ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-13-1999-2013 Modeling a typical winter-time dust event over the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea Kalenderski S. 1 Stenchikov G. 1 Zhao C. 2 Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA 20 02 2013 13 4 1999 2014 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/1999/2013/acp-13-1999-2013.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/1999/2013/acp-13-1999-2013.pdf

We used WRF-Chem, a regional meteorological model coupled with an aerosol-chemistry component, to simulate various aspects of the dust phenomena over the Arabian Peninsula and Red Sea during a typical winter-time dust event that occurred in January 2009. The model predicted that the total amount of emitted dust was 18.3 Tg for the entire dust outburst period and that the two maximum daily rates were ~2.4 Tg day<sup>−1</sup> and ~1.5 Tg day<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to two periods with the highest aerosol optical depth that were well captured by ground- and satellite-based observations. The model predicted that the dust plume was thick, extensive, and mixed in a deep boundary layer at an altitude of 3–4 km. Its spatial distribution was modeled to be consistent with typical spatial patterns of dust emissions. We utilized MODIS-Aqua and Solar Village AERONET measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) to evaluate the radiative impact of aerosols. Our results clearly indicated that the presence of dust particles in the atmosphere caused a significant reduction in the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface during the dust event. We also found that dust aerosols have significant impact on the energy and nutrient balances of the Red Sea. Our results showed that the simulated cooling under the dust plume reached 100 W m<sup>−2</sup>, which could have profound effects on both the sea surface temperature and circulation. Further analysis of dust generation and its spatial and temporal variability is extremely important for future projections and for better understanding of the climate and ecological history of the Red Sea.

 References Acker, J., Leptoukh, G., Shen, S., Zhu, T., and Kempler, S.: Remotely-sensed chlorophyll a observations of the northern Red Sea indicate seasonal variability and influence of coastal reefs, J. Mar. Sys., 69, 191–204, 2008. Ackermann, F. A. and Chung, H.: Radiative effects of airborne dust and regional energy budget at the top of the atmosphere, J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 223–236, 1992. Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Memmesheimer, M., Ebel, A., Binkowski, F. S., and Shankar, U.: Modal aerosol dynamics model for Europe: Development and first applications, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2981–2999, 1998. Avila, A., Queralt-Mitjans, I., and Alarcon, M.: Mineralogical composition of African dust delivered by red rains over northeastern Spain, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21977–21996, 1997. Bagnold, R. A.: The physics of Blown sand and Desert Dunes, Methuen, New York, 10, 265 pp., 1941. Barnard, J. C., Fast, J. D., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., and Laskin, A.: Technical Note: Evaluation of the WRF-Chem "Aerosol Chemical to Aerosol Optical Properties" Module using data from the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7325–7340, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7325-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-7325-2010, 2010. Binkowski, F. and Shankar, U.: The Regional Particulate Matter Model. 1. Model description and preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 148–227, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JD02093doi:10.1029/95JD02093, 1995. Haywood, J. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: a review, Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 513–543, 2000. Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S. C., King, M. D., and Herman, J. R.: Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 42, 557–569, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.824067doi:10.1109/TGRS.2004.824067, 2004. Huebert, B. J., Russell, B. T., Shi, P. B., Kim, G., Kawamura, Y. J., Carmichael, K., and Nakajima, G.: An overviewof ACE-Asia: strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8633, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003550doi:10.1029/2003JD003550, 2003. Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/ NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model description and implementation, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, 2001. Dentener, F. J., Carmichael, G. R. , Zhang, Y., Lelieveld, J., and Crutzen, P. J.: Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere, J. Geophys. Res, 101, 22869–22889, 1996. Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673–20696, 2000. Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Eck, T. F., and Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9791–9806, 2000. Dubovik, O., Holben, B., Eck, T., Smirnov, A., Kaufman, Y., King, M., Tanré, D., and Slutsker, I.: Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in world-wide locations, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 590–608, 2002. Duce, R. A., Liss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., Buat-Menard, P., Hicks, B. B., Miller, J. M., Prospero, J. M., Arimoto, R., Church, T. M., Ellis, W., Galloway, J. N., Hansen, L., Jickells, T. D., Knap, A. H., Reinhardt, K. H., Schneider, B., Soudine, A., Tokos, J. J., Tsunogai, S., Wollast, R., and Zhou, M.: The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 5, 193–259, 1991. Fast, J. D, Gustafson Jr.,W. I., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R. A., Barnard, J. C., Chapman, E. G., and Grell, G. A.: Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct forcing in an urban area using a new fully-coupled meteorology, chemistry, and aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006721doi:10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006. Fast, J., Aiken, A. C., Allan, J., Alexander, L., Campos, T., Canagaratna, M. R., Chapman, E., DeCarlo, P. F., de Foy, B., Gaffney, J., de Gouw, J., Doran, J. C., Emmons, L., Hodzic, A., Herndon, S. C., Huey, G., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Kleinman, L., Kuster, W., Marley, N., Russell, L., Ochoa, C., Onasch, T. B., Pekour, M., Song, C., Ulbrich, I. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Wiedinmyer, C., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X.-Y., and Zaveri, R.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6191–6215, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6191-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-6191-2009, 2009. Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Alonso, M. F., Pirre, M., Marecal, V., Grell, G., Stockler, R., Mello, R. F., and Sánchez Gácita, M.: PREP-CHEM-SRC – 1.0: a preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 419–433, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011doi:10.5194/gmd-4-419-2011, 2011. Ge, J. M., Su, J., Ackerman, T. P., Fu, Q., Huang, J. P., and Shi, J. S.: Dust aerosol optical properties retrieval and radiative forcing over northwestern China during the 2008 China-U.S. joint field experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013263doi:10.1029/2009JD013263, 2010. Ghan, S. J. and Zaveri, R. A.: Parameterization of optical properties for hydrated internally mixed aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10201, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007927doi:10.1029/2006JD007927, 2007. Giles, D. M., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Sinyuk, A., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Dickerson, R. R., Thompson, A. M., and Schafer, J. S.: An analysis of AERONET aerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of aerosol source regions, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D17203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018127doi:10.1029/2012JD018127, 2012. Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J. M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20225–20273, 2001. Grell, G. A. and Devenyi, D.: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1693, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311doi:10.1029/2002GL015311, 2002. Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957–6975, 2005. Han, X., Zhang, M., Han, Z., Xin, J., and Liu, X.: Simulation of aerosol direct radiative forcing with RAMS-CMAQ in East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6576–6592, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.006doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.006, 2011. Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanr' e, D., Buis, J. P.,Stezer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, Y., Kaufman, U. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET-A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998. Janjic, Z. I.: The surface layer in the NCEP Eta Model, Eleventh Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Norfolk, VA, 19–23 August; Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, 354–355, 1996. Janjic, Z. I.: Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model, NCEP Office Note, No. 437, 61 pp., http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/officenotes/newernotes/on437.pdf, 2001. Jiang, H., Farrar, J. T., Beardsley, R. C., Chen, R., and Chen, C.: Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19605, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040008doi:10.1029/2009GL040008, 2009. Johnson, M. S., Meskhidze, N., Kiliyanpilakkil, V. P., and Gassó, S.: Understanding the transport of Patagonian dust and its influence on marine biological activity in the South Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2487–2502, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2487-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-2487-2011, 2011. Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Remer, L. A., Vermote, E. F., Chu, A., and Holben, B. N.: Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 17051–17067, 1997. King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Menzel, W. P., and Tanre, D.: Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, 30, 1–27, 1992. Laurent, B., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., and Mei, F.: Modeling mineral dust emissions from Chinese and Mongolian deserts, Global Planet. Change, 52, 121–141, 2006. Li, F. and Ramanathan, V.: Winter to summer monsoon variation of aerosol optical depth over the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4284, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000949doi:10.1029/2001JD000949, 2002. Liao, H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols: sensitivity to key variables, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31637–31646, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200036doi:10.1029/1998JD200036, 1998. Lin, Y. L., Farley, R. D., and Orville, H. D.: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065–1092, 1983. Liu, J., Zheng, Y., Li, Z., Flynn, C., Welton, E. J., and Cribb, M.: Transport, vertical structure and radiative properties of dust events in southeast China determined from ground and space sensors, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6469–6480, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.031doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.031, 2011. Mallet, M., Tulet, P., Serça, D., Solmon, F., Dubovik, O., Pelon, J., Pont, V., and Thouron, O.: Impact of dust aerosols on the radiative budget, surface heat fluxes, heating rate profiles and convective activity over West Africa during March 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7143–7160, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7143-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7143-2009, 2009. McFarlane, S. A., Kassianov, E. I., Barnard, J., Flynn, C., and Ackerman, T. P.: Surface shortwave aerosol radiative forcing during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility deployment in Niamey, Niger, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00E06, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010491doi:10.1029/2008JD010491, 2009. McKeen, S. A., Wotawa, G., Parrish, D. D., Holloway, J. S., Buhr, M. P., Hubler, G., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Meagher, J. F.: Ozone production from Canadian wildfires during June and July of 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4192, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000697doi:10.1029/2001JD000697, 2002. McKendry, I. G., Strawbridge, K. B., O'Neill, N. T., Macdonald, A. M., Liu, P. S. K., Leaitch,W. R., Anlauf, K. G., Jaegle, L., Fairlie, T. D., and Westphal, D. L.: Trans-Pacific transport of Saharan dust to Western North America: a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01103, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007129doi:10.1029/2006JD007129, 2007. Miller, R. L., Tegen, I., and Perlwitz, J.: Surface radiative forcing by soil dust aerosols and the hydrologic cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004085doi:10.1029/2003JD004085, 2004. Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682, 1997. Osborne, S. R., Johnson, B. T., Haywood, J. M., Baran, A. J., Harrison, A. J., and McConnell, C. L.: Physical and optical properties of mineral dust aerosol during the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C03, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009551doi:10.1029/2007JD009551, 2008. Papayannis, A., Balis, D., Amiridis, V., Chourdakis, G., Tsaknakis, G., Zerefos, C., Castanho, A. D. A., Nickovic, S., Kazadzis, S., and Grabowski, J.: Measurements of Saharan dust aerosols over the Eastern Mediterranean using elastic backscatter-Raman lidar, spectrophotometric and satellite observations in the frame of the EARLINET project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2065–2079, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2065-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-2065-2005, 2005. Prospero, J. M.: Saharan dust transport over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean: An overview, in: The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean, edited by: Guerzoni, S. and Chester, R., Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 133–151, 1996. Prospero, J. M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S. E., and Gill, T. E.: Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys., 40, 2-1–2-31, 2002. Raitsos, D. E., Hoteit, I., Prihartato, P. K, Chronis, T., Triantafyllou, G., and Abualnaja, Y.: Abrupt warming of the Red Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14601, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047984doi:10.1029/2011GL047984, 2011. Randerson, J. T., Van der Werf, G. R., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla., P. S.: Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 2 (GFEDv2.1), available at: http://daac.ornl.gov/ from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennesse, USA, http://dx.doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/849doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/849, 2005. Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Levy, R. C., Kaufman, Y. J., Tanre, D., Mattoo, S., Martins, J. V., Ichoku, C., Koren, I., Yu, H., and Holben, B. N.: Global aerosol climatology from the MODIS satellite sensors, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S07, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009661doi:10.1029/2007JD009661, 2008. Salomonson, V., Barnes, W., Maymon, P., Montgomery, H., and Ostrow, H.: MODIS: Advanced facility instrument for studies of the Earth as a system, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 27, 145–153, 1989. Santese, M., De Tomasi, F., and Perrone, M. E.: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) retrievals during dust outbreaks over the Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18201, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008482doi:10.1029/2007JD008482, 2007. Satheesh, K. and Moorthy, K. K.: Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2089–2110, 2005. Satheesh, S. K., Moorthy, K. K., Kaufman, Y. J., and Takemura, T.: Aerosol optical depth, physical properties and radiative forcing over the Arabian Sea, Meteorological Atmospheric Physics, 91, 45–62, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S00703-004-0097-4doi:10.1007/S00703-004-0097-4, 2006. Schell, B., Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Binkowski, F. S., and Ebel, A.: Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality modeling system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28275–28293, 2001. Seinfeld, J. H., Carmichael, G., Arimoto, R., Conant, W. C., Brechtel, F. J., Bates, T. S., Cahill, T. A., Clarke, A. D., Doherty, S. J., Flatau, F. J., Huebert, B. J., Kim, J., Markowicz, K. M., Quinn, P. K., Russell, L. M., Russell, P. B., Shimizu, A., Shinozuka, Y., Song, C. H., Tang, Y., Uno, I., Vogelmann, A. M., Weber, R. J., Woo, J., and Zhang, X. Y.: ACE-ASIA, Regional climatic and atmospheric chemical effects of Asian dust and pollution, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 85, 367–380, 2004. Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the advanced research WRF version 2, NCAR Tech. Note, NCAR/TN-468$+$STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo, available at: http://wrf-model.org/wrfadmin/publications.php (last access: October 2012), 2008. Slingo, A., Ackerman, T. P., Allan, R. P., Kassianov, E. I., McFarlane, S. A., Robinson, G. J., Barnard, J. C., Miller, M. A., Harries, J. E., Russell, J. E., and Dewitte, S.: Observations of the impact of a major Saharan dust storm on the atmospheric radiation balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24817, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027869doi:10.1029/2006GL027869, 2006. Stenchikov, G. L., Kirchner, I., Robock, A., Graf, H., Antuña, J. C., Grainger, R. G., Lambert, A., and Thomason, L.: Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13837–13857, 1998. Stockwell, W. R., Middleton, P., and Chang, J. S.: The second generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16343–16367, 1990. Tanre, D., Kaufman, Y. J., Herman, M., and Mattoo, S., Remote sensing of aerosol properties over oceans using the MODIS/EOS spectral radiances, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16971–16988, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JD03437doi:10.1029/96JD03437, 1997. Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Ridgwell, A. J., Boyd, P. W., and Law, C. S.: Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for glacial atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, Nature, 407, 730–733, 2000. Weikert H.: Plankton and the pelagic environment, in: Key Environments, Red Sea, edited by: Edwards, A. J. and Head, S. M., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 90–111, 1987. Weinzierl, B., Petzold, A., Esselborn, M., Wirth, M., Rasp, K., Kandler, K., Schutz, L., Koepke, P., and Fiebig, M.: Airborne measurements of dust layer properties, particle size distribution and mixing state of Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006, Tellus B, 61, 96–117, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00392.xdoi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00392.x, 2009. Weinzierl, B., Sauer, D., Esselborn, 5 M., Petzold, A., Veira, A., Rose, M., Mund, S., Wirth, M.,Ansmann, A., Tesche, M., Gross, S., and Freudenthaler, V.: Microphysical and optical properties of dust and tropical biomass burning aerosol layers in the Cape Verde region – an overview of the airborne in situ and lidar measurements during SAMUM-2, Tellus B, 63, 589–618, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00566.xdoi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00566.x, 2011. Zender, C. S., Tegen, I., and Miller, R.,: Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets: terminology, constraints, and current estimates, Eos, 85, p 509, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004EO480002doi:10.1029/2004EO480002, 2004. Zhao, C., Liu, X., Leung, L. R., Johnson, B., McFarlane, S. A., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Fast, J. D., and Easter, R.: The spatial distribution of mineral dust and its shortwave radiative forcing over North Africa: modeling sensitivities to dust emissions and aerosol size treatments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8821–8838, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8821-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-8821-2010, 2010. Zhao, C., Liu, X., Ruby Leung, L., and Hagos, S.: Radiative impact of mineral dust on monsoon precipitation variability over West Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1879–1893, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1879-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1879-2011, 2011. Zhao, C., Liu, X., and Leung, L. R.: Impact of the Desert dust on the summer monsoon system over Southwestern North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3717–3731, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3717-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-3717-2012, 2012. Zhang, J., Liu, S. M., Lu, X., and Huang, W. W.: Characterizing Asian wind-dust transport to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Direct measurements of the dust flux for two years, Tellus B, 45, 335–345, http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1993.t01-3-00003.xdoi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.1993.t01-3-00003.x, 1993. Zhang, X. Y., Arimoto, R., and An, Z. S.: Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28041–28047, 1997. Zhang Y., Duliere, V., Mote, P. W., and Salathe Jr., E. P.: Evaluation of WRF and HadRM Mesoscale Climate Simulations over the U.S. Pacific Northwest, J. Climate, 22, 5511–5526, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2875.1doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2875.1, 2009.