1997.

Zoogman, P., Jacob, D.J., Chance, K., Zhang, L., Le Sager, P., Fiore, A.M., Eldering, A., Liu, X., Natraj, V., and Kulawik, S.S.:~Ozone Air Quality Measurement Requirements for a Geostationary Satellite Mission,~Atmos. Environ., 45, 7143–7150, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.058doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.058, 2011.